Explosives Engineering Commons^™

Two-Step Flotation And Reverse Flotation Circuits Of Iron Oxide And Its Process Minerology, Ying Hou, Song Lin, Guohui Fu, Zhuang Gai, Guang Yang, Ahmed Sobhy

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Mining operations usually provide ore of varying characteristics. Similarly, for Donganshan Sintering Plant, the charges in iron oxide ore especially prior flotation process were investigated by conducting mineral liberation analyzer “MLA”. This in-deep study of process mineralogy explored and analyzed the mechanism of difficulty to obtain high-efficient flotation process. The MLA analysis results showed also that the main useful minerals in this ore are magnetite/hematite, and the main gangue minerals is quartz, followed by chlorite and ankerite. In addition, two-step “direct then reverse” and one step “reverse” flotation experiments were carried out and produced iron oxide concentrates of 48.91% and …

Low-Intensity Blast Induces Acute Glutamatergic Hyperexcitability In Mouse Hippocampus Leading To Long-Term Learning Deficits And Altered Expression Of Proteins Involved In Synaptic Plasticity And Serine Protease Inhibitors, Shanyan Chen, Heather R. Siedhoff, Hua Zhang, Pei Liu, Ashley Balderrama, Runting Li, Catherine E. Johnson, For Full List Of Authors, See Publisher's Website.

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Neurocognitive consequences of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) pose significant concerns for military service members and veterans with the majority of "invisible injury." However, the underlying mechanism of such mild bTBI by low-intensity blast (LIB) exposure for long-term cognitive and mental deficits remains elusive. Our previous studies have shown that mice exposed to LIB result in nanoscale ultrastructural abnormalities in the absence of gross or apparent cellular damage in the brain. Here we tested the hypothesis that glutamatergic hyperexcitability may contribute to long-term learning deficits. Using brain slice electrophysiological recordings, we found an increase in averaged frequencies with a burst …

Application Of Uniform Test Design In Optimizing The Flotation Reagents Of Iron Anionic Reverse Flotation Circuit, Ying Hou, Ahmed Sobhy

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Most iron reserves are low in grade with quartz as the main gangue mineral, and anionic reverse flotation has become the most crucial separation method in the processing plants of iron ore. Thus, a flotation feed sample that is a mixture of low-intensity and high-gradient magnetic separators concentrates was acquired from a processing plant. The sample characterizations with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), laser particle size analyzer, and mineral liberation analysis (MLA) confirmed that the sample consists of iron oxide as a valuable mineral and quartz as a gangue mineral with adequate liberation degree. In the anionic reverse flotation, …

Superhydrophobic Magnetic Sorbent Via Surface Modification Of Banded Iron Formation For Oily Water Treatment, Mohsen Farahat, Ahmed Sobhy, Moustafa M. S. Sanad

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In the current study, a simple dry coating method was utilized to fabricate a super-hydrophobic super-magnetic powder (ZS@BIF) for oily water purification using zinc stearate (ZS) and banded iron formation (BIF). The produced composite was fully characterized as a magnetic sorbent for oily water treatment. The results of X-ray diffraction diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and particle size analysis revealed the fabrication of homogenous hydrophobicmagnetic composite particles with core–shell structure. Contact angle and magnetic susceptibility results showed that 4 (BIF): 1 (Zs) was the ideal coverage ratio …

Investigating Anisotropic Blast Wave Parameters Near The Explosive-Air Boundary Using Computer Simulation And Experimental Techniques With Varying Charge Geometry, Kelly Williams, Catherine E. Johnson

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The prediction of blast wave overpressure using scaled distance calculations use the charge mass and radial distance variables and assumes that the blast wave is isotropic. Simulations and empirical studies demonstrate that altering the charge geometry results in a significant deviation in overpressure vs orientation. While this effect has been measured for cylinders, truncated cones, and cubes, the mechanisms driving geometric blast wave product anisotropy have not been well defined. Velocity vectors plotted from computer simulations in this study show an isotropic radial flow from the cylindrical charges, while the prismatic charges with rectangle, triangle, and five-point star cross sections …

