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Articles 91 - 120 of 1004
Full-Text Articles in Mechanical Engineering
Metal And Flexible Duct Systems Impacts Upon Cooling Energy And Performance, Florida Solar Energy Center, Charles Withers, Jr.
Metal And Flexible Duct Systems Impacts Upon Cooling Energy And Performance, Florida Solar Energy Center, Charles Withers, Jr.
FSEC Energy Research Center®
Flexible duct is commonly used throughout the U.S. in residential construction. It performs well when installed in accordance with industry standards, however, they are often not installed as such. Issues such as not cutting ducts to the exact length needed, and instead using significantly more duct, result in compression and higher static pressure. Poorly supported ducts or turns without proper radius also increase static pressure. A research project was completed to evaluate the differences in performance between a metal duct and flexible duct systems in two side-by-side otherwise identical residential laboratories. Testing evaluated three different flex duct system configurations compared …
Fluid-Structure Interaction For A Deformable Anisotropic Cylinder: A Case Study, Jared T. Decker
Fluid-Structure Interaction For A Deformable Anisotropic Cylinder: A Case Study, Jared T. Decker
Honors Undergraduate Theses
For a structure designed to interact with the surrounding fluid, structural deformation under loads induced by fluid flows is an important factor to consider, and one which is traditionally difficult to account for analytically. Coupling the finite element method for structural analysis with the finite volume method for the determination of fluid response allows for accurate simulation of the pressure and shearing loads applied by the fluid onto the fluid-structure interface, while also determining localized structural displacements that would cause changes to the geometry of the interface. This work seeks to simulate the behavior of cylinders with varying heights and …
Mechanical Behavior Of Bioceramic Materials: Case Study Of The Skeleton Of The Staghorn Coral, Acropora Cervicornis And The Tibia Of The Laboratory Mouse, Mus Musculus, Mahmoud Omer
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
I studied two types of bioceramics: (A) the aragonite CaCO3 skeleton of the staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis and (B) the hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 bones of the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. The research aimed to analyze coral deformation behavior and study dietary and estrogen depletions effects on bone strength. I compared the mechanical and structural properties of staghorn coral skeletons cleaned by chemical bleaching and biological processes. Optical microscopy and computed tomography (CT) revealed a sophisticated microstructure of non-homogenously distributed pores. Staghorn coral skeletons showed ''gracious" fracture, where the unique pore arrangements resisted catastrophic crack growth and prevented instantanous failure. Elastic moduli …
Corticomuscular Adaptation To Mechanical Perturbations In A Seated Locomotor Task, Seyed Yahya Shirazi
Corticomuscular Adaptation To Mechanical Perturbations In A Seated Locomotor Task, Seyed Yahya Shirazi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Cortical control during walking is most pronounced when the person is perturbed. Although seated locomotor tasks such as cycling or recumbent stepping improve walking performance, the electrocortical correlates of perturbed seated tasks have not been studied in detail. The primary purpose of this research was to quantify cortical and muscular responses to mechanical perturbations during recumbent stepping. We also aimed to quantify possible differences between young and older adults' responses to perturbed stepping. A secondary aim of this research was to determine the accuracy of electroencephalography (EEG) source imaging to interpret the electrocortical findings adequately. We hypothesized that both young …
Exergoeconomic Analysis And Optimization Of Novel Cogeneration Systems For Freshwater Production, Power And Cooling, Sattam Alharbi
Exergoeconomic Analysis And Optimization Of Novel Cogeneration Systems For Freshwater Production, Power And Cooling, Sattam Alharbi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Global consumption of energy and freshwater is increasing continuously due to population growth and improving living standards. The world energy consumption is anticipated to increase by around 50% by 2050 according to the U.S Energy Information Administration (EIA). There is also very limited access to freshwater and cooling in many developing countries. Therefore, developing an efficient energy system, recovering the waste heat (cogeneration system or multigeneration) to produce freshwater and cooling, and using a renewable energy source are promising solutions to meet the energy demand and to reduce environment pollution associated with fossil fuels. In this study, several novel cogeneration …
