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University at Albany, State University of New York

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Articles 31 - 60 of 207

Full-Text Articles in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Secondary Electron Interactions In Exposures Of Euv Photoresists, Steven Grzeskowiak Jan 2019

Secondary Electron Interactions In Exposures Of Euv Photoresists, Steven Grzeskowiak

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The microelectronic industry’s movement toward smaller feature sizes has necessitated a shift to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography to enable cost-effective patterning of sub 20-nm features. However, this shift from 193-nm lithography (6.4 eV) to EUV (13.5 nm, 92 eV) poses significant obstacles, such that photolithography is now operating in an energy range above the electron binding energies of common atomic species in photoresists. This significant energy increase means the chemical reactions happening within operate in the realm of radiation chemistry instead of photochemistry since the observed reactions are due almost entirely to the action of photoelectrons as they dissipate their …


Investigation Of Optical Second Harmonic Generation From Si (100) With Process Tailored Surface & Embedded Ag Nanostructures For Advanced Si Nonlinear Nanophotonics, Gourav Bhowmik Jan 2019

Investigation Of Optical Second Harmonic Generation From Si (100) With Process Tailored Surface & Embedded Ag Nanostructures For Advanced Si Nonlinear Nanophotonics, Gourav Bhowmik

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The challenge of current microelectronic architecture in transmission bandwidth and power consumption can be potentially solved by using silicon photonics technologies that are compatible with modern CMOS fabrication. One of the critical active photonic devices for Si photonics is a Si based optical modulator. Most of the reported silicon modulators rely on the free carrier plasma dispersion effect. In those cases, a weak change of the refractive index obtained by carrier accumulation, injection or depletion is utilized in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer or a microring resonator to achieve intensity modulation, rendering them difficult for chip-level implementation due to a large footprint …


Development And Demonstration Of A Processing And Assembly Pathway For A 3d-Synchronous Field Programmable Gate Array, Robert Carroll Jan 2019

Development And Demonstration Of A Processing And Assembly Pathway For A 3d-Synchronous Field Programmable Gate Array, Robert Carroll

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are integrated circuits which can implement virtually any digital function and can be configured by a designer after manufacturing. This is beneficial when dedicated application specific runs are not time or cost effective; however, this flexibility comes at the cost of a substantially higher interconnect overhead. Three-dimensional (3D) integration can offer significant improvements in the FPGA architecture by stacking multiple device layers and interconnecting them in the third or vertical dimension, through the substrate, where path lengths are greatly reduced. This will allow for a higher density of devices and improvements in power consumption, signal …


Cvd Molybdenum Disulfide : Material And Device Engineering, Eui Sang Song Jan 2019

Cvd Molybdenum Disulfide : Material And Device Engineering, Eui Sang Song

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a semiconducting 2D layered material that has attracted a lot of attention due to its material properties for electronics and optoelectronics device applications. These include a layer-dependent band gap, an indirect to direct energy transition at monolayer state, and strong light-matter interaction. A large majority of 2D materials and devices have been studied through micromechanical exfoliation for extraction and electron beam lithography for device fabrication. These methodologies while able to generate high quality materials and precisely fabricated devices, are not suitable for large scale production. Efforts have been made to make MoS2 and other 2D materials …


Tetradymite Topological Insulators : Towards High Performance Broadband Photodetection, Asish Parbatani Jan 2019

Tetradymite Topological Insulators : Towards High Performance Broadband Photodetection, Asish Parbatani

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Topological insulators are characterized by the presence of a finite energy gap in the bulk state and a conducting metallic surface state consisting of odd number of Dirac cones. The conducting surface states are along the edge boundaries, free from disorders and are protected by time reversal symmetry. The presence of Dirac cone leads to universal optical absorption phenomenon like graphene. This phenomenon of universal optical absorption leads to frequency independent photoexcitation of carriers. Bi2Te3, Sb2Te3 and Bi2Se3 belong to tetradymite topological insulators (TTI) family and are often referred to as 3D layered materials. Theoretical predictions characterize TTIs by low …


Stem Education : A Programmatic And Economic Analysis, Rebecca Kate Laforest Jan 2019

Stem Education : A Programmatic And Economic Analysis, Rebecca Kate Laforest

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Innovations of the 21st century have created a need for a highly skilled and adaptable workforce. In this search, industry representatives are having a difficult time finding highly qualified US candidates. From private firms to public officials and economic analysts to educators, many acknowledge the need to update training and education to better prepare our future workforce. This work will examine the performance of students in the United States, the current employment landscape, the evolution of education in the US, and trends in education to support college and career preparation. This work will then analyze specific facets of new educational …


Partitioning Of Defect Sources And Defects Reduction In Euv Mask Blank Multilayer Deposition, Alin O. Antohe Jan 2019

Partitioning Of Defect Sources And Defects Reduction In Euv Mask Blank Multilayer Deposition, Alin O. Antohe

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the next-generation lithography technology and is slated to replace 193-nanometer argon fluoride (ArF) lithography. EUVL uses 13.5-nanometer wavelength light to expose the photoresist. In doing so it enables the technological achievement of 20-nanometer half-pitch circuits which cannot be achieved with conventional 193-nanometer optical lithography.