Effect Of Shock Vector/Polarization Vector Configuration On The Generation Of Ultrahigh Voltage By Adiabatically Compressed Ferroelectric Materials, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Compact autonomous megawatt-power systems based on shock depolarization of ferroelectric materials are capable of producing kiloampere currents and ultrahigh-voltage pulses with amplitudes exceeding 100kV. Herein, we report the results of experimental investigations of the generation of ultrahigh voltage by poled Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3 and Pb0.99(Zr0.52Ti0.48)0.98Nb0.01O3 ferroelectrics subjected to shock loading at different shock vector/polarization vector configurations. Our experiments demonstrated that under loading perpendicular to the polarization vector (transverse stress mode) the ferroelectrics are capable of generating high voltages exceeding 400kV, while the loading parallel to the polarization vector (longitudinal stress mode) causes a distortion of the depolarization process in ferroelectrics of large …

Natural Molybdenite-And Tyrosinase-Based Amperometric Catechol Biosensor Using Acridine Orange As A Glue, Anchor, And Stabilizer For The Adsorbed Tyrosinase, Yan Zhang, Yue Wang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Ahmed Sobhy, Susumu Sato, Masaya Uchida, Yasushi Hasebe

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

To develop a natural mineral-based electrochemical enzyme biosensor, natural molybdenite (MLN), tyrosinase (TYR), and acridine orange (AO) were coadsorbed onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The developed TYR/AO/MLN-GCE-based amperometric TYR biosensor exhibited excellent performance for highly sensitive determination of catechol (linear range, 0.1-80 μM; sensitivity, 0.0315 μA/μM; LOD, 0.029 μM; response time, <4 >s) with good reproducibility and good operational and storage stabilities. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) revealed interesting roles of AO: (1) an efficient glue for enhancing the amount of the adsorbed TYR on the MLN-GCE, (2) an anchor for efficient orientation …

Giant Power Density Produced By Pin-Pmn-Pt Ferroelectric Single Crystals Due To A Pressure Induced Polar-To-Nonpolar Phase Transformation, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Christopher S. Lynch, Shujun Zhang, Jay B. Chase, Hwan R. Jo

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The search for ferroelectric materials capable of producing high electric charge and power densities is important for developing a new generation of autonomous ferroelectric megawatt power supplies and ultrahigh-power-density ferroelectric energy storage devices. Here we report the results of experimental investigations of the mechanism for stress-induced depolarization of adiabatically compressing rhombohedral Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals. The important finding is that the geometric dimensions of PIN-PMN-PT crystals and the direction of adiabatic compression relative to the crystallographic orientation have significant impacts on the depolarization dynamics and the generated charge density. Based on the analysis of experimental results, we conclude that a …

Generation Of Giant Electric Energy Density By Adiabatically Compressed Pin-Pmn-Pt Ferroelectric Single Crystals, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Jay B. Chase

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The results are reported herein of experimental investigations of the mechanism of electric breakdown and the generation of high voltage and energy by shock-compressed rhombohedral (1-y-x)Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-yPb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) ferroelectric single crystals cut and poled along the [111]c crystallographic direction. PIN-PMN-PT crystals were shock-compressed in a direction perpendicular to the polarization, in either the [11-0]c or [112-]c or crystallographic directions. Our experiments demonstrated that shocked crystals with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 5 mm are capable of producing high voltage amplitudes of 9-37 kV, with the amplitudes being directly proportional to the crystal thickness. The experimental results indicate that the shock loading …

Celestite Upgrading By Jigs In Presence Of Steel Balls As Ragging Material, Ahmed Sobhy, Ayman A. El-Midany, Suzan S. Ibrahim

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Gravity separation using jigs is widely used for coarse particle sizes separation. However, fine sizes reduce jig performance. In this study, the upgrading of celestite ore by jig was investigated at different size fractions in the presence of ragging material. Three size fractions, i.e., -15+2 mm, - 2.0 + 0.50 mm and - 0.50 + 0.08 mm were used. The steel balls were used, as ragging material, to improve the separation of fines as well as to improve the concentrate quality. The statistical design was used to correlate celestite grade and recovery with studied operating variables, i.e., the ragging number …

Significance Of Reagents Addition Sequence On Iron Anionic Reverse Flotation And Their Adsorption Characteristics Using Qcm-D, Ying Hou, Ahmed Sobhy, Yue Wang

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

To explore the influence of reagents addition sequence of the pH regulator and the starch depressant on the anionic reverse flotation of iron oxide, flotation conditional experiments were performed on mixed low-intensity and high-gradient magnetic concentrates which is the flotation feed acquired from the iron processing plant. Besides, quartz crystal micro-balance with dissipative (QCMD) was conducted to detect the adsorption phenomena of the flotation reagent on iron oxide sensors at different addition orders. The outcomes showed that the flotation performance using the pH regulator prior to the depressant was the best. For example, at 1.6 kg/Mg starch dosage, the recovery …

