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Articles 91 - 120 of 266
Full-Text Articles in Mechanical Engineering
Pulsed Detonation Engine Nozzle Design And Analysis, Rahul Kumar
Pulsed Detonation Engine Nozzle Design And Analysis, Rahul Kumar
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
For a hypersonic flight mission, different flight regimes have been recognized. The successful and efficient operation of the aircraft to traverse through all the flight regimes requires the integration of various propulsion cycles into a single flow path. Using the phenomenon of detonation initiation and propagation, a multi-mode detonation based propulsion concept was proposed for hypersonic flight. Of the different modes proposed, it was recognized that the efficient operation of Normal Detonation Wave Engine (NDWE) mode and Oblique Detonation Wave Engine (ODWE) mode played an important role as they delivered thrust at critical parts of the trajectory. For this study, …
Improving Compressive Strength Of High Modulus Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composite With Varying Modulus Fibers, Sarvenaz Ghaffari
Improving Compressive Strength Of High Modulus Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composite With Varying Modulus Fibers, Sarvenaz Ghaffari
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
There has been a strong demand in using high-modulus (HM) carbon-fiber composites potentially enabling lightweight aircraft structures with significant weight savings. However, extremely low fiber-direction compressive strength has been a well-recognized weakness of the HM composites, preventing their implementation in aircraft platforms. Fiber-direction compressive strength of HM and intermediate-modulus (IM) carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP’s) is presumably governed by microstructural stability. However, strong decrease in fiber-direction compressive strength of HM carbon-fiber composites, compared to their intermediate modulus (IM) counterparts, contradicts predictions from available microstructural buckling theories. A recent work demonstrated that significant improvement in the fiber-direction compressive strength of HM carbon-fiber …
Numerical Study Of Detonation Flame Arrestor Performance And Detonation Interaction With The Arrestor Element, Hoden Ali Farah
Numerical Study Of Detonation Flame Arrestor Performance And Detonation Interaction With The Arrestor Element, Hoden Ali Farah
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
A numerical study of detonation propagation and interaction with a flame arrestor product in a combustible gas/vapor transport pipeline system is conducted. The flame arrestor element is modeled as a porous medium using the Forchheimer equation, which is incorporated in the governing conservation equations as a momentum sink. The Forchheimer porous medium model is then used to model the flow through a representative four-inch detonation flame arrestor and is validated with experimental data. The detonation propagation simulation is modeled with the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations extended for reacting flow. A 21-step chemical kinetic mechanism with 10 species is used …
Numerical Study Of High–Frequency Fluidic Valve Injectors For Detonation Engine Applications, Sushma Yalavarthi
Numerical Study Of High–Frequency Fluidic Valve Injectors For Detonation Engine Applications, Sushma Yalavarthi
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The feasibility of fluidic valves for use in detonation-based engines was studied numerically. The fluidic valve acted by shutting off reactant flow through the high pressure behind detonation waves propagating past the valve opening. The valve which featured a plenum cavity was mounted to the side of a pulsed detonation engine, an arrangement that allowed the valve to be characterized under a sustained operation. A series of different cavity lengths were studied. Further, a numerical study of the high-frequency fluidic valve was conducted by using a two-dimensional reactive Euler solver. A 19–step elementary mechanism was employed for the stoichiometric oxyhydrogen …
Dynamics Of A Pulse Detonation Engine Driven Linear Power Generator, Umang Umeshkumar Dighe
Dynamics Of A Pulse Detonation Engine Driven Linear Power Generator, Umang Umeshkumar Dighe
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The dynamics of a pulse detonation engine driven linear power generator were studied. For an ideal pulse detonation engine, the thrust generated is in the form of a piecewise function given by the Endo-Fujiwara model. Nonlinear electromagnetic damping is also introduced in the system due to the rare earth permanent magnets present in the linear generator architecture. Various linear generator topologies were studied using static magnetic analysis. Two configurations of a single degree-of-freedom oscillator system, one with a linear spring restoring force and another with geometric nonlinear spring restoring force, were investigated to study any potential advantages of using nonlinear …