Mechanistic Investigation Of Antimony Carboxylate Photoresists For Euv Lithography, Michael Murphy Jan 2019

Mechanistic Investigation Of Antimony Carboxylate Photoresists For Euv Lithography, Michael Murphy

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

In 2019, Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography begins its integration into high volume manufacturing to replace 193-nm lithography at key steps in the fabrication of integrated circuits. To achieve the requirements of the 7- and 5-nm nodes, a new photoresist technology is required to replace traditional chemically-amplified photoresists (CAR). One novel technology incorporates metal atoms with high EUV absorptivity into the photoresist. In this work, we describe the development, evaluation and mechanistic investigation of triorganoantimony(V) dicarboxylate complexes as novel photoresists for EUV lithography.


Exploring Gated Nanoelectronic Devices Fabricated From 1d And 2d Materials, Prathamesh A. Dhakras Jan 2019

Exploring Gated Nanoelectronic Devices Fabricated From 1d And 2d Materials, Prathamesh A. Dhakras

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

One and two dimensional materials are being extensively researched toward potential application as ultra-thin body channel materials. The difficulty of implementing physical doping methods in these materials has necessitated various alternative doping schemes, the most promising of which is the electrostatic gating technique due to its reconfigurability. This dissertation explores the different fundamental devices that can be fabricated and characterized by taking advantage of the electrostatic gating of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), dense SWNT networks and exfoliated 2D tungsten diselenide (WSe2) flakes.


Novel Methods For The Crystallization Of Thin Film Silicon, Shane Mcmahon Dec 2018

Novel Methods For The Crystallization Of Thin Film Silicon, Shane Mcmahon

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Underpinning much of the technological innovation over the past few decades in the fields of sensors, lighting, displays, and energy conversion has been thin-film electronics. While many of the surfaces in our environment have curvature, silicon wafers do not. Flexible electronics attempt to overcome this fundamental limitation in form factor. Flexible thin-film transistors (TFTs) can be fabricated over large areas to provide switching and driving elements for displays and other devices. While printable organic semiconductors have made significant advances over the past few years, they cannot match the performance capability, electrical quality, temperature compatibility, or stability of silicon. For this …


Photonic Grating Coupler Designs For Optical Benching, Eng Wen Ong Jan 2018

Photonic Grating Coupler Designs For Optical Benching, Eng Wen Ong

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Background: Silicon Photonics has been rapidly developing as a field. The primary reason for this is its lower operating costs and faster switching rates for use in big data centres. Instead of microns-wide copper lines to transmit signals, silicon photonic chips use waveguides, usually of silicon or silicon nitride. Photonic signals bypass the issues of resistive-capacitance lag (RC-lag) and resistive-heating encountered by copper lines. Additionally, a single waveguide may transmit multiple signals along different carrier wavelengths.


Economics Of R&D Specialization In The Semiconductor Industry, Kyun Kim Jan 2018

Economics Of R&D Specialization In The Semiconductor Industry, Kyun Kim

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Starting in the 1970s, specialized suppliers have entered the semiconductor industry to supply capital equipment, or tools, used in semiconductor manufacturing to downstream semiconductor companies. After the entry of these external suppliers, semiconductor chip producers began to rely in varying degrees on them for the R&D to improve the quality of capital equipment, while they themselves began to focus on design and production of chips. In my dissertation, I conduct an empirical and theoretical investigation to support my hypothesis that the difference in R&D incentives between the upstream suppliers and downstream chip manufacturers was the important reason for the emergence …


Investigation Of The Ms2 Bacteriophage Capsid As An Mri-Capable, Brain-Targeted Nanoparticle Platform, Stephanie M. Curley Jan 2018

Investigation Of The Ms2 Bacteriophage Capsid As An Mri-Capable, Brain-Targeted Nanoparticle Platform, Stephanie M. Curley

