Mining Engineering Commons^™

Detection Of Volcanic Ash Clouds From Nimbus 7/Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, C. J. Seftor, N. C. Hsu, J. R. Herman, P. K. Bhartia, O. Torres, William I. Rose, David J. Schneider, N. Krotkov

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

Measured radiances from the Version 7 reprocessing of the Nimbus 7/total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) 340- and 380-nm channels are used to detect absorbing particulates injected into the atmosphere after the El Chichon eruption on April 4, 1982. It is shown that while the single-channel reflectivity determined from the 380-nm channel is able to detect clouds and haze composed of nonabsorbing aerosols, the spectral contrast between the 340- and 380-nm channels is sensitive to absorbing particulates such as volcanic ash, desert dust, or smoke from biomass burning. In this paper the spectral contrast between these two channels is used to …

Remote Sensing Of Volcanic Ash Clouds Using Special Sensor Microwave Imager Data, David J. Delene, William I. Rose, Norman C. Grody

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

Measurements from the satellite-based special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) were used to collect passive microwave radiation (19–85 GHz) for the August 19, 1992 (UT date), Crater Peak/Spurr volcanic cloud. This eruption was also imaged by a ground-based C-band radar system at Kenai, Alaska, 80 km away, and by the thermal infrared channels of the polar-orbiting advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR). The SSM/I sensor detects scattering of Earth-emitted radiation by millimeter size volcanic ash particles. The size of ash particles in a volcanic ash cloud can be estimated by comparing the scattering at different microwave frequencies. The mass of particles …

Measurements Of The Complex Dielectric Constant Of Volcanic Ash From 4 To 19 Ghz, R. J. Adams, Warren F. Perger, William I. Rose, A. Kostinski

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

Dielectric data in volcanic ash at weather radar wavelengths (centimeter range) are extremely sparse and are crucial for radar sensing of ash clouds and for imaging of volcanic terrains. This study extends previous data to include a wavelength range of 1.5–7.5 cm and volcanic ash compositions of 50–75% silica. The real part of the complex permittivity, ε′, of volcanic ash is 6 ± 0.5 (1σ) for all wavelengths. The imaginary part, ε″, ranges from 0.08 to 0.27. Both ε′ and ε″ show higher values at lower SiO2 concentration. It is safe to assume in any weather radar applications that the …

Natural Zeolites For Pollution Control An Overview, M.M. Makweba

Tanzania Journal of Science

Natural zeolites are minerals characterized by a framework of alumino-silicate whose structure contains channels occupied by water and exchangeable cations. The common known zeolites which occur in sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin include analcime, clinoptilolite, heulandite laumontite, philipsite, chabazite, erionite and mordenite. The zeolites have been studied in detail on their physical and chemical propertied. The ability of zeolite minerals like clinoptilolite to remove Cs-137 and Sr-90 from radioactive waste waters and to remove ammonium ions from municipal waste waters has been a milestone for zeolites to be applicable in pollution control. In Tanzania, zeolites occurrences have been reported in …

Retrieval Of Sizes And Total Masses Of Particles In Volcanic Clouds Using Avhrr Bands 4 And 5, Shiming Wen, William I. Rose

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

The advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) sensor on polar orbiting NOAA satellites can discriminate between volcanic clouds and meteorological clouds using two-band data in the thermal infrared. This paper is aimed at developing a retrieval of the particle sizes, optical depth, and total masses of particles from AVHRR two-band data of volcanic clouds. Radiative transfer calculations are used with a semi-transparent cloud model that is based on assumptions of spherical particle shape, a homogeneous underlying surface, and a simple thin cloud parallel to the surface. The model is applied to observed AVHRR data from a 13-hour old drifting cloud …

Mining In Maine : Past, Present, And Future, Carolyn A. Lepage

Maine Collection

Mining in Maine : Past, Present, and Future

by Carolyn A. Lepage, Michael E. Foley, and Woodrow B. Thompson

Maine Geological Survey, Department of Conservation, Augusta, Me., 1990.