Model-Form Uncertainty Quantification In Prognosis And Fleet Management With Physics-Informed Neural Networks, Arinan De Piemonte Dourado
Model-Form Uncertainty Quantification In Prognosis And Fleet Management With Physics-Informed Neural Networks, Arinan De Piemonte Dourado
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Prognosis and health management play an important role in the control of costs associated with the operation of large industrial equipment. By properly comprehending hardware degradation and accurately predicting the remaining useful life of such equipment, we can significantly lower operational costs by reducing asset downtime and maintenance interventions. However, complex interactions between operational conditions and component capability make accurately modeling damage accumulation for large fleets a daunting task. Unforeseen factors such as aggressive missions introduced by operators, exposure to harsh environments, manufacturing issues, amongst many others, can lead to large discrepancies between predicted and observed useful life. Motivated by …
Hotspot Cooling Performance For Confined Jet Impingement Cooling, Tanvir Ahmed Chowdhury
Hotspot Cooling Performance For Confined Jet Impingement Cooling, Tanvir Ahmed Chowdhury
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
The current trend in microelectronics is to manufacture devices with increased computational powers and reduced size. These devices with increased power densities are consequently subject to extreme thermal loads. Thermal management of these power loads is extremely challenging. The presence of the hotspots can make this challenge even more difficult. Jet impingement cooling is one of the top candidates for removing such extreme heat fluxes in microelectronics. Jet impingement cooling can achieve heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) due to its normal incident flow-field and ability to thin the local thermal boundary layer in the stagnation region. This dissertation presents the hotspot …
Harvesting Heat From Safer, Energy-Dense Slow Pyrolant Mixtures For Future Space Missions, Katerina Chagoya
Harvesting Heat From Safer, Energy-Dense Slow Pyrolant Mixtures For Future Space Missions, Katerina Chagoya
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Energy sources powering space missions range from highly energetic nuclear reactions to short-lifetime and low-output batteries. The proper selection of a power system is dependent on the mission duration and destination and oftentimes energy sources that may be optimal for the former may be unsuitable for the latter. Various limitations of these power sources hinder the capacity for regular and frequent space exploration. However, the ability to harvest heat for electrical power generation would allow for long-distance and long-duration missions at a reduced cost. By employing a regulated, self-propagating, exothermic chemical reaction between solid fuel and oxidizer, we hope to …
Mechanics Of Low Dimensional Biomimetic Scale Metamaterials, Hossein Ebrahimi
Mechanics Of Low Dimensional Biomimetic Scale Metamaterials, Hossein Ebrahimi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Combination of topology and material could play an important role in giving rise to nontraditional behavior in mechanical structures and is a typical strategy in nature. Topology is concerned with the geometrical and spatial properties of the objects, which are preserved under continues mechanical deformation of the object such as stretching, bending, twisting, etc. In this work, we focus on structures based on fish scale inspired surface topology. The utilized idea for surface topology is a bioinspired design on the substrate of biological scale-covered systems. Scales are a path breaking evolutionary adaptation that accompanied vertebrate evolution for the past 500 …
Heart Rate Variability In Adults During 24-Hours With A Focus On Sleep Period, Ankur Ravikanth
Heart Rate Variability In Adults During 24-Hours With A Focus On Sleep Period, Ankur Ravikanth
Honors Undergraduate Theses
The objective of this study is to investigate heart rate variability (HRV) over a period of 24 hours with special focus on patterns during the sleep period. Comparisons were made between sleep and the full 24-hour data. The Polar M430 watch was used to record heart rate (HR) data for about 24 hours, and the subject kept a journal of the activities they performed throughout the day. The data was visualized as heart rate in beats per minute (BPM) as a function of time. To check the accuracy of the Polar watch, a 7-minute recording of HR from the watch …
Electromyographic And Mechanomyogrpahic Signal Changes With Fatigue In Adults, Rehana Koilpillai
Electromyographic And Mechanomyogrpahic Signal Changes With Fatigue In Adults, Rehana Koilpillai