Droplet-Based Microextraction Of Dna Enabled By Electrowetting-On-Dielectric Digital Microfluidics, Shubhodeep Paul
Droplet-Based Microextraction Of Dna Enabled By Electrowetting-On-Dielectric Digital Microfluidics, Shubhodeep Paul
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
In recent years there have been significant advances in micro/nanotechnologies employing miniaturized platforms to achieve efficient sample pre-processing, separation, and quantification processes. The idea of bringing several lab-scale protocols on to a single chip, i.e., a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device along with automation, is a reality now. Miniaturization of biochemical operations usually handled in a laboratory has numerous advantages, such as cost effectiveness, multiplexing, assay speed, and sensitivity. Microfluidic technologies used in LOC devices can manipulate tiny volumes of samples and reagents to perform on-chip protocols with minimal human intervention. Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD)-based digital microfluidics (DMF) is one of the LOC platforms …
Assessment Of Material State In Composites Using Global Dielectric State Variable, Vamsee Vadlamundi
Assessment Of Material State In Composites Using Global Dielectric State Variable, Vamsee Vadlamundi
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Composites are heterogeneous in nature and a fundamental understanding of the material response to applied mechanical, thermal, electrical and other multi-physical fields is required to efficiently design and synthesize the material system and demands attention to long-term behavior in particular. Unlike metals, composites are designed to develop distributed damage and initiation of a single microscopic crack does not individually affect the strength/life of these materials. Therefore, the primary interest is not in single local events but in the process of interaction of multiple events that have a collective global effect on the material behavior. The interaction of these local events …
Analysis Of Laminated Curved Beam With And Without Defects And Imperfections, Wei-Tsen Lu
Analysis Of Laminated Curved Beam With And Without Defects And Imperfections, Wei-Tsen Lu
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Several studies have focused on the modeling and response characterization of composite structural members, with particular emphasis on composite curved beams. The class of curved beam is explored to determine mechanical response in primary aerospace structural applications. The present work focuses on developing analytical closed-form solutions for investigating composite curved beams with and without fiber waviness and delamination. The present work can efficiently characterize the structural behavior of composite curved beams under bending. This work shows the development of a novel mathematical approach to predict structural performance by investigating axial stiffness, bending stiffness with consideration of shear deformation in composite …
Electrowetting-On-Dielectric (Ewod) Digital Microfluidic Device For Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Matin Torabinia
Electrowetting-On-Dielectric (Ewod) Digital Microfluidic Device For Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Matin Torabinia
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Over the past decades, microscale chemical reaction technology has been attractive in diverse areas of chemistry. It allows the precise control of quantified reagents and highly efficient heat and mass transfer, because of a large interface-to-volume ratio–particularly in case of the exothermic reaction and mixing–, reduced consumption of toxic or expensive agents, improved reaction profiles, and enhanced selectivity compared to macro-scale reactions. The mainstream microscale reaction processes were established using continuous microchannel flow systems, which has emerged as a powerful complement to batch chemistry on the laboratory scale due to relative advantages, some of which include: increased safety, more accurate …
An Implementation Of The Regularized Extended Finite Element Method In Abaqus, Yu-Jui Liang
An Implementation Of The Regularized Extended Finite Element Method In Abaqus, Yu-Jui Liang
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The Regularized eXtended Finite Element Method (Rx-FEM) methodology is a discrete damage modeling (DDM) technique, which represents an approach to the progressive damage analysis (PDA) in laminated composites when multiple damage events such as matrix cracks and delamination are introduced into the model via the displacement discontinuities. In the Rx-FEM, the Heaviside step function that is typically used to introduce a displacement discontinuity across a crack surface in the eXtended Finite Element Method (x-FEM) is replaced by a continuous function approximated by using the finite element (FE) shape functions. This regularization offers unique possibility for the implementation of the Rx-FEM …