Contents: Introduction / The Early Years: Pre-Civil War / The Civil War to World War II / The War Years of the 1940's / The Postwar Years: 1940's to 1960 / The 1960's / The 1970's / Maine Mineral Resources Association / The 1980's / Current Mining and Exploration / Future Potential / Acknowledgments / References

Goes Imagery Fills Gaps In Montserrat Volcanic Cloud Observations, Mark A. Davies, William I. Rose

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

GOES satellite imagery offers great potential to lessen the risk of volcanic ash clouds to aviation, and the situation at Montserrat in the Caribbean is providing the proof. Many transatlantic, commercial, and private aircraft use airspace around Montserrat, where the Soufriere Hills Volcano has been erupting since 1995.

Worldwide over the last 15 years, more than 80 airplanes have reported encountering volcanic ash along flight paths. Encounters cannot be avoided because onboard radar cannot detect fine-grained ash particles—those with a radius of 15 microns or less. In recent years volcanic cloud encounters are estimated to have caused hundreds of millions …

Common Characteristics Of Paired Volcanoes In Northern Central America, S. P. Halsort, William I. Rose

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

Four pairs of active volcanoes along the northern Central American volcanic front have erupted basalt-andesite magmas that show consistent intrapair behavioral and compositional differences. These differences are found in records of volcanic activity and complete major and minor element data on over 200 samples. From northwest to southeast along the volcanic front the four volcano pairs are Cerro Quemado-Santa María, Tolimán-Atitlán, Acatenango-Fuego, and Santa Ana-Izalco. The volcano pair relations help explain compositional differences, apart from those reflecting variation in crustal thickness of about 15 km along the volcanic front, providing insight into across-arc variations and closely spaced subvolcanic plumbing systems. …

Direct Rate Measurements Of Eruption Plumes At Augustine Volcano: A Problem Of Scaling And Uncontrolled Variables, William I. Rose, Grant Heiken, Kenneth Wohletz, Dean Eppler, Sumner Barr, Theresa Miller, Raymond L. Chuan, R. B. Symonds

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

The March–April 1986 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, provided an opportunity to directly measure the flux of gas, aerosol, and ash particles during explosive eruption. Most previous direct measurements of volcanic emission rates are on plumes from fuming volcanoes or on very small eruption clouds. Direct measurements during explosive activity are needed to understand the scale relationships between passive degassing or small eruption plumes and highly explosive events. Conditions on April 3, 1986 were ideal: high winds, clear visibility, moderate activity. Three measurements were made: 1) an airborne correlation spectrometer (Cospec) provided mass flux rates of SO₂; 2) …

Dynamic Deformation Of Volcanic Ejecta From The Toba Caldera: Possible Relevance To Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary Phenomena, Neville L. Carter, Charles B. Officer, Craig A. Chesner, William I. Rose

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

Plagioclase and biotite phenocrysts in ignimbrites erupted from the Toba caldera, Sumatra, show microstructures and textures indicative of shock stress levels higher than 10 GPa. Strong dynamic deformation has resulted in intense kinking in biotite and, with increasing shock intensity, the development in plagioclase of planar features, shock mosaicism, incipient recrystallization, and possible partial melting. Microstructures in quartz indicative of strong shock deformation are rare, however, and many shock lamellae, if formed, may have healed during post-shock residence in the hot ignimbrite; they might be preserved in ash falls. Peak shock stresses from explosive silicic volcanism and other endogenous processes …

Sulfur Dioxide And Particles In Quiescent Volcanic Plumes From Poás, Arenal, And Colima Volcanos, Costa Rica And Mexico, T. Casadevall, William I. Rose, William H. Fuller, William H. Hunt, Mark A. Hart, Jarvis L. Moyers, David C. Woods, Raymond L. Chuan, James P. Friend