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Novel methods are needed to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver drugs to specific targets in the brain. To this end, MS2 bacteriophage was explored as a multifunctional transport and targeting vector. The MS2 capsid exterior was modified with two different targeting moieties for delivery across the BBB and targeting specific regions of interest in the brain. Successful modification of MS2 capsids with a brain targeting peptide and NMDAR2D-targeting antibody was confirmed by immunoblotting and fluorescence detection. To measure transport efficiency of MS2 particles across an in vitro BBB model, a highly sensitive RT-qPCR protocol was developed and implemented. …


The Microfluidic Intravital Window : A Tool For Manipulation And Imaging Of The Tumor Microenvironment, Logan William Butt Jan 2018

The Microfluidic Intravital Window : A Tool For Manipulation And Imaging Of The Tumor Microenvironment, Logan William Butt

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a heterogeneous collection of both healthy and pathological cells, whose complex interactions hold the key for understanding and overcoming cancer. Metastasis leverages these complex interactions into a sophisticated process by which single cells from the tumor disseminate into the blood and form new colonies in other organ systems. Subsequent formation of tumors throughout the body, as a direct result of metastatic events, is responsible for most deaths related to cancer, making metastasis a necessary target for cancer therapy.


Growth Of Epitaxial Graphene On Single Crystal Copper Surfaces By Chemical Vapor Deposition, Tyler Rutley Mowll Jan 2018

Growth Of Epitaxial Graphene On Single Crystal Copper Surfaces By Chemical Vapor Deposition, Tyler Rutley Mowll

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Graphene is of significant interest due to its unique properties, such as high carrier mobility, mechanical strength, and thermal conductivity. Potential applications include next generation transistors, interconnects, biological and chemical sensing devices, and super capacitors. The research presented here addresses unresolved questions regarding the nucleation and growth of graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the high index surfaces of copper single crystals. While much CVD graphene growth has been performed on copper foils, the polycrystalline nature of the foils renders large-scale single domain growth of graphene difficult. For this reason, many groups seek to reduce the nucleation rate of …


Impact Of Spiro Ammonium Electrolytes On Electric Double Layer Capacitors, Donald Derosa Jan 2018

Impact Of Spiro Ammonium Electrolytes On Electric Double Layer Capacitors, Donald Derosa

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC) are high power (103 W kg-1), durable (>500,000 cycles) energy storage devices that are promising candidates for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) , automotive and smart grid applications. EDLCs when coupled with lithium ion batteries in HESS configurations for hybrid vehicles have been shown to reduce capacity related degradation by a factor of 2 and impedance related degradation by 5.9. Despite these promising advantages, the adoption of EDLCs has been hampered due to concerns regarding the low volumetric and gravimetric energy density of these devices. Researchers have attempted to address these concerns through the …


Zno Nanowires For Advanced X-Ray Source Applications, Vance Scott Robinson Jan 2018

Zno Nanowires For Advanced X-Ray Source Applications, Vance Scott Robinson

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

X-ray system technology trends tend towards simpler, smaller and more efficient devices. A broad range of applications are driving contemporary efforts in X-ray source miniaturization: Portable and/or remote nondestructive evaluation; High throughput protein crystallography, invasive radiotherapy; monitoring fluid flow and particulate generation in situ; and portable radiography devices for battle-front or large scale disaster triage scenarios. Most of the x-ray sources for these applications follow a top-down approach focused on improving portability, and reducing mass and/or size.


Genetic Editing Out The Tumor Growth Supressor Gene Trm9l In Colorectal Cancer Models Using Crispr-Cas9, Philip Blatner May 2017

Genetic Editing Out The Tumor Growth Supressor Gene Trm9l In Colorectal Cancer Models Using Crispr-Cas9, Philip Blatner

Nanoscale Science & Engineering (discontinued with class year 2014)

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is a precise genetic engineering tool for genome editing. CRISPR utilizes guide RNA (gRNA) to find specific DNA sequences followed by a Cas9 nuclease to cut the DNA at a specific site. TRM9L is a tumor growth-suppresser gene that restricts the growth of some colorectal cancer cells by upregulating LIN9 expression. TRM9L expression is lost in some late stage colorectal cancers and cancer models (SW620). SW480 colorectal cancer cells express TRM9L and these cells are considered to be at the beginning of colorectal cancer development. The goal of my project was to use …


Development Of Multilayer Titanium Nitride-Based Coatings As Corrosion Resistant Films For Stainless Steel Bipolar Plates In Pem Fuel Cells, Nicholas Padula Jan 2017

Development Of Multilayer Titanium Nitride-Based Coatings As Corrosion Resistant Films For Stainless Steel Bipolar Plates In Pem Fuel Cells, Nicholas Padula

