Explosives Engineering Commons^™

Investigation Into Helmet–Head Shock Wave Interactions At Low Overpressures Through Free-Field Blasts And Schlieren Imagery, C. J.H. Thomas, Catherine E. Johnson

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Brain Injuries in Warfighters Due to Low-Level Blasts, Even While Wearing a Helmet, Are Common. Understanding How the Form of a Shock Wave Changes When Impacting a Head Donning a Helmet May Present Solutions to Reducing Shock Loading on the Head, Thereby Reducing the Prevalence of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury. a Manikin with PCB Piezoelectric Transducers throughout the Head Was Exposed to Low-Pressure Free-Field Blasts using an RDX-Based Explosive Charge Designed to Output a Side-On overpressure of 4 Pounds Per Square Inch (Psi) [27.5 Kilopascals (KPa)] with and Without a Helmet. Orientations of 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 Degrees …

Experimental Investigation Of A Viscoelastic Liner To Reduce Under Helmet Overpressures And Shock Wave Reflections, Cody J.H. Thomas, Fatih Dogan, Catherine E. Johnson

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Introduction: Shock wave overpressure exposures can result in blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) in warfighters. Although combat helmets provide protection against blunt impacts, the protection against blast waves is limited due to the observed high overpressures occurring underneath the helmet. One route to enhance these helmets is by incorporating viscoelastic materials into the helmet designs, reducing pressures imposed on the head. This study aims to further investigate this mitigation technique against under-helmet overpressures by adding a viscoelastic liner to the inside of a combat helmet. Methods: The liner's effectiveness was evaluated by exposing it to free-field blasts of Composition C-4 …

Spatiotemporal Variance Image Reconstruction For Thermographic Inspections, Logan M. Wilcox, Emily M. Johnson, Emma T. Bohannon, Catherine E. Johnson, Kristen M. Donnell

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Active microwave thermography (AMT) is a nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) technique that utilizes a radiating antenna to induce a thermal increase on or within a specimen under test (SUT). The radiated power density is spatially nonuniform and therefore results in a spatially nonuniform thermal excitation, which may result in missed or false indications of defects. To this end, this work proposes a novel image reconstruction technique for nonuniform excitation/heating and is referred to as Spatiotemporal Variance Reconstruction (STVR). STVR utilizes the spatial and temporal variance of the surface thermal profile. STVR is advantageous in that it does not require …

Investigating Detonation Parameters Through The Plate Dent Test: A Novel Approach For Characterizing Detonation Curvature And Thickness, Emily Michelle Johnson

Doctoral Dissertations

Detonation is the driving factor behind how an explosive, used in an array of applications, performs. Understanding and measuring detonation parameters of an explosive is key in explosive charge design and application. Currently, determining parameters is costly as the instrumentation needed is expensive in terms of price, maintenance, and personnel. This research examines two methods of determining detonation parameters through measurement of secondary material response to the detonation wave in an effort to provide an alternate, simple, and inexpensive method of measurement. The first of these studies focuses on the Gurney Model and demonstrates that the model's accuracy was diminished …

Modeling And Simulation Of Flotation Reagents System In Anionic Reverse Iron Oxide Flotation At Different Temperatures, Ying Hou, Ahmed Sobhy

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Removal of quartz from iron ore was accomplished industrially via an anionic reverse flotation technique. However, in that kind of flotation, the interaction of the flotation reagents with the components of the feed sample makes the flotation a complicated system. Thus, the selection and optimization of regent dosages at various temperatures were performed using a uniform experimental design to estimate the optimum separation efficiency. Besides, the produced data as well as the reagent system were mathematically modeled at different flotation temperatures, and the graphical user interface GUI of MATLAB was conducted. The advantage of this procedure is that the user …

Iron Oxide Ore Mineralogy And Its Plant Flotation Circuits Nodal Analysis Simulation And Comparison, Ying Hou, Ahmed Sobhy, Samah Abdel Aziz