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

Measurements of SO₂ emission rates and concentrations and of particle distribution, size, shape, and composition were made in quiescent volcanic plumes emitted into the troposphere from Poás and Arenal volcanos, Costa Rica, and Colima volcano, Mexico. SO₂ emission rates were 700±180 metric tons per day (t/d) for Poás, 210±30 t/d for Arenal, and 320±50 t/d for Colima. The concentrations of SO₂ calculated from the COSPEC/lidar data were 5–380 ppb. Concentrations of SO₂measured directly by flame photometry were 10–250 ppb. Particles collected in the plumes with a quartz crystal microbalance impactor were mostly less than 3 …

Amatitlan, An Actively Resurging Cauldron 10 Km South Of Guatemala City, Richard L. Wunderman, William I. Rose

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

A 14×16 km diameter collapse caldera has been recognized 10 km south of Guatemala City, Guatemala. The caldera is north of the presently active volcano Pacaya and west of Agua, a large stratovolcano. The caldera was not previously recognized because its eastern and western margins coincide with faults that outline the Guatemala City graben and because the northern margin of the caldera is buried by pyroclastic rocks. The existence of the northern caldera margin is now established by gravity data and a variety of geological observations including circumferential faults, hot springs, well-log data, and lithological changes in sedimentary rocks. A …

Estimating Particle Sizes, Concentrations, And Total Mass Of Ash In Volcanic Clouds Using Weather Radar, David M. Harris, William I. Rose

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

Observations of the March 19, 1982 ash eruption of Mount St. Helens, made by the National Weather Service (NWS, Portland, Oregon) on 5-cm radar, were used to estimate the volume of the ash cloud (2000 ±500 km³), the concentration of ash (0.2–0.6 g m⁻³). and the total mass of ash erupted (3–10×10¹¹ g). The position of the cloud was also tracked by radar. Particle sizes in the ash cloud were estimated from settling velocities suggested by decreases in maximum ash cloud height with time as it moved away from the volcano. The March 19, 1982 …

Research On Atmospheric Volcanic Emissions: An Overview, James P. Friend, Alan R. Bandy, Jarvis L. Moyers, William H. Zoller, Richard E. Stoiber, Arnold L. Torres, William I. Rose, M. Patrick Mccormick, David C. Woods

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

The project "Research on Atmospheric Volcanic Emissions" is a unique effort by NASA and university scientists to investigate the detailed chemical nature of plumes from volcanic eruptions. The major goals of the project are to: 1) understand the impact major eruptions will have on atmospheric chemistry processes, 2) understand the importance of volcanic emissions in the atmospheric geochemical cycles of selected species, 3) use knowledge of the plume chemical composition to diagnose and predict magmatic processes. Project RAVE'S first mission used the NASA Lockheed Orion P-3 outfitted with equipment to measure concentrations of the gases SO₂, OCS, H …

Water-Soluble Material On Aerosols Collected Within Volcanic Eruption Clouds, David B. Smith, Robert A. Zielinski, William I. Rose, B. J. Huebert

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

In February and March of 1978, filter samplers mounted on an aircraft were used to collect the aerosol fraction of the eruption clouds from three active Guatemalan volcanoes (Fuego, Pacaya, and Santiaguito). The samples were collected on Teflon (Fluoropore) filters with a nominal pore diameter of 0.5μm. The mass of air sampled by the filters ranged from 0.15 to 6.6 kg. The particulate material collected consisted of fragments of angular silicate ash and droplets of what is interpreted as dilute H₂SO₄ and HCl. After collection of the samples, each filter was rinsed with 60 ml of distilled-deionized …

Small Particles In Plumes Of Mount St. Helens, William I. Rose, Raymond L. Chuan, D. C. Woods

