Nuclear Engineering Commons^™

Design And Analysis For Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides: Quarterly Progress Report 2/16/03- 5/15/03, Yitung Chen, Randy Clarksean, Darrell Pepper

Fuels Campaign (TRP)

Progress continues on the analysis of casting and solidification of the melt into molds. Modeling results for constant pressure casting, which is more realistic, have been obtained and produce physically realistic results for flow that starts, flows, and then eventually stops as it enters the mold. Potential mass transfer modeling features (Lammuir’s law for example) are being studied to enhance the capabilities of a mass transfer in a detailed system model. Different parameters are being varied as part of a parametric study to evaluate factors that impact the flow of the melt into the molds. The ability to include the …

Developing A Sensing System For The Measurement Of Oxygen Concentration In Liquid Pb-Bi Eutectic: Quarterly Progress Report (Feb. 01 – Apr. 30, 2003), Yingtao Jiang, Bingmei Fu, Woosoon Yim

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

We received most of the components, everything except the customized and outsourced stirrer, for the new apparatus for oxygen measurement/calibration. Thus far, most of the machining work has been completed. The LaveView module used for the data collection and the control of the apparatus has been tested. 2-D simulation work has been performed using FEMLAB.

Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Type 422 Stainless Steel For Applications In Spallation-Neutron-Target Systems, Ramprashad Prabhakaran

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

Introduction

• This research program is aimed at evaluating different types of environment-induced degradation of candidate target materials for applications in transmutation of spent nuclear fuels (SNF).

• Transmutation refers to the elimination of long-lived actinides and fission products from SNF.

Objectives

• Evaluate susceptibility of candidate target materials to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and localized corrosion (pitting and crevice) in neutral and acidic aqueous environments at ambient and elevated temperatures

• Determine the extent and morphology of cracking in tested materials as functions of experimental and environmental variables including pH, temperature, loading conditions and specimen geometry

• Develop mechanistic …

Afci Quarterly Input – Unlv January Through March, 2003, Harry Reid Center For Environmental Studies. Nuclear Science And Technology Division

Transmutation Research Program Reports (TRP)

Quarterly report highlighting research projects and objectives of the Transmutation Research Program at the Nuclear Science & Technology Division, Harry Reid Research Center.

Detection Of Special Nuclear Material With High Purity Germanium (Hpge) And Mercuric Iodide (Hgi2) Gamma Detectors, Michael B. Nelson

Theses and Dissertations

The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) contracted for two gamma radiation detectors: mercuric iodide (HgI₂) and electromechanically cooled (EMC) high purity germanium (HPGe) to support arms control inspection efforts. This project investigated whether these detectors could measure the quality and quantity of special nuclear material (SNM), particularly Pu-239 for the treaty verification mission. The project investigated two areas of detector capabilities: 1) HgI₂ and HPGe detector performance necessary to characterize the quality of plutonium and the presence of shielding materials and 2) HgI₂ and EMC HPGe detector performance degradation by high noise levels and EMC HPGe …

Environment-Induced Degradation And Crack-Growth Studies Of Candidate Target Materials, Ajit K. Roy, Brendan O'Toole

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

During the past two years (2001-2002) of this project, the primary effort was focused on evaluating the effect of hydrogen on the cracking behavior of candidate target materials namely, Alloys EP-823, HT-9 and 422 in aqueous environments of different pH values at ambient and elevated temperatures. More recently, emphasis is being placed to evaluate the cracking behavior of these materials in molten lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) environment at much higher testing temperatures so as to compare the cracking susceptibility in environments containing molten metals and aqueous solutions, respectively. The most recent tests to evaluate the cracking susceptibility were primarily based on …

Modeling Corrosion In Oxygen Controlled Lbe Systems With Coupling Of Chemical Kinetics And Hydrodynamics: Quarterly Progress Report 12/1/02- 2/28/03, Samir Moujaes, Yitung Chen

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The Lead-Bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been determined from previous experimental studies by the Russians and the European scientific community to be a potential material that can be used as a spallation target and coolant for the AAA proposed application.

Properly controlling the oxygen content in LBE can drastically reduce the LBE corrosion to structural steels. However, existing knowledge of material corrosion performance was obtained from point-wise testing with very limited density. The transport of oxygen and corrosion products, their interaction and variation of corrosion/precipitation along the flow are not well understood.