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Mining operations usually provide ore of varying characteristics. At the Donganshan Sintering Plant, the ore is a low-grade, complex, hard-to-separate carbonate containing iron ore, and a two-step flotation circuit was previously developed to overcome the negative impact of the carbonates on the reverse flotation process. However, with the further expansion in the mining operations, it was difficult to maintain a highly efficient flotation process. Thus, the mineral liberation analyzer (MLA) was utilized to conduct an in-depth process mineralogy investigation. MLA showed that the main useful minerals in this ore are magnetite/hematite of 45% total iron, and the main gangue mineral …

Effect Of Shock Tunnel Geometry On Shockwave And Vortex Ring Formation, Propagation, And Head On Collision, Rachel L. Bauer, Emily M. Johnson, Alexander D. Douglas, Catherine E. Johnson

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Vortex ring research primarily focuses on the formation from circular openings. Consequently, the role of tunnel geometry is less understood, despite there being numerous research studies using noncircular shock tunnels. This experimental study investigated shockwaves and vortex rings from different geometry shock tunnels from formation at the tunnel opening to head on collision with another similarly formed vortex ring using schlieren imaging and statistical analysis. The velocity of the incident shockwave was found to be consistent across all four shock tunnel geometries, which include circle, hexagon, square, and triangle of the same cross-sectional area. The velocity was 1.2 ± 0.007 …

Evaluating Blast Wave Overpressure From Non-Spherical Charges Using Time Of Arrival From High-Speed Video, Kelly Williams, Catherine E. Johnson

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Scaled distance is used to predict blast wave overpressure surrounding the detonation of a known mass of explosive under the assumption that the charge geometry is spherical. Altering charge geometry from spherical overdrives regions of the blast wave resulting in areas of higher overpressures than predicted by scaled distance calculations. Empirical data can be used to scale the blast wave overpressure to cylindrical charges, but available overpressure data for more complex geometries is not available in published literature. In the present study the time of arrival of the blast wave was measured from high-speed video and the Rankine-Hugoniot relationship used …

Prediction And Optimization Of Tower Mill Grinding Power Consumption Based On Ga-Bp Neural Network, Ziyang Wang, Ying Hou, Ahmed Sobhy

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Grinding is commonly responsible for the liberation of valuable minerals from host rocks but can entail high costs in terms of energy and medium consumption, but a tower mill is a unique power-saving grinding machine over traditional mills. In a tower mill, many operating parameters affect the grinding performance, such as the amount of slurry with a known solid concentration, screw mixer speed, medium filling rate, material-ball ratio, and medium properties. Thus, 25 groups of grinding tests were conducted to establish the relationship between the grinding power consumption and operating parameters. The prediction model was established based on the backpropagation …

Analyzing The Effectiveness Of The Gurney Method For Small Scale Fragmentation Propulsion Using Exploding Bridgewire Detonators, Emily M. Johnson, Rachel L. Bauer, Catherine E. Johnson

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Explosives are common in military, mining, and construction applications where the explosive properties are understood, but mechanics of how the explosive's energy fragments and throws materials are less known. Considering the type of confining material around an explosive, creates variability in fragmentation behavior due to the individual material characteristics. The most common method for assessing fragmentation behavior is the Gurney method, which eliminates any consideration of fragmenting material properties. The Gurney method assumes that, on a large scale, the inconsistencies in material are irrelevant and only the mass of the confiner need be considered. However, it is known in many …

Effects Of Downwash When Measuring Gas Concentration With Uav-Mounted Gas Sensors, Jacob Lane Brinkman

Doctoral Dissertations

"This research concludes that the downwash region of a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) does not produce pressure variations substantial enough to cause significant changes in density-based gas concentration measurements. US regulations evaluate gas concentration as a function of gas density, and accurate concentration measurements are critical for protecting health and safety, which means evaluation of actual downwash effects on measured gas concentration is essential.