A Mechanism Of Electric Charge Losses In Adiabatically Compressed Ferroelectrics, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Jay B. Chase

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A ferroelectric depolarized by high strain-rates induced by the passage of adiabatic shock waves releases a high-density electric charge, initiating the generation of high voltage and megawatt power levels. Additionally, this depolarization process alters physical and mechanical properties that might cause energy and electric charge losses in the ferroelectric materials. We report, herein, the results of an experimental study of electric charge losses in Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3 and Pb0.99(Zr0.52Ti0.48)0.99Nb0.01O3 ferroelectrics subjected to shock compression. We found that electric charge losses mainly occur in the compressed zone of ferroelectric elements, i.e., shock compression is an essential part of the charge loss mechanism. Based …

An Experimental Research On Cationic Reverse Flotation Of Anshan-Type Iron Ores, Zhonghang Chen, Dianbing Zhu, Shujuan Dai, Ahmed Sobhy

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The mineral processing technology of Anshan-type iron ores has been developed in a rapid speed in recent years, and the combined flowsheet at the core of anionic reverse flotation has become a mainstream in the beneficiation of Anshan-type iron ores in China. With the successful application of this combined flowsheet, some obvious problems are also emerging. Such as high requirement of pulp temperature, complex reagent system, high cost of reagent consumption and so on. In view of this, we have carried out an experimental study on the separation of Anshan type iron ore by cationic reverse flotation. A new collector …

Fundamental Limits To The Transfer Of Energy Harvested From Ferroelectric Materials Under Shock Loading, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Jay B. Chase

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Ferroelectrics are capable of producing megawatt power levels under shock loading due to stress-induced phase transformations, resulting in depolarization of the ferroelectric materials. This power can be used for generation of high voltages, high currents, or ultrahigh-power electromagnetic radiation. The results are reported herein on an experimental study of limitations on energy harvested from shocked Pb_0.99(Zr_0.95Ti_0.05)_0.98Nb_0.02O₃ and PbZr_0.52Ti_0.48O₃ ferroelectrics and transferred to external electrical systems. The experimental results indicate that one of the limits to the energy transfer is electric breakdown that occurs within …

Multilayer Pzt 95/5 Antiferroelectric Film Energy Storage Devices With Giant Power Density, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Shujun Zhang, Jay B. Chase

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A new type of energy storage devices utilizing multilayer Pb (Zr_0.95Ti_0.05)_0.98Nb_0.02O₃ films is studied experimentally and numerically. To release the stored energy, the multilayer ferroelectric structures are subjected to adiabatic compression perpendicular to the polarization direction. Obtained results indicate that electrical interference between layers (10–120 layers) during stress wave transit through the structures has an effect on the generated current waveforms, but no impact on the released electric charge. The multilayer films undergo a pressure-induced phase transition to antiferroelectric phase at 1.7 GPa adiabatic compression and become completely depolarized, releasing surface …

The Dependence Of Breakdown Field Upon Breakdown Delay Time In Adiabatically Compressed Ferroelectric Ceramics, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Jay B. Chase

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The ability of ferroelectric materials to generate high voltage under mechanical stress is widely used in transducer applications. The high strain-rate adiabatic compression of poled ferroelectrics results in their complete depolarization, the release of surface charges, and the generation of up to hundreds of kilovolts of electric potential that is an order of magnitude higher than in the low-strain piezoelectric mode. Electric breakdown within adiabatically compressed ferroelectric specimens is one of the factors that affect the generation of a high voltage by ferroelectric materials under extreme stress. We report herein the results of experimental investigations of the generation of high …

Stress-Induced Depolarization Of Single-Layer Pzt 95/5 Ferroelectric Films, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Jay B. Chase, Wesley Hackenberger

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Ferroelectric (FE) films are widely used in electronic devices and low-power FE transducers. There is significant interest in expanding the usage of FE films to ultrahigh-power systems. The results are reported herein on experimental investigations of stress-induced depolarization of single-layer PbZr_0.95Ti_0.05O₃ doped 2% Nb (PZT 95/5) poled FE films subjected to uniaxial adiabatic compression perpendicular and antiparallel to the direction of polarization. It was found that at a stress of 2.4 GPa, the 32-μm-thick films underwent a pressure induced transition to a nonpolar antiferroelectric phase and became completely depolarized in both modes of high strain …

Process Mineralogy Of Iranian High Sulfur Iron Ore, Tonglin Zhao, Xiaoli Wang, Hongle Ai, Ahmed Sobhy