Nonlinear Control Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles With Cable Suspended Payloads, Ameya Godbole
Nonlinear Control Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles With Cable Suspended Payloads, Ameya Godbole
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The research focuses on the mathematical modeling and control of an unmanned aerial vehicle with cable suspended payload. A comprehensive mathematical model is derived for a quadcopter with a cable suspended payload using the Newton-Euler method and the Euler-Lagrange formulation. These methods assume that the cable is massless and always taut and cannot be used to simulate the cases when the cable is flexible. Hence, an alternative approach to model the flexibility of the cable is presented using Lagrangian mechanics by approximating the cable to be a chain of serially connected links. The motion of the payload induces disturbances on …
Modeling And Simulation Of Contact And Impact Dynamics In Multibody Systems, Abhishek Chatterjee
Modeling And Simulation Of Contact And Impact Dynamics In Multibody Systems, Abhishek Chatterjee
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Contact and impact analyses are an essential part of multibody dynamic simulations. Modeling of contact and impact problems have applications in a wide variety of areas including robotics, earthquake engineering, computer graphics, and manufacturing. Collisions between objects typically take place over surfaces that are represented by a set of points in the operation space, thereby requiring multi-point contact and impact analysis. Analysis of multi-point contact and impact may lead to indeterminate (underdetermined) problems with more number of unknowns (contact forces) than equations. This work pertains to the problem of resolving multi-point contact and impact problems in multibody systems consisting of …
Numerical Simulation Of Biodiesel Synthesis In A Continuous Flow Microreactor And A Porous Media Reactor, Terdsak Neadkratoke
Numerical Simulation Of Biodiesel Synthesis In A Continuous Flow Microreactor And A Porous Media Reactor, Terdsak Neadkratoke
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Biodiesel has become an increasingly popular fossil fuel substitute in recent years. Constant attempts are being made to develop new technology that increases the efficiency and yield of biodiesel production units. Numerical simulation can play an integral role in evaluating new reactor designs or optimizing existing ones. Various attempts have been made to develop an accurate computational model that represents biodiesel production. Many computational models for transesterification are based on simplified kinetic models that do not include the effect of saponification. Furthermore, many models assume isothermal conditions and uniform spatial concentrations. Therefore, these models would not be appropriate for evaluating …
Predicting Crack Initiation And Early Crack Growth Behavior Of Pure Nickel Using Surface Topography Analysis, Jalal Fathi Sola
Predicting Crack Initiation And Early Crack Growth Behavior Of Pure Nickel Using Surface Topography Analysis, Jalal Fathi Sola
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Fatigue has long been studied as the most critical loading mode for man-made structures. Despite the advances in material behavior characterization and numerical calculation, many structures unexpectedly fail before their designed life. Most of the studies in crack initiation are solely for describing the material and failure behavior and are not capable of predicting the failure before it starts. In addition, most of the fatigue crack growth models are based on the Paris Model with some modifications, which their application is limited to long crack. This implies that finding new methods which can reliably predict material failure is very important. …
A Numerical Study Of Cavitating Flows Based On Plic-Vof Method For Arbitrary Unstructured Meshes, Dezhi Dai
A Numerical Study Of Cavitating Flows Based On Plic-Vof Method For Arbitrary Unstructured Meshes, Dezhi Dai
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Cavitation appears when local static pressure drops below the water vapor pressure and causes significant impacts on marine propeller blades. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, which is also referred to as the Transport Equation-based Model (TEM), has been extensively adopted in the cavitating flow simulations. Piecewise Linear Interface Calculation (PLIC) schemes have been extensively employed in the VOF method for interface capturing in numerical simulations of multiphase flows. Polyhedral unstructured meshes are often adopted due to their geometric flexibility and superiority in gradient calculation. Four analytical interface reconstruction algorithms in the PLIC-VOF method for arbitrary convex polyhedral cells have …