During experimentation, the UAV was fixed to a stand in a sealed chamber filled with NOx (NO and NO₂) of constant concentration. The UAV rotors ran at hovering speeds, and gas concentrations were …

Recent Trends In Mineral Processing Based On Density And Particle Size–A Review, Ahmed Sobhy

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Most mineral beneficiation development in the world focus on size and density-based separation technologies. In recent years, ore size-based and density-based separation technologies have attracted more consideration to obtaining rough or final high-quality products. Due to the dissimilarity of physical properties like particle size and density, valuable and gangue minerals can be segregated via size-based and density-based separation technologies. Removing the impurities and recovering the target minerals are accomplished by size-based separation technologies alone or are usually followed by cleaning processes utilizing density-based separation abilities. The density variation among valuable and gangue minerals leads to dissimilarities in settling velocity in …

Shock Wave Formation From Head-On Collision Of Two Subsonic Vortex Rings, Rachel L. Bauer, Cody J. Thomas, Everett V.P. Baker, Emily M. Johnson, Kelly R. Williams, Martin J. Langenderfer, Catherine E. Johnson

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Vortex ring collisions have attracted intense interest in both water and air studies (Baird in Proc R Soc Lond Ser Math Phys Sci 409:59-65, 1987, Poudel et al. in Phys Fluids 33:096105, 2021, Lim and Nickels in Nature 357:225, 1992, New et al. in Exp Fluids 57:109, 2016, Suzuki et al. in Geophys Res Lett 34, 2007, Yan et al. in J Fluids Eng 140:054502, 2018, New et al. in J Fluid Mech 899, 2020, Cheng et al. in Phys Fluids 31:067107, 2019, Hernández and Reyes in 29:103604, 2017, Mishra et al. in Phys Rev Fluids, 2021, Zednikova et al. …

Two-Step Flotation And Reverse Flotation Circuits Of Iron Oxide And Its Process Minerology, Ying Hou, Song Lin, Guohui Fu, Zhuang Gai, Guang Yang, Ahmed Sobhy

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Mining operations usually provide ore of varying characteristics. Similarly, for Donganshan Sintering Plant, the charges in iron oxide ore especially prior flotation process were investigated by conducting mineral liberation analyzer “MLA”. This in-deep study of process mineralogy explored and analyzed the mechanism of difficulty to obtain high-efficient flotation process. The MLA analysis results showed also that the main useful minerals in this ore are magnetite/hematite, and the main gangue minerals is quartz, followed by chlorite and ankerite. In addition, two-step “direct then reverse” and one step “reverse” flotation experiments were carried out and produced iron oxide concentrates of 48.91% and …

Low-Intensity Blast Induces Acute Glutamatergic Hyperexcitability In Mouse Hippocampus Leading To Long-Term Learning Deficits And Altered Expression Of Proteins Involved In Synaptic Plasticity And Serine Protease Inhibitors, Shanyan Chen, Heather R. Siedhoff, Hua Zhang, Pei Liu, Ashley Balderrama, Runting Li, Catherine E. Johnson, For Full List Of Authors, See Publisher's Website.

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Neurocognitive consequences of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) pose significant concerns for military service members and veterans with the majority of "invisible injury." However, the underlying mechanism of such mild bTBI by low-intensity blast (LIB) exposure for long-term cognitive and mental deficits remains elusive. Our previous studies have shown that mice exposed to LIB result in nanoscale ultrastructural abnormalities in the absence of gross or apparent cellular damage in the brain. Here we tested the hypothesis that glutamatergic hyperexcitability may contribute to long-term learning deficits. Using brain slice electrophysiological recordings, we found an increase in averaged frequencies with a burst …

Application Of Uniform Test Design In Optimizing The Flotation Reagents Of Iron Anionic Reverse Flotation Circuit, Ying Hou, Ahmed Sobhy