Honors Undergraduate Theses
Surface electromyography (sEMG) and mechanomyography (MMG) are well-studied signals that can reveal information about the physiological behavior of muscles during contraction. The purpose of this study was to quantify, characterize, and analyze the electrical and mechanical muscle responses to submaximal, isometric contractions in the rectus femoris in adults. Previous studies have investigated the use of EMG to monitor muscle fatigue. However, more information appears to be needed about the use of MMG to measure muscle fatigue during submaximal isometric contraction in the rectus femoris. In this study, the utility of MMG as a measure of muscle fatigue or muscle state …
Flow Field Dynamics As A Result Of Perforated Plates, Hector Perez
Flow Field Dynamics As A Result Of Perforated Plates, Hector Perez
Honors Undergraduate Theses
Detonation to Deflagration Transition (DDT) is the process of accelerating a laminar flame to supersonic speeds to cause a detonation. A method used to reach Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) detonation velocities is the induction of turbulence to increase the surface area of the flame front, increasing the consumption rate of unburned gases and the propagation speed of the flame. Perforated plates helped achieve flame acceleration in previous studies to induce turbulence when the flame front interacts with the turbulator; previous work also accomplished detonation speeds with perforated plates. This work aims to visualize the flame front and perforated plate interaction and analyze …
Influence Of Ecm Composition And Intracellular Calcium On Endothelial Biomechanics And Prediction Of Cellular Stresses Using Machine Learning, Vignesh Aravind Subramanian Balachandar
Influence Of Ecm Composition And Intracellular Calcium On Endothelial Biomechanics And Prediction Of Cellular Stresses Using Machine Learning, Vignesh Aravind Subramanian Balachandar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Endothelial cells, which form the inner layer of the vasculature, constantly interact with their external microenvironment called the extracellular matrix (ECM) by exerting contractile cell-substrate stresses called tractions and cell-cell stresses called intercellular stresses. This cellular mechanosensing can become aberrant and act as a precursor for many vascular pathological and physiological processes such as cancer metastasis, atherosclerosis, cell differentiation, migration, and morphogenesis. Also, intracellular calcium signalling plays an important role in endothelial cell motility and in maintaining vascular tone. Alteration in ECM composition has been linked to several pathologies, in fact, a transition to a fibronectin-rich matrix from a type …
Diffusion Biomarkers To Characterize Tissue Microstructure In Chronic Myocardial Infarction, Mohammad Tanjib Rahman
Diffusion Biomarkers To Characterize Tissue Microstructure In Chronic Myocardial Infarction, Mohammad Tanjib Rahman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Non-invasive imaging techniques to detect and characterize infarcted myocardium are critical for myocardial infarction (MI) prognosis and post-MI risk assessment. Many existing imaging techniques (such as T1-mapping) for MI detection require the use of contrast agents, which are not recommended for patients with renal failure. Cardiac diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (cDTI), a non-contrast imaging technique, allows estimating the aggregate cardiomyocyte microstructure in healthy subjects and its remodeling as a result of cardiac diseases. Two main questions are investigated in this thesis: 1) how cDTI based biomarkers can characterize microstructural changes occurring post-MI; and 2) if cDTI based biomarkers can …
Damping And Ejection Of Sloshing Liquid Drops From Elastic Substrates, Md Erfanul Alam
Damping And Ejection Of Sloshing Liquid Drops From Elastic Substrates, Md Erfanul Alam
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Liquid slosh is a potential source of disturbance of the motion of a moving structure. In this thesis, we probe the damping technique of sessile drop by absorbing a portion of the kinetic energy. The sloshing dynamics are typically represented by a mechanical model of a spring mass damper. However, damping by drop sloshing is dependent on viscosity, surface tension, drop size and drop location. We explore highly-coupled fluid-solid mechanics using singular liquid drop with varying viscosity and surface tension resting on a millimetric cantilever. Cantilevers are displaced 0.6 mm and their free end is allowed to vibrate freely. Cantilever …
Mechanical Properties And Spectral Vibrational Response Of Si-O-C With And Without Graphene Toughening, Anthony Vozza
Mechanical Properties And Spectral Vibrational Response Of Si-O-C With And Without Graphene Toughening, Anthony Vozza