The Effect Of Controlled Nanomaterial Deposition Towards Electrodes For Microbial Fuel Cells And Electrolysis Cells, Bryan Dennis Steinhoff
The Effect Of Controlled Nanomaterial Deposition Towards Electrodes For Microbial Fuel Cells And Electrolysis Cells, Bryan Dennis Steinhoff
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) are relatively new energy harvesting technologies that utilize the bacteria in wastewater or other organic-rich aqueous media to produce either electricity or hydrogen gas, respectively. Given that MFCs and MECs are newer technologies, there has been many works over the past two decades that have provided understanding into how modifying electrode surface chemistry can improve these cells. It has been widely known that increasing the surface functional groups of MFC anodes, either chemically or thermally, causes the cell power density to increase dramatically. Since MFCs and MECs use the same anodes, …
Production Of Liquid Fuels From Natural Gas: Simulation Of Synthesis Gas And Fischer-Tropsch Reactors, Saiedeh Arabi Bolaghi
Production Of Liquid Fuels From Natural Gas: Simulation Of Synthesis Gas And Fischer-Tropsch Reactors, Saiedeh Arabi Bolaghi
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Gas to Liquid (GTL) processes chemically convert natural gas to valuable liquid hydrocarbon products. The GTL process considered in this research is comprised of three phases: 1) syngas production, 2) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS), and 3) product separation. This study focuses on the simulation and optimization of a GTL process to convert natural gas to more valuable liquid fuels. In syngas production, steam methane reforming (SMR) is typically used although it requires an external heat source due to the endothermic nature of the reaction. In addition, the SMR approach produces syngas with a hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio that is not …
Gasdynamic Phenomena And Propulsive Performance Of Pulse Detonation Engines, James T. Pearce
Gasdynamic Phenomena And Propulsive Performance Of Pulse Detonation Engines, James T. Pearce
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The pulsed detonation engine (PDE) is an advanced propulsion system that makes use of intermittent detonations to provide thrust. In recent decades, the PDE has been at the center of various propulsion research efforts focused on practical implementation of a reliable detonation-based engine for aerospace propulsion applications. However, many design challenges remain to be solved due to the PDEs unsteady operating characteristics. In particular, the unsteady nature of the thrust chamber flow field inherent to the PDE operation makes the design of nozzles aimed at adequately expanding the burned detonation products especially difficult. In order to address this design challenge, …
Numerical And Experimental Study On Turbulence Production Of A Selected Mode Of Streamwise Vortex Interaction In Supersonic Flow, Davide Viganó
Numerical And Experimental Study On Turbulence Production Of A Selected Mode Of Streamwise Vortex Interaction In Supersonic Flow, Davide Viganó
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The development of effective mixing strategies of air/fuel mixtures in supersonic flows has been the subject of a significant body of research for the last 60 years due to the hindering effects of compressibility. Particular attention has been focused on the introduction of streamwise vortices as a way to enhance molecular mixing both in terms of added source for hydrodynamic instabilities on classical shear-layer flows as well as for transverse jet configurations, aero-ramps and hypermixers. However, a large portion of fundamental knowledge for these complex flows is still missing. This work is centered on a numerical and experimental study of …
Nonupdating Methods For The Characterization Of Nonlinear Stress-Strain And Delamination Fracture Properties Of Fiber Reinforced Composites, Bastiaan Corstiaan Van Der Vossen
Nonupdating Methods For The Characterization Of Nonlinear Stress-Strain And Delamination Fracture Properties Of Fiber Reinforced Composites, Bastiaan Corstiaan Van Der Vossen
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Efforts to develop strength and life prediction analysis tools for aircraft composite structures have shown a great need to understand the complexity and interaction of failure modes. Many failure models are highly sensitive to transverse nonlinear shear stress-strain and delamination fracture properties, which are notoriously hard to measure. Without proper input parameters, life predictions analyses will not be successful. The objective of this work was to accurately characterize these mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites through advanced experimental methods. Full-field noncontact deformation measurements using Digital Image Correlation are used to quantify all surface strains components, enabling the design …