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Most iron reserves are low in grade with quartz as the main gangue mineral, and anionic reverse flotation has become the most crucial separation method in the processing plants of iron ore. Thus, a flotation feed sample that is a mixture of low-intensity and high-gradient magnetic separators concentrates was acquired from a processing plant. The sample characterizations with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), laser particle size analyzer, and mineral liberation analysis (MLA) confirmed that the sample consists of iron oxide as a valuable mineral and quartz as a gangue mineral with adequate liberation degree. In the anionic reverse flotation, …

Superhydrophobic Magnetic Sorbent Via Surface Modification Of Banded Iron Formation For Oily Water Treatment, Mohsen Farahat, Ahmed Sobhy, Moustafa M. S. Sanad

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In the current study, a simple dry coating method was utilized to fabricate a super-hydrophobic super-magnetic powder (ZS@BIF) for oily water purification using zinc stearate (ZS) and banded iron formation (BIF). The produced composite was fully characterized as a magnetic sorbent for oily water treatment. The results of X-ray diffraction diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and particle size analysis revealed the fabrication of homogenous hydrophobicmagnetic composite particles with core–shell structure. Contact angle and magnetic susceptibility results showed that 4 (BIF): 1 (Zs) was the ideal coverage ratio …

Investigating Anisotropic Blast Wave Parameters Near The Explosive-Air Boundary Using Computer Simulation And Experimental Techniques With Varying Charge Geometry, Kelly Williams, Catherine E. Johnson

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The prediction of blast wave overpressure using scaled distance calculations use the charge mass and radial distance variables and assumes that the blast wave is isotropic. Simulations and empirical studies demonstrate that altering the charge geometry results in a significant deviation in overpressure vs orientation. While this effect has been measured for cylinders, truncated cones, and cubes, the mechanisms driving geometric blast wave product anisotropy have not been well defined. Velocity vectors plotted from computer simulations in this study show an isotropic radial flow from the cylindrical charges, while the prismatic charges with rectangle, triangle, and five-point star cross sections …

Effect Of Shock Vector/Polarization Vector Configuration On The Generation Of Ultrahigh Voltage By Adiabatically Compressed Ferroelectric Materials, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Compact autonomous megawatt-power systems based on shock depolarization of ferroelectric materials are capable of producing kiloampere currents and ultrahigh-voltage pulses with amplitudes exceeding 100kV. Herein, we report the results of experimental investigations of the generation of ultrahigh voltage by poled Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3 and Pb0.99(Zr0.52Ti0.48)0.98Nb0.01O3 ferroelectrics subjected to shock loading at different shock vector/polarization vector configurations. Our experiments demonstrated that under loading perpendicular to the polarization vector (transverse stress mode) the ferroelectrics are capable of generating high voltages exceeding 400kV, while the loading parallel to the polarization vector (longitudinal stress mode) causes a distortion of the depolarization process in ferroelectrics of large …

Natural Molybdenite-And Tyrosinase-Based Amperometric Catechol Biosensor Using Acridine Orange As A Glue, Anchor, And Stabilizer For The Adsorbed Tyrosinase, Yan Zhang, Yue Wang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Ahmed Sobhy, Susumu Sato, Masaya Uchida, Yasushi Hasebe

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

To develop a natural mineral-based electrochemical enzyme biosensor, natural molybdenite (MLN), tyrosinase (TYR), and acridine orange (AO) were coadsorbed onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The developed TYR/AO/MLN-GCE-based amperometric TYR biosensor exhibited excellent performance for highly sensitive determination of catechol (linear range, 0.1-80 μM; sensitivity, 0.0315 μA/μM; LOD, 0.029 μM; response time, <4 >s) with good reproducibility and good operational and storage stabilities. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) revealed interesting roles of AO: (1) an efficient glue for enhancing the amount of the adsorbed TYR on the MLN-GCE, (2) an anchor for efficient orientation …

Giant Power Density Produced By Pin-Pmn-Pt Ferroelectric Single Crystals Due To A Pressure Induced Polar-To-Nonpolar Phase Transformation, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Christopher S. Lynch, Shujun Zhang, Jay B. Chase, Hwan R. Jo