The first subtask of this project involves using a …

Design And Analysis Of A Process For Melt Casting Metallic Fuel Pins Incorporating Volatile Actinides, Yitung Chen, Darrell Pepper, Randy Clarksean

Fuels Campaign (TRP)

UNLV has developed and will continue to develop process models for the analysis of melt casting processes. This work will continue to be performed under the guidance of Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) engineers to insure that their knowledge and experience benefits the project. The research to be conducted during year three will center on performing detailed analyses on a conceptual design of an inductively heated skull-crucible casting furnace. Processing conditions will be analyzed, basic models utilized, and detailed heat and mass transfer models will be developed to analyze the most promising processes. The goal of this third year is to …

Experimental Investigation Of Steel Corrosion In Lead Bismuth Eutectic (Lbe): Characterization, Species Identification, And Chemical Reactions, John Farley, Dale L. Perry, Allen L. Johnson

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The goal of the present research is to achieve a basic understanding of corrosion of steels by Lead Bismuth Eutectic (LBE). Liquid LBE is under consideration in the transmuter as both a spallation target and as a blanket coolant. There have been previous studies of LBE, especially by the Russians, who have over 80 reactor-years experience with LBE coolant in their Alpha-class submarine reactors. The Russians found that the presence of small amounts (ppm) of oxygen in the LBE significantly reduced corrosion. However, a fundamental understanding and verification of its role in the corrosion of steels is still very incomplete. …

Development Of A Systems Engineering Model Of The Chemical Separations Process: Quarterly Progress Report 11/16/02- 2/15/03, Yitung Chen, Randy Clarksean, Darrell Pepper

Separations Campaign (TRP)

Two activities are proposed in this Phase I task: the development of a systems engineering model and the refinement of the Argonne code AMUSE (Argonne Model for Universal Solvent Extraction). The detailed systems engineering model is the start of an integrated approach to the analysis of the materials separations associated with the TRP Program. A second portion of the project is to streamline and improve an integral part of the overall systems model, which is the software package AMUSE. AMUSE analyzes the UREX process and other related solvent extraction processes and defines many of the process streams that are integral …

University Of Nevada, Las Vegas Transmutation Research Program: Quarterly Report, Second Quarter Year 2 (June 2002 To August 2002), Anthony Hechanova

Transmutation Research Program Reports (TRP)

This Quarterly Report is a primary deliverable from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Transmutation Research Program (TRP) Director to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as described in the UNLV Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) proposal, and AAA FY02 Work Package. Note: during this quarter, the AAA national program changed names to the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) and the UNLV AAA University Participation Program changed its name to the Transmutation Research Program. The new names will be used in future references.

The TRP Director implements the program’s administration using staff from the Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies …

Perspectives On Radioactive Waste Disposal: A Consideration Of Economic Efficiency And Intergenerational Equity, Helen R. Neill, Robert H. Neill

Public Policy and Leadership Faculty Research

There are both internal and external pressures on the U.S. Department of Energy to reduce the estimated costs of isolating radioactive waste, $19 billion for transuranic waste at Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and $57 billion for high level waste at Yucca Mountain. The question arises whether economic analyses would add to the decision-making process to reduce costs yet maintain the same level of radiological protection. This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of using cost-benefit analysis (CBA), a tool used to measure economic efficiency as an input for these decisions. Using a comparative research approach, we find that CBA …

Corrosion Of Steel By Lead Bismuth Eutectic: Quarterly Report November- December 2002 January 2003, John Farley

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

We continue to get valuable data from sputter depth profiling of steel samples. We meet weekly to discuss progress. We took depth-profiling data on D9 steel that had been exposed to LBE. This the first time we have examined this type of steel. This is important because it will enable us to separate out two effects and determine their effect on corrosion: composition of the steel vs surface preparation.

We started to plan a small experiments using a crucible of heated LBE, with the research program to be conducted at UNLV, on basic aspects of corrosion in this system. The …

Developing A Sensing System For The Measurement Of Oxygen Concentration In Liquid Pb-Bi Eutectic: Quarterly Progress Report (Nov. 01 – Jan. 31, 2002), Yingtao Jiang, Bingmei Fu, Woosoon Yim

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The design of the new apparatus for oxygen measurement/calibration has been completed. This new apparatus shall be of great importance for the UNLV researchers to conduct the research work in the campus.

An Analysis Of The Melt Casting Of Metallic Fuel Pins, Xiaolong Wu, Randy Clarksean, Yitung Chen [email protected], Darrell Pepper, Mitchell K. Meyer

Fuels Campaign (TRP)

• Background

– Casting Volatile Actinides

– Need to Contain Americium

– Overview of Project

• Fuel Rod Model

– Physical System

– Governing Equations

• Preliminary Modeling Results

– Mold Materials

– Injection Casting Velocity

Development Of A Systems Engineering Model Of The Chemical Separations Process, Lijian Sun, Haritha Royyuru, Yitung Chen, Randy Clarksean, Darrell Pepper, George Vandegrift, James Laidler

Separations Campaign (TRP)

Project Overview:

• Two Components

– Refine AMUSE Code

– Develop Systems Engineering Model

• Research Objectives

– Develop a framework and environment for a systems engineering analysis of the chemical separations system for the AAA program.