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
The mechanical behavior of silicon oxycarbide polymer derived ceramics (SiOC-PDC) without and with a graphene toughening phase was studied under uniaxial compressive load with zero dwell time and with 200 second dwell time step loading in combination with in-situ Raman spectroscopy to determine spectral vibrational response of SiOC under compressive stress. SiOC without and with graphene ceramic samples were produced through the replica templating technique. The compressive strengths of SiOC without and with a graphene toughening phase measured with zero dwell time was determined to be equal to 165.65 (SD 54.21) and 163 (SD 24.2) MPa, respectively, while compressive strengths …
The Mechanics And Multiphysics Of Biomimetic Discrete Exoskeleton Substrates, Hessein Ali
The Mechanics And Multiphysics Of Biomimetic Discrete Exoskeleton Substrates, Hessein Ali
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Biological structures have inspired synthetic materials with unparalleled performances such as ultra-lightweight design, tunable elasticity, camouflaging, and antifouling. Among biological structures, exoskeletal scales that cover the exterior surfaces of fishes, fur, and many reptiles. These exoskeletal scales had appeared in the earliest stages of evolution of complex multicellular life and continued their existence in spite of millions of years of evolutionary pressures. This makes them an attractive candidate for biomimicry to produce high performance multifunctional materials with applications to soft robotics, wearables, energy efficient smart skins, antifouling surfaces and on-demand tunable materials. Canonically speaking, biomimetic samples can be fabricated by …
On The Interaction Of Creep And High-Cycle Fatigue In Cm 247 Lc, Thomas Bouchenot
On The Interaction Of Creep And High-Cycle Fatigue In Cm 247 Lc, Thomas Bouchenot
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Industrial gas turbines constitute a considerable portion of global power generation, from large engines for centralized grids, to smaller frames for decentralized demand. Power output, efficiency, and reliability are chief criteria regarding the development of next-generation turbines, whose components are expected to operate in ever harsher environments. Turbine blades are subjected to high temperatures, an array of mechanical loads, and dynamic fluid fields, all contained within a non-isothermal profile, making creep and high-cycle fatigue critical aspects of turbine blade design. Current analysis tools and methods have resulted in the development of many successful components; however, improved life prediction models with …
Laser-Microdrop Interactions In Nanoparticle Deposition On Solid Substrates, Tianyi Li
Laser-Microdrop Interactions In Nanoparticle Deposition On Solid Substrates, Tianyi Li
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Nanoparticle suspensions are utilized for depositing thin films on solid substrates by a process called nano electrospray laser deposition. In this research, three deposition methods, contact liquid line laser printing, nano-electrospray laser sintering and evaporative optical Marangoni convection are investigated experimentally and analytically. Thin silver lines are printed on indium tin oxide-coated silicon substrates by dispensing silver nanoparticle suspension with a micropipe of inner diameter 51µm and subsequently sintering the nanoparticles with a CO2 laser beam of Bessel intensity profile. The deposited silver lines of 65µm width and 1µm height have good resistivity which can be used to manufacture silver …
Material Properties Of 17-4ph Stainless Steel Fabricated With Cooling Holes By Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (Adam), Nandhini Raju
Material Properties Of 17-4ph Stainless Steel Fabricated With Cooling Holes By Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (Adam), Nandhini Raju
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
The objective of this study is to investigate the material properties of 17-4PH stainless steel printed with cooling holes in different build orientations by the Atomic Diffusion Additive manufacturing technique. Samples with film cooling holes printed in different build orientations, with impingement inserts, impingement cavities were manufactured in a Markforged Metal-X machine. The presence of the holes in these samples helps to understand the printability and accuracy of internal cooling holes, as manufactured by the Metal-X machine. Manufactured samples were first washed to remove the plastic binder. These pre-sintered samples were tested, for density, microstructure analysis, roughness, Energy Dispersive X-ray …
Bicycle Wheel Aerodynamics Predictions Using Cfd: Efficiency Using Blade Element Method, Drew Vigne
Bicycle Wheel Aerodynamics Predictions Using Cfd: Efficiency Using Blade Element Method, Drew