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The search for ferroelectric materials capable of producing high electric charge and power densities is important for developing a new generation of autonomous ferroelectric megawatt power supplies and ultrahigh-power-density ferroelectric energy storage devices. Here we report the results of experimental investigations of the mechanism for stress-induced depolarization of adiabatically compressing rhombohedral Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals. The important finding is that the geometric dimensions of PIN-PMN-PT crystals and the direction of adiabatic compression relative to the crystallographic orientation have significant impacts on the depolarization dynamics and the generated charge density. Based on the analysis of experimental results, we conclude that a …

Generation Of Giant Electric Energy Density By Adiabatically Compressed Pin-Pmn-Pt Ferroelectric Single Crystals, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Jay B. Chase

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The results are reported herein of experimental investigations of the mechanism of electric breakdown and the generation of high voltage and energy by shock-compressed rhombohedral (1-y-x)Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-yPb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) ferroelectric single crystals cut and poled along the [111]c crystallographic direction. PIN-PMN-PT crystals were shock-compressed in a direction perpendicular to the polarization, in either the [11-0]c or [112-]c or crystallographic directions. Our experiments demonstrated that shocked crystals with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 5 mm are capable of producing high voltage amplitudes of 9-37 kV, with the amplitudes being directly proportional to the crystal thickness. The experimental results indicate that the shock loading …

Celestite Upgrading By Jigs In Presence Of Steel Balls As Ragging Material, Ahmed Sobhy, Ayman A. El-Midany, Suzan S. Ibrahim

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Gravity separation using jigs is widely used for coarse particle sizes separation. However, fine sizes reduce jig performance. In this study, the upgrading of celestite ore by jig was investigated at different size fractions in the presence of ragging material. Three size fractions, i.e., -15+2 mm, - 2.0 + 0.50 mm and - 0.50 + 0.08 mm were used. The steel balls were used, as ragging material, to improve the separation of fines as well as to improve the concentrate quality. The statistical design was used to correlate celestite grade and recovery with studied operating variables, i.e., the ragging number …

Projectile Generator Design For Underground Coal Mine Seal Testing, Ethan Allan Steward

Masters Theses

"Underground coal mines have several dangers, one of the most hazardous of which is the possibility of an explosion caused by the ignition of methane gas. To reduce ventilation costs, coal mines have the option to close off abandoned areas that are no longer active with structural seals to keep an explosion from propagating into working areas of the mine. Though seals have been designed to resist the overpressure, none have been evaluated for their resistance to the impact of heavy objects. Underground explosions produce high velocity gasses that, traveling through mine openings, may propel objects in the mine at …

The Effects Of Rigid Polyurethane Foam As A Confinement Material On Breaching Charge Detonations, Nathan Franz Paerschke-O'Brien

Masters Theses

"The effects of a rigid polyurethane foam used as a confinement material on four types of breaching explosives were tested, focusing on the changes in shockwave peak pressures, detonation load compression forces, and brisance cratering abilities. The Plate Dent testing procedure was modified to incorporate a load cell force sensor, and two air overpressure sensors were included adjacent to the blast to quantify each test result. The testing variables focused on the polyurethane foam cure times and thickness volumes around the breaching explosives to determine the breaching charges' optimal energy output capabilities when confined by the foam material. The rigid …

Relating Detonation Parameters To The Detonation Synthesis Of Nanomaterials, Martin Langenderfer