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

Particles in the size range of 0.1–25 micrometers were sampled by aircraft carrying a quartz crystal microcascade in the Mount St. Helens plume on three dates in August and September 1980. Two of the sampling dates represented ‘typical’ emissions of the volcano between plinian eruptions. One sampling flight was made 1–4 hours before the small plinian eruption of August 7, 1980, when the plume had become discontinuous and visibly darker. Size distributions were determined, and individual particles were studied by using scanning electron microscopy. The plume sampled on August 7, before the eruption, contained mainly approximately 2 micrometer diameter silicic …

Determination Of The Total Grain Size Distribution In A Vulcanian Eruption Column, And Its Implications To Stratospheric Aerosol Perturbation, P. J. Murrow, William I. Rose, S. Self

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

Grain size analysis of samples representing all sampleable portions of the airfall deposit produced by the Fuego volcano in Guatemala on 14 October 1974 form the basis for estimating the total grain size distribution of tephra from this eruption. The region enclosed by each isopach has a particular average grain size distribution which can be weighted proportionally to its percentage volume. The grain size of pyroclastic avalanche deposits produced during the eruption are also included. The total grain size distribution calculated as a sum of weighted distributions has a median grain size of 0.8∅ (0.6mm) and a sorting coefficient (σ∅) …

The Surface Mining Control And Reclamation Act Of 1977, Hamlet J. Barry, Iii

Federal Lands, Laws and Policies and the Development of Natural Resources: A Short Course (Summer Conference, July 28-August 1)

48 pages.

Includes footnotes (pages 44 to 47).

The General Mining Act Of 1872, Loren Mall

Federal Lands, Laws and Policies and the Development of Natural Resources: A Short Course (Summer Conference, July 28-August 1)

48 pages (includes graph).

Agenda: Federal Lands, Laws And Policies And The Development Of Natural Resources: A Short Course, University Of Colorado. School Of Law, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center

Federal Lands, Laws and Policies and the Development of Natural Resources: A Short Course (Summer Conference, July 28-August 1)

Even before the [Natural Resources Law] Center was established [in the fall of 1981], the [University of Colorado] School of Law was organizing annual natural resources law summer short courses. To date four programs have been presented:

- July 1980: "Federal Lands, Laws and Policies and the Development of Natural Resources"

- June 1981: "Water Resources Allocation: Laws and Emerging Issues"

- June 1982: "New Sources of Water for Energy Development and Growth: lnterbasin Transfers"

- June 1983: "Groundwater: Allocation, Development and Pollution"

(Reprinted from Resource Law Notes, no. 1, Jan. 1984, at 1.)

Instructors for this conference included University …

Atmospheric Implications Of Studies Of Central American Volcanic Eruption Clouds, R. D. Cadle, A. L. Lazrus, B. J. Huebert, L. E. Heidt, William I. Rose, D. C. Woods, Raymond L. Chuan, Richard E. Stoiber, D. B. Smith, Robert A. Zielinski

Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Publications

During February 1978 a group of scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, several colleges and universities, the U.S. Geological Survey, and NASA used a specially equipped Beech Queen Air aircraft to make 11 sampling flights in Guatemala through the eruption clouds from the volcanoes Pacaya, Fuego, and Santiguito. Measurements were made of SO₄²⁻, SO₂, HCl, HF, and 11 cations that were in water-soluble form, on samples collected by a specially designed filter pack. Particle size distributions were obtained with a piezoelectric cascade impactor, and the particles were identified by energy dispersive X ray …

Umr Journal: Alaska -- Its Mineral Potentials And Environmental Challenges, University Of Missouri--Rolla

UMR Journal -- V. H. McNutt Colloquium Series

No abstract provided.

Arctic Ecology: A Decade Of Experience, John F. Schindler

UMR Journal -- V. H. McNutt Colloquium Series

A quick glance at the title of this presentation and the reader braces himself for another antipollution or “save-the-sod” type of discourse that has become so popular these days. I do not wish to detract from the importance or the need for such efforts but I would like to address myself to the the broader meaning of the term.