Evaporative Hotspot Cooling Of Microprocessors Using Electrowetting On Dielectric (Ewod), Arvind Venkatesan
Evaporative Hotspot Cooling Of Microprocessors Using Electrowetting On Dielectric (Ewod), Arvind Venkatesan
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The increased use of smart devices and great strides in fabrication technologies have resulted in densely packed electronics. Combined with 3D packaging, high heat uxes have become the norm. The need for advanced thermal management solutions has risen. Most devices based on their load pro le and architecture are susceptible to non-uniformities in heat uxes. These non-uniformities with very high heat uxes are known as hotspots. Mitigation of hotspots is very important for the normal functioning and long term reliability of microprocessors. Multiple attempts have been made at developing microscale thermal solutions. Most prominent among them are microchannels and heat …
Design Principles For Large Foil Bearings Based On Scaling Laws: Analyses And Experiment, Srikanth Honavara Prasad
Design Principles For Large Foil Bearings Based On Scaling Laws: Analyses And Experiment, Srikanth Honavara Prasad
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Gas foil bearings are used for supporting high speed turbomachinery systems. They are characterized by complex physical and thermal interactions between the lubricating fluid and the structural elements. Mathematically, the behavior of such systems is governed by nonlinear partial differential equations and pose substantial computational challenges. However, their potential applications in aerospace systems and power generation systems have renewed research and development efforts aimed at simplifying their design and analyses methods. Commercialization of gas foil bearings in Mega Watt scale applications necessitate the development of simple tools for estimating bearing design parameters such as load capacity, radial clearance, and support …
Surface Roughness Formation During Tensile Plastic Deformation Of Nickel Polycrystals, Kranthi Balusu
Surface Roughness Formation During Tensile Plastic Deformation Of Nickel Polycrystals, Kranthi Balusu
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Understanding the formation of surface roughness could help better diagnose a metal component’s health and could potentially help in making better microstructure design decisions. Both of these, in turn, contribute to the design of efficient structural components. In this work, the research objective is to understand the relationship between the surface microstructure (i.e., grain orientations) and the surface-height changes in nickel polycrystals undergoing small amounts of tensile plastic deformation. The secondary objective is to determine the relationship between surface height and strain localization. Primarily simulations were used, along with experimental surface roughness observations, to validate the simulation results. Discrete dislocation …
Performance Modeling And Experimental Investigations Of Rotating Detonation Engines, Andrew Ryan Mizener
Performance Modeling And Experimental Investigations Of Rotating Detonation Engines, Andrew Ryan Mizener
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The rotating detonation engine (RDE) is a promising propulsion concept that has the potential to offer increased thermodynamic performance in a compact package with no moving parts. A series of analytical and experimental investigations was carried out on RDEs with the joint goal of investigating swirl, torque, and a range of other design parameters of interest. The model and experimental facility were then applied to related problems with the goal of advancing the understanding of RDE applications. A flexible, low-order, semi-empirical model for a rotating detonation engine was presented. The model was formulated to be able to run broad parametric …
Direct Numerical Simulation Of Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence - A Methodology And Applications, Sarah Moussa Hussein
Direct Numerical Simulation Of Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence - A Methodology And Applications, Sarah Moussa Hussein
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Turbulence has been a topic of scientific research for years. Characterized by unorganized chaotic motion and irregular fluctuations, it persists as one of the most challenging topics in fluid mechanics despite volumes of documented research and crucial findings. This begs the question: What is turbulence and why is it so challenging? Turbulence research studies cover a wide spectrum of branches from fundamental flow propagation to different turbulence interactions. This research project investigates the simplest class of turbulent flow studies, homogeneous isotropic turbulence. In a quest to advance the fundamental understanding of turbulence physics, a direct numerical simulation tool is developed. …