Doctoral Dissertations

“This research investigates the physical and chemical processes that contribute to the detonation synthesis of silicon carbide nanoparticles. Bulk production of SiC nanoparticles through detonation is possible due to pressures achieved over 20 GPa and temperatures over 2000 K as well as quenching rates in excess of 13 billion K/second. These conditions catalyze reaction and bottom-up molecular growth while retaining particles < 100 nm in diameter. In this work, detonation synthesis of SiC was demonstrated by incorporation of polycarbosilane, an SiC precursor material, into an RDX/TNT explosive matrix prior to detonation. Detonation Synthesis of SiC was also accomplished by reacting elemental silicon with carbon liberated by the detonation of negatively oxygen balanced TNT. Hydrodynamic simulation of a 60:40 mass ratio RDX/TNT detonation created conditions thermodynamically suitable to produce cubic silicon carbide within the first 500 nanoseconds after the passage of the detonation wave while carbon remains chemically reactive for molecular formation. Simulations and experimental tests indicated that loading configuration and impedance mismatch of the precursor additives used in detonation synthesis results in conditions in the additives that exceed the accepted detonation pressure of the explosive by greater than three times. Finally, a full factorial experimental design showed increasing silicon concentration, reducing silicon size, and reducing oxygen balance by adjusting the ratio of RDX to TNT decreased the explosives detonation pressure by 20% and increased the soot yield and concentration of SiC observed in the detonation products by 82% and 442% respectively”--Abstract, page iv.

Investigation Of Anomalous Data Trends During Coal Dust Explosibilty Testing, Jacob Lee Miller

Doctoral Dissertations

Coal dust explosibility is a health and safety concern that has been a recognized hazard for over 100 years. Initial testing by the Author using a Siwek 20L apparatus recorded a secondary maximum pressure at higher dust concentrations (1,000-7,000g/m³) with Pulverized Pittsburgh Coal (PCC). Higher dust concentrations are beyond the typical ASTM E1226 testing procedure but are possible in mining and processing scenarios. No reference documents have been discovered that show a secondary maximum pressure at higher dust concentrations. Literature reviewed identified that once a coal dust concertation generates a peak pressure, the pressure remains constant or decreases …

Investigating The Focusing Effect Of Charge Geometry With Computer Simulations, Witness Plates, And High-Speed Videography, Kelly Ray Williams

Doctoral Dissertations

"Scaled distance is used to calculate a safe standoff radius from the detonation of a known mass of an explosive. It has been shown that varying only the geometry of the charge significantly overdrives regions of the blast wave potentially resulting in hazardous overpressure levels at scaled distance safe radii. Pressure transducers are used to measure overpressure surrounding spherical, cylindrical, and cubic charges to determine if bridge waves were formed at the edges between flat sides as seen in published studies of cylindrical charges. In the fireball field a witness plate is used to evaluate radial energy distribution with a …

Significance Of Reagents Addition Sequence On Iron Anionic Reverse Flotation And Their Adsorption Characteristics Using Qcm-D, Ying Hou, Ahmed Sobhy, Yue Wang

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

To explore the influence of reagents addition sequence of the pH regulator and the starch depressant on the anionic reverse flotation of iron oxide, flotation conditional experiments were performed on mixed low-intensity and high-gradient magnetic concentrates which is the flotation feed acquired from the iron processing plant. Besides, quartz crystal micro-balance with dissipative (QCMD) was conducted to detect the adsorption phenomena of the flotation reagent on iron oxide sensors at different addition orders. The outcomes showed that the flotation performance using the pH regulator prior to the depressant was the best. For example, at 1.6 kg/Mg starch dosage, the recovery …

A Mechanism Of Electric Charge Losses In Adiabatically Compressed Ferroelectrics, Sergey I. Shkuratov, Jason Baird, Vladimir G. Antipov, Jay B. Chase

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A ferroelectric depolarized by high strain-rates induced by the passage of adiabatic shock waves releases a high-density electric charge, initiating the generation of high voltage and megawatt power levels. Additionally, this depolarization process alters physical and mechanical properties that might cause energy and electric charge losses in the ferroelectric materials. We report, herein, the results of an experimental study of electric charge losses in Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3 and Pb0.99(Zr0.52Ti0.48)0.99Nb0.01O3 ferroelectrics subjected to shock compression. We found that electric charge losses mainly occur in the compressed zone of ferroelectric elements, i.e., shock compression is an essential part of the charge loss mechanism. Based …