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

High cost and short lifetime are the two main reasons why the PEM fuel cell has not reached a widespread, disruptive level of commercialization. Conventional graphite bipolar plates are responsible for about 45% of the cost and 85% of the total weight of a single cell. These measures are linked to difficult machining of thick, brittle graphite and processing needed to render graphite non-porous. Stainless steel is suggested as the replacement bipolar plate material due to its favorable mechanical properties, ease of manufacturing and relatively low price, but requires a cost-effective coating as a non-conductive oxide forms on the bare …


Redox-Dependent Calcium-Mediated Signaling Networks That Control The Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype, Akshaya Chandrasekaran Jan 2017

Redox-Dependent Calcium-Mediated Signaling Networks That Control The Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype, Akshaya Chandrasekaran

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Cellular senescence has evolved as a protective mechanism to arrest growth of cells with oncogenic potential. While senescent cells have lost the ability to divide, they remain metabolically active and adapt a deleterious senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) central to the progression of several age-associated disease pathologies. The SASP is mechanistically regulated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) whose expression and activity is responsive to the senescence associated (SA) oxidant production and the accompanying disruption of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. Using primary IMR-90 human fetal lung fibroblasts as a model of replicative senescence, we explored the molecular underpinnings driving Ca2+ …


Computational Optimization And Characterization Of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers, Jacob Jordan Terracina Jan 2017

Computational Optimization And Characterization Of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers, Jacob Jordan Terracina

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are a class of materials containing sites capable of selectively binding to the imprinted target molecule. Computational chemistry techniques were used to study the effect of different fabrication parameters (the monomer-to-target ratios, pre-polymerization solvent, temperature, and pH) on the formation of the MIP binding sites. Imprinted binding sites were built in silico for the purposes of better characterizing the receptor – ligand interactions. Chiefly, the sites were characterized with respect to their selectivities and the heterogeneity between sites.


Novel Approaches To Mitigating Bacterial Biofilm Formation And Intercellular Communication, Stephen Kasper Jan 2017

Novel Approaches To Mitigating Bacterial Biofilm Formation And Intercellular Communication, Stephen Kasper

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Long thought of as solitary single-cell organisms, it is now widely accepted that bacteria can act and cooperate as social organisms. Phenomena such as biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS) are two intimately intertwined cooperative behaviors that significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of many bacteria. Biofilms are surface associated communities of bacteria encased in a secreted extracellular matrix, which provides several advantages over an individualized lifestyle, such as increased protection from antimicrobial agents as well as enhanced opportunity for the exchange of genetic material. Bacterial QS is a system of population-based communication through the production, sensing, and response to chemical …


Towards A Biomimetic Elastin-Based Nanofiber Scaffold For Salivary Gland Tissue Regeneration And Growth Factor Delivery, Zahraa Ismail Ahmed Foraida Jan 2017

Towards A Biomimetic Elastin-Based Nanofiber Scaffold For Salivary Gland Tissue Regeneration And Growth Factor Delivery, Zahraa Ismail Ahmed Foraida

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Development of electrospun nanofibers that mimic the structural, mechanical and biochemical properties of natural extracellular matrices (ECMs) and the basement membranes is a promising approach for tissue regeneration. Electrospun fibers of synthetic polymers partially mimic the topography of the ECM, however, their high stiffness, poor hydrophilicity and lack of in vivo-like biochemical cues is not optimal for epithelial cell self-organization and function. In search of a biomimetic scaffold for salivary gland tissue regeneration, we utilized proteins and peptides to induce biomechanical and biochemical cues that resembles the native tissue environment. These functional molecules were introduced to our previously-developed poly lactic-co-glycolic …


Multifunctional Nanomaterials Utilizing Hybridization Chain Reaction For Molecular Diagnostics And Bioanalytical Applications, Md Muhit Rana Jan 2017

Multifunctional Nanomaterials Utilizing Hybridization Chain Reaction For Molecular Diagnostics And Bioanalytical Applications, Md Muhit Rana

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

DNA nanotechnology has shown great promise in molecular diagnostic, bioanalytical and biomedical applications. The great challenge of detecting target analytes, biomarkers and small molecules, in molecular diagnostics is low yield sensitivity. To address this challenge, different nanomaterials have been used for a long time and to date there is no such cost-effective bioanalytical technique which can detect these target biomarkers (DNA, RNA, circulating DNA/miRNA) or environmental heavy metal ions (Hg2+ and Ag+) in a cost-effective and efficient manner.