Ecology--the word comes from the Greek root “oikos” which means house or household. What I’d like to do is to tell you about this “house” I’ve been living in for the past 10 years.

The Environmental Challenges Facing Taps, A. V. Cardin

UMR Journal -- V. H. McNutt Colloquium Series

Before the potential benefits of the recent oil discoveries on the North Slope of Alaska can be realized, the oil must be transported to refining and marketing areas. The Alyeska Pipeline Service Company has the responsibility for the first step in this transportation—to design and construct the Trans Alaska Pipeline System. We will pipe the oil from the discovery areas near Prudhoe Bay to an ice-free, deep-sea tanker loading terminal at Valdez of the South Coast of Alaska. From Valdez the oil will be transported to the West Coast by tankers. This is the most feasible system of a number …

The Environmental Challenges Of Alaskan Mineral Development, Earl T. Hayes

UMR Journal -- V. H. McNutt Colloquium Series

To meet the challenges and to develop Alaska as a source of mineral and fuel resources that are essential to all of us, we must conduct the research and planning necessary to see that the environment is not abused. We cannot allow ourselves the luxury of thinking that we alone know what is best for Alaska. We must strive for cooperation -- cooperation between government and industry; between Federal and State governments; between the doer and the dreamer; and between the engineer and the ecologist. Remember, the quality of what we do today will determine the quality of Alaska in …

Mineral Potential Of Arctic Canada, R. G. Mccrossan, R. M. Procter

UMR Journal -- V. H. McNutt Colloquium Series

Canada is on the threshold of a major new phase in the development of its Arctic resources. The Prudhoe Bay discovery triggered a boom in northern petroleum exploration that is just getting into high gear this year. Mining activity also has greatly expanded in the last few years with some 73 active exploration programs underway and several large new mines just coming into production. The size of these ventures is indicated by ore reserves of two lead-zinc mines to the value of 900 million dollars at Pine Point in southern Northwest Territories, and 1.2 billion dollars at the Anvil property …

Arctic Pipelining -- Tough, Costly, But Feasible, William H. Pearn

UMR Journal -- V. H. McNutt Colloquium Series

The development of vitally important Arctic petroleum resources presents new and interesting challenges. Although the answers to some questions will undoubtedly undoubtedly go unresolved until considerable operating experience has accrued, we can improve our present insight through an awareness of the work performed by others under similar conditions. This presentation focuses on Soviet pipelining experience in arctic and subarctic regions of Siberia.

Drilling Problems Associated With Arctic Minerals, Robert L. Parker

UMR Journal -- V. H. McNutt Colloquium Series

With major involvements in Alaska, the experience gained from these operations reflect the success of talented personnel in meeting the challenges of climate, equipment, logistics, perma-frost, etc. Real concern stems from present delays in the Arctic program due to financing involved as well as increasing dependency of the United States upon these reserves in today’s market and supply situation.

Arctic Oil And The S.S. Manhattan, Russell H. Venn

UMR Journal -- V. H. McNutt Colloquium Series

The discovery of oil on Alaska’s North Slope in 1968 not only focused attention on that remote part of our world, it set the stage for one of the most exciting and significant scientific expeditions of our time—the voyage of the ice breaking tanker SS Manhattan through the Northwest Passage.

In the space available I would like to discuss with you that historic expedition, how it came to be, and comment on the results, as we see them.

Oil And Gas Reserves In The Siberian Shelf, A. J. Eardley

UMR Journal -- V. H. McNutt Colloquium Series

The Arctic region must be the world’s largest storehouse of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, and the vast Siberian region, both “on land” and “off shore” must be considered with envy by the free-world’s geologists for its oil and gas potential. It is here estimated that the off shore continental shelf of U.S.S.R. Siberia contains a reserve of 200 billion barrels of oil and 500 trillion cut. ft. of gas. These very approximate figures come from meager data obtained from the literature on oil and gas discoveries in the Siberian Arctic, the basin location of these discoveries, and the projection of …