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Processing of Iranian high sulfur iron ore is problematic in minerals industry. The iron ores were studied by the means of polarizing microscopy, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction. The study shows that the iron ores have high grade of iron, and complex structures. XRD showed that the iron ore consists of metallic minerals such as magnetite with a small amount of hematite and limonite and non-metallic minerals as serpentine, chlorite, and talc. The average particle size of magnetite crystals is 0.182 mm. The ore contains 1.62% sulfur as harmful impurity in form of pyrite mineral. Due to the isomorphism of magnesium …

Detonation Synthesis Of Alpha-Variant Silicon Carbide, Martin Langenderfer, Catherine E. Johnson, William Fahrenholtz, Vadym Mochalin

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A recent research study has been undertaken to develop facilities for conducting detonation synthesis of nanomaterials. This process involves a familiar technique that has been utilized for the industrial synthesis of nanodiamonds. Developments through this study have allowed for experimentation with the concept of modifying explosive compositions to induce synthesis of new nanomaterials. Initial experimentation has been conducted with the end goal being synthesis of alpha variant silicon carbide (α-SiC) in the nano-scale. The α-SiC that can be produced through detonation synthesis methods is critical to the ceramics industry because of a number of unique properties of the material. Conventional …

Complete Stress-Induced Depolarization Of Relaxor Ferroelectric Crystals Without Transition Through A Non-Polar Phase, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Wesley Hackenberger, Jun Luo, Shujun Zhang, Christopher S. Lynch, Jay B. Chase, Hwan R. Jo, Christopher C. Roberts

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The development of relaxer ferroelectric single crystal technology is driven by the ability to tailor ferroelectric properties through domain engineering not achievable in polycrystalline materials. In this study, three types of domain-engineered rhombohedral Pb (In_1/2Nb_1/2) O₃-Pb (Mg_1/3Nb_2/3) O₃-PbTiO₃ crystals were subjected to transverse high strain rate loading. The experimental results indicate that the domain configuration has a significant effect on the stress-induced depolarization and the associated charge released. A complete depolarization of the single-domain crystals with 3m symmetry is observed, while multidomain crystals with 4mm and mm2 …

Impact Of Nanobubbles On Mechanical Coal Flotation Process, Ahmed Sobhy, Dongping Tao

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A bank of three 10-liter mechanical flotation cells integrated with nanobubble technology was investigated to assess the impact of nanobubbles on coal separation performance at different operating variables. The most significant operation parameters such as fuel oil collector dosage, methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) frother concentration, flow rate to nanobubble generator, feed solid concentration, and feed flow rate were studied individually. Nanobubbles are generated selectively on the hydrophobic particles, which should have a positive effect on flotation separation efficiency. It has been shown that frother concentration, collector dosage, and flow rate to nanobubble generator had a positive and significant effect on …

Effect Of Explosive Charge Geometry On Shockwave Propagation, Catherine E. Johnson, Phillip R. Mulligan, Kelly Williams, Martin Langenderfer, Jeffrey Heniff

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

With advancements in the 3D printing of explosives, the understanding how the shape of an explosive charge influences the energy expansion and subsequently the focusing of energy is becoming increasingly more important. Theoretically, explosive charges could be printed to focus the energy on targets of interest or to synthesize nanomaterials. The first step to quantifying the energy expansion and shock wave convergences for a 3D printed charge is to examine simple geometries of traditional explosive charges (non-3D printed). Detonation of 15 PETN-based primasheet charges in the spherical, cubic, cylindrical, and tetrahedral configurations have been examined in this study. Qualitative data …

Depolarization Mechanisms Of Pbzr0.52ti0.48o3 And Pbzr0.95ti0.05o3 Poled Ferroelectrics Under High Strain Rate Loading, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Evgueni F. Talantsev, Hwan R. Jo

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Stress-induced and thermal-induced depolarization studies along with X-ray diffraction were performed on lead zirconate titanate ferroelectrics of different compositions, PbZr_0.52Ti_0.48O₃ (PZT 52/48) and PbZr_0.95Ti_0.05O₃ (PZT 95/5). Specimens were shocked loaded perpendicular to the polarization vector. It was found that the polarity of the stress-induced charge released by PZT 52/48 and 95/5 was opposite to the polarity of the charge generated due to the piezoelectric effect. PZT 52/48 was only partially (45%) depolarized under 1.5±0.1 GPa mechanical compression, as opposed to PZT 95/5 which was fully depolarized. The experimental results indicate …