– Establish a baseline systems engineering model from which modifications and improvements can be made.

– Refine the existing AMUSE program that gives a detailed examination of the UREX process, a critical component of the overall separation scheme.

Calibration Of Ysz Sensors For The Measurement Of Oxygen Concentration In Liquid Pb-Bi Eutectic, Xiaolong Wu, Ramkumar Sivaraman, Ning Li, Wei Hang, T. W. Darling, Yingtao Jiang, Woosoon Yim, Bingmei Fu

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

Although liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) is a good candidate for coolant in the subcritical transmutation blanket, it is known to be corrosive to stainless steel, the material of the carrying tubes and containers. Such longterm corrosion problem can be prevented by producing and maintaining a protective oxide layer on the exposed surface of stainless steel. For this purpose, it is required to accurately control the concentration of oxygen dissolved in LBE. Currently, YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) oxygen sensors, based on an existing automotive oxygen sensor, with molten bismuth saturated with oxygen as the reference, have been selected for oxygen-concentration measurement. …

Radiation Transport Modeling Using Parallel Computational Techniques, William Culbreth

Reactor Campaign (TRP)

The Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) program will rely on the use of accurate calculations and simulations of criticality and shielding for the separation process of the longlived isotopes that present a significant safety hazard in commercial spent fuel. To help design and verify the safety of the separation process, the neutronics code MCNPX will be used to model the distribution of neutron flux within the fuel blanket and to determine the neutron multiplication, k_eff. However, the cross section libraries and computational methods used by MCNPX at these neutron energies still have some uncertainty and will require validation. …

University Of Nevada, Las Vegas Transmutation Research Program Annual Report 2002, Anthony Hechanova, Elizabeth Johnson, Gary Cerefice

Transmutation Research Program Reports (TRP)

The UNLV Transmutation Research Program consists of four components: Program Support, Research Infrastructure Augmentation, International Collaboration, and Student Research.

In the first year of the program, the student research component was supported by the infrastructure augmentation and the program support components. In the second year of the program, the fourth leg of the support system, international collaborations, was added to the research support system.

Corrosion Of Steel By Lead Bismuth Eutectic, John Farley, Allen L. Johnson, Dale L. Perry

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

Materials for transmuter systems must be able to tolerate high neutron fluxes, great temperatures, and chemical corrosion. For lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) systems, there is an additional challenge in that the corrosive behaviors of materials in LBE are not well understood. Most of the available information on LBE systems has come from the Russians, who have over 80 reactor-years experience with LBE coolant in their Alpha-class submarine reactors. The Russians found that the presence of small amounts of oxygen (on the order of parts per million) in the LBE significantly reduced corrosion. However, a fundamental understanding and verification of its …

Surface Studies Of Corrosion Of Stainless Steel By Lead Bismuth Eutectic, Daniel Koury, Brian D. Hosterman, John Farley, Dale L. Perry, D. Parsons, J. Manzerova, Allen L. Johnson

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

Why is Lead Bismuth Eutectic Important?

• Changing national security stances have led to reexamination of nuclear waste reprocessing

• Dangerous actinides can be separated and

• Transmuted into safer products, creating a waste form dangerous for only hundreds of years, in addition to the production (up to 1/3 of the original fission energy) of useful energy

• Non-moderating coolants or spallation targets for production of fast neutrons is required for transmutation

• Russian experience with LBE coolants in their nuclear submarine fleet makes LBE an attractive possible transmutation coolant technology

• Corrosion of steel by LBE is an important …

Environment-Induced Degradation And Crack-Growth Studies Of Candidate Target Materials, Ajit K. Roy, Brendan O'Toole, Zhiyong Wang, David W. Hatchett

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The primary objective of this task is to evaluate the potential for the environmentally-assisted cracking of candidate target materials for applications in spallation-neutron-target systems, such as accelerator-driven system for the transmutation of waste. The materials selected for evaluation and characterization are martensitic stainless steels (SS) including Alloys HT- 9, EP 823 and Type 422 stainless steel.

More recently, this experimental program has been expanded to evaluate the effect of molten lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) on the corrosion behavior of target materials in the presence of oxygen. Since the materials performance laboratory (MPL) at UNLV currently cannot accommodate this type of testing, …

Modeling Corrosion In Oxygen Controlled Lbe Systems With Coupling Of Chemical Kinetics And Hydrodynamics, Samir Moujaes, Yitung Chen

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The corrosion of structural materials is a major concern for the use of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) systems for nuclear applications such as in transmuter targets or fast reactors. Corrosion in liquid metal systems can occur through various processes, including, for example, dissolution, formation of inter-metallic compounds at the interface, and penetration of liquid metal along grain boundaries. Predicting the rate of these processes depends on numerous system operational factors: temperature, system geometry, thermal gradients, solid and liquid compositions, and velocity of the liquid metal, to name a few. Corrosion, along with mechanical and/or hydraulic factors, often contributes to component failure. …