Minimizing Structural Jitter In Optical Sensor Systems Using Parametric Dynamic Response Optimization, Richard Lynn Scott
Minimizing Structural Jitter In Optical Sensor Systems Using Parametric Dynamic Response Optimization, Richard Lynn Scott
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Deployed in manned and unmanned aircraft, military and commercial ground vehicles, and security and monitoring systems, optical sensor systems are ubiquitous. Developing an optical sensor system includes calculating image motion due to structural dynamics—hereafter, “structural jitter”—and adjusting system design to reduce structural jitter and meet requirements. The current process for adjusting the structural design to reduce structural jitter is manual, labor intensive, and driven mostly by engineering judgment. This paper proposes a well-defined optimization process that provides a more explicit approach to the structural design and likely will reduce labor as the process matures. This project focuses on employing dynamic …
Electrospinning Approach For The Improvement Of Mechanical And Dielectric Properties Of Anisotropic Nanofiber Mat By Using A Novel Fiber Alignment Technique, Blesson Isaac
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Many advanced applications, including aerospace, can benefit from materials with superior mechanical and dielectric properties. For these applications, most fiber alignment electrospinning research has focused on either mechanical property improvement or dielectric property improvement, but not both simultaneously. Through an improved apparatus design and system parameter optimization, this work develops an electrospinning apparatus that produces an increased electrostatic force and more tightly controlled discharged particle path to enable a more uniform distribution and higher degree of alignment in deposited electrospun material, which results in simultaneous improvement of both mechanical and dielectric properties. The current state-of-the-art in aligned electrospinning techniques are …
Foil Thrust Bearing With Pocket Grooves And Tailored Bump Stiffness Distribution For Improved Static Performance, Nguyen Thao Latray
Foil Thrust Bearing With Pocket Grooves And Tailored Bump Stiffness Distribution For Improved Static Performance, Nguyen Thao Latray
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Gas foil thrust bearing is one of few axial bearing options for high speed turbomachinery systems. Its advantages include low cost, light weight, generous allowance for component mis-alignment and runout. However, the bearing has low load carrying capacity comparing to other types such as rigid gas bearing and magnetic bearing. This work explores two non-traditional design aspects to improve gas foil thrust bearing’s static performance. The bearing bump foil is redesigned to tailor to the bearing pressure profile; hence induces a more uniform gas film thickness. Simulation using independent elastic foundation model predicts the new tailored bump foil thrust bearing …
Multi-Physics Design Optimization Of 2d And Advanced Heterogenous 3d Integrated Circuits, Pavan Rajmane
Multi-Physics Design Optimization Of 2d And Advanced Heterogenous 3d Integrated Circuits, Pavan Rajmane
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The convergence and miniaturization of computing and communications dictate building up rather than out. As planar device miniaturization continues to its ultimate limits, the complexity of circuit interconnections for 2-D devices becomes a limitation for performance and drives up power dissipation [1]. Failure analysis and its effects are major reliability concerns in electronic packaging. More accurate fatigue life prediction can be obtained after the consideration of all affecting loads on the electronic devices. In this study, an attempt is made to analyze 3 types of packages i.e. Wafer Level Chip Scale Package (WCSP), Quad Flat No-Lead (QFN) Package and 2-Die …
A Framework For Optimal Path Planning And Nonlinear Guidance For Autonomous Mobile Robots, Paul A. Quillen
A Framework For Optimal Path Planning And Nonlinear Guidance For Autonomous Mobile Robots, Paul A. Quillen
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The purpose of this research is to investigate methods and technology for enhancing autonomous capabilities for mobile robots. The measures of autonomy which are specifically covered in this dissertation pertain to a mobile robot’s ability to make decisions and act, in other words guidance and control. This dissertation puts forth a framework using optimal path planning and nonlinear guidance techniques to address these matters. The path plans are synthesized using a numerical navigation function algorithm that will form its potential contour levels based on the “minimum control effort” of the system. Additionally, extensions of the path planning algorithm in the …