Novel Uses Of Directly Patternable Silicon Oxide Based Resist For Advanced Patterning Applications, Vishal Umeshbhai Desai Jan 2017

Novel Uses Of Directly Patternable Silicon Oxide Based Resist For Advanced Patterning Applications, Vishal Umeshbhai Desai

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Novel applications for the directly-patternable resist material, hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), were studied for multiple advanced lithography techniques. Initially, electron beam lithography (EBL) patterned low-resolution HSQ patterns were demonstrated as a mandrel in a self-aligned double patterning (SADP) approach. Using the novel EBL-SADP approach, the number of total process steps was reduced, as compared to conventional SADP methods. This work provided proof-of-concept for using HSQ resist as a directly-patternable mandrel and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) low-stress silicon nitride (LSSiN) as a spacer. Furthermore, rapid thermal annealing (RTA) was demonstrated as a method to increase the spacer etch resistance in …


Impedance Biosensors And Deep Crater Salivary Gland Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering, Robert Arthur Schramm Jan 2017

Impedance Biosensors And Deep Crater Salivary Gland Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering, Robert Arthur Schramm

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The salivary gland is a complex, branching organ whose primary biological function is the production of the fluid critical to alimentary function and the lubrication and maintenance of the oral cavity, saliva. The most frequent disruption of the salivary organ system is one in which the rate of supply of saliva into the oral cavity is diminished, and this may vary from a minor reduction, to near cessation. Regenerative medicine is a field which seeks to find ways to overcome the symptoms of organ malfunction or damage by inducing regrowth, repair and replacement of partial or whole organ function. Historically, …


Exploring Magnetic Nanostructures Embedded Within Single-Crystal Silicon For Generation Of Spin-Polarized Carriers, Machara Krishna Girish Malladi Jan 2017

Exploring Magnetic Nanostructures Embedded Within Single-Crystal Silicon For Generation Of Spin-Polarized Carriers, Machara Krishna Girish Malladi

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Integrating magnetic functionalities with silicon holds the promise of developing, in the most dominant semiconductor, a paradigm-shift information technology based on the manipulation and control of electron spin and charge. Here, we demonstrate an ion implantation approach enabling the synthesis of a ferromagnetic layer within a defect free Si environment by exploiting an additional implant of hydrogen in a region deep below the metal implanted layer. Upon post-implantation annealing, nanocavities created within the H-implanted region act as trapping sites for gettering the implanted metal species, resulting in the formation of metal nanoparticles in a Si region of excellent crystal quality. …


Mechanisms Of Euv Exposure : Photons, Electrons And Holes, Amrit Kausik Narasimhan Jan 2017

Mechanisms Of Euv Exposure : Photons, Electrons And Holes, Amrit Kausik Narasimhan

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The microelectronics industry’s movement toward smaller and smaller feature sizes has necessitated a shift to Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) lithography to be able to pattern sub 20-nm features, much like earlier shifts from i-line to 248 nm. However, this shift from 193-nm lithography to EUV (13.5 nm) poses significant obstacles. EUV is the first optical lithography to operate in an energy range (92 eV per photon vs. 6.4 eV per photon for 193 nm lithography) above the electron binding energies of common resist atomic species. This significant energy increase complicates resist design. For exposures of equal dose, resists receive 14 times …


Resistive Random Access Memory From Materials Development And Engineering To Novel Encryption And Neuromorphic Applications, Karsten Beckmann Jan 2017

Resistive Random Access Memory From Materials Development And Engineering To Novel Encryption And Neuromorphic Applications, Karsten Beckmann

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Resistive random access memory (ReRAM or RRAM) is a novel form of non-volatile memory that is expected to play a major role in future computing and memory solutions. It has been shown that the resistance state of ReRAM devices can be precisely tuned by modulating switching voltages, by limiting peak current, and by adjusting the switching pulse properties. This enables the realization of novel applications such as memristive neuromorphic computing and neural network computing. I have developed two processes based on 100 and 300mm wafer platforms to demonstrate functional HfO2 based ReRAM devices. The first process is designed for a …


Detecting And Analyzing Trna Modification Systems And Homologs Using In Silico And Colorectal Cancer Models, Khadijah Onanuga Jan 2017

Detecting And Analyzing Trna Modification Systems And Homologs Using In Silico And Colorectal Cancer Models, Khadijah Onanuga

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

tRNA modifications can be considered epitranscriptomic signaling components that regulate translation and play integral roles in stress response pathways. As such, tRNA modification enzymes have roles in cancer etiology and potential utility as biomarkers of pathological states. For my thesis project I have used computational and wet bench approaches to study tRNA modification systems. Chapter two of my thesis deals with tRNA modification detection, as current methods are costly, time consuming, and require RNA fragmentation. I present a single-molecule-based approach for RNA modification detection, which involves in slico studies using a 5-layered graphene nanopore. Our simulations using a 1.5 nm …