Modeling Of Corrosion In Oxygen Controlled Lead Bismuth Eutectic Systems With The Coupling Of Chemical Kinetics And Hydrodynamics, Samir Moujaes, Yitung Chen, Kanthi Kiran Dasika, Chao Wu

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

Objectives:

• To simulate a 2-D model of the Materials Test Loop by approximating it to be a toroid with a pie cross section for the purpose of comparing the simulated results with the analytical results.
• The temperature and concentration profiles on the wall boundaries imposed are similar to the actual test model.
• Geometry effects have great influence on local corrosion rate.
• A 2-D benchmark problem and a sudden expansion case are studied which show good consistency to analytical solution.
• Results from 2-D sudden expansion problem are similar to experimental data obtained by other researchers.

Development Of A Mechanistic Understanding Of High-Temperature Deformation Of Alloy Ep-823, Ajit K. Roy, Brendan O'Toole

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

The purpose of this task is to evaluate the mechanical properties of Alloy EP-823 at temperatures relevant to the transmutation processes. Testing has been initiated to evaluate the tensile properties of martensitic Alloy EP-823 stainless steel at temperatures ranging from ambient (25 °C) to 600°C. The test materials were thermally treated prior to the evaluation of their tensile properties. The deformation characteristics of these tensile specimens, upon completion of testing, will be evaluated by surface analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Developing A Sensing System For The Measurement Of Oxygen Concentration In Liquid Pb-Bi Eutectic, Yingtao Jiang, Bingmei Fu, Woosoon Yim

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

Lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) is a candidate as a spallation target in sub-critical transmutation systems and as a coolant in nuclear programs. One of the primary concerns with LBE systems is the corrosion of stainless steel, the primary structural material used in nuclear systems. To mitigate this problem, trace levels of oxygen can be introduced into the system, causing the formation of a protective oxide layer at the interface between the LBE and steel. To protect the steel components, this oxide layer must be properly maintained. However, too much oxygen will produce unwanted oxide precipitation within the coolant and elsewhere in …

Use Of Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy For Stress-Strain Measurements, Ajit K. Roy

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

One of the greatest challenges in evaluating the performance of materials in the real world is the determination of residual stresses, or the stresses induced in a material. Plastic deformation of metals and alloys produces an increase in the number of lattice imperfections known as dislocations, which by virtue of their interaction results in higher state of internal stress and reduces ductility. These stresses, if not properly annealed (released) can significantly degrade the long-term performance of the materials.

Due to the high temperatures and radiation fields typically encountered in most nuclear systems, such as accelerator-driven transmutation systems (ADS) and nuclear …

Fundamental And Applied Experimental Investigations Of Corrosion Of Steel By Lbe Under Controlled Conditions: Kinetics, Chemistry, Morphology, And Surface Preparation, Allen L. Johnson, John Farley, Dale L. Perry

Transmutation Sciences Materials (TRP)

An innovative research program is proposed to investigate the corrosion of steel by lead alloys, and in particular lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). In our previous work, some steels were found to be far more resistant to corrosion by LBE than others depending on surface preparation (cold working). This program would allow testing of crucial hypotheses about the causes of the observed increased corrosion resistance. We propose to build a new test facility at UNLV to expose steel samples to LBE as well as facilities to prepare steel samples as indicated by our work.

The unique capabilities of the test system will …

Neutron Multiplicity Measurements Of Target/Blanket Materials, Carter D. Hull, Denis Beller

Transmutation Sciences Physics (TRP)

To optimize the performance of accelerator driven transmutation systems (ADS), engineers will need to design the system to operate with a neutron multiplication factor just below that of a critical, or self-sustaining, system. This design criteria requires particle transport codes that instill the highest level of confidence with minimal uncertainty, because the larger the uncertainties in the codes, the larger the safety margin required in the design and the lower the efficiency of the ADS transmuter. For current design efforts, the MCNPX code is used to determine neutron production and transport for spallation neutron systems.

While providing a very useful …

Nuclear Criticality, Shielding, And Thermal Analyses Of Separations Processes For The Transmutation Fuel Cycle, William Culbreth, Denis Beller

Separations Campaign (TRP)

The first step in any transmutation strategy is the separation of radionuclides in used nuclear fuel. The current separation strategy supporting the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) program is based on the use of a solvent extraction separation process to separate the actinides, fission products, and uranium from used commercial nuclear fuel, and on the use of pyrochemical separation technologies to process used transmuter fuels. To separate the fission products and transuranic elements from the uranium in used fuel, the national program is developing a new solvent extraction process, the Uranium Extraction Plus, or UREX+, process, based on the traditional …