Innovative Rts Technology For Dry Beneficiation Of Phosphate, Ahmed Sobhy, Daniel Tao

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Crago double flotation process is widely used for upgrading raw phosphate in Florida. However, it is a water-based physicochemical process and consumes a huge amount of water and chemicals and is not efficient to remove dolomite from phosphate. In addition, the final phosphate flotation concentrate often has a grade of 30-31% P2O5, which is below the BPL content of 75% (or 34.3% P2O5) required for making the animal feed grade phosphate. This study is performed to evaluate the potential and feasibility of the innovative rotary triboelectrostatic separator (RTS) as a dry phosphate beneficiation process. The RTS technology is characterized …

Nanobubble Column Flotation For More Efficient Coal Recovery, Ahmed Sobhy, R. Honaker, D. Tao

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Froth flotation is a widely used, cost effective coal cleaning process. However, its high process efficiency is limited to a narrow particle size range between approximately 50 to 600 μm for coal and 10 to 100 μm for minerals. Beyond this range, the efficiency of froth flotation decreases sharply, especially for difficult-to-float coal fines of weak hydrophobicity (e.g., oxidized coal).

This study was aimed at enhancing recovery of an Illinois fine coal sample using a flotation column featuring a hydrodynamic cavitation nanobubble generator. Nanobubbles that are mostly smaller than 1 μm can be formed selectively on hydrophobic coal particles from …

Note: Utilizing Pb(Zr 0.95ti 0.05)O₃ Ferroelectric Ceramics To Scale Down Autonomous Explosive-Driven Shock-Wave Ferroelectric Generators, S. I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, E. F. Talantsev

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Further miniaturization of recently designed autonomous ferroelectric generators (FEGs) S. I. Shkuratov, J. Baird, and E. F. Talantsev, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 086107 (2011), which are based on the effect of explosive-shock-wave depolarization of poled ferroelectrics is achieved. The key miniaturization factor was the utilization of high-energy density Pb(Zr_0.95Ti_0.05)O₃ (PZT 955) ferroelectric ceramics as energy-carrying elements of FEGs instead of the previously used Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ (PZT 5248). A series of experiments demonstrated that FEGs based on smaller PZT 955 ferroelectric elements are capable of producing the same output voltage as those …

A Reversibility Analysis Of Encoding Methods For Spiking Neural Networks, Catherine Johnson, S. Roychowdhury, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

There is much excitement surrounding the idea of using spiking neural networks (SNNs) as the next generation of function-approximating neural networks. However, with the unique mechanism of communication (neural spikes) between neurons comes the challenge of transferring real-world data into the network to process. Many different encoding methods have been developed for SNNs, most temporal and some spatial. This paper analyzes three of them (Poisson rate encoding, Gaussian receptor fields, and a dual-neuron n-bit representation) and tests to see if the information is fully transformed into the spiking patterns. an oft-neglected consideration in encoding for SNNs is whether or not …

Electric Field-Free Gas Breakdown In Explosively Driven Generators, S. I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, E. F. Talantsev, Larry L. Altgilbers

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

All known types of gas discharges require an electric field to initiate them. We are reporting on a unique type of gas breakdown in explosively driven generators that does not require an electric field.

Explosive-Driven Mini-System Based On Shock Wave Ferromagnetic Seed Source And Loop Magnetic Flux Compression Generator, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Evgueni F. Talantsev, Jason Baird, Allen H. Stults, Larry L. Altgilbers

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Completely explosive pulsed power mini-systems based on the transverse shock wave ferromagnetic generator (FMG) served as a seed source and loop magnetic flux compression generator (LFCG) as a pulsed power amplifier were proposed, designed, built and tested. The physical principles and design of the developed FMG-LFCG system are described in detail. Experimental data are presented for the explosive operation and electrical performance of the system.

Using Coupled Eulerian And Lagrangian Grids To Model Explosive Interactions With Buildings, Braden Lusk, William P. Schonberg, Jason Baird, Robert S. Woodley, Warren Noll

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the development of a computational model that can be used to study the interactions between structures and detonating explosives contained within them. This model was developed as part of an effort to develop a rubble characterization model for use in AmmoSIM, an agent based urban tactical decision aid (UTDA) software for weapon-target pairing. The rubble pile created following the collapse of a building in a combat situation can significantly impact mission accomplishment, particularly in the area of movement and maneuver. The information provided by AmmoSIM will enable both platoon level and command center staff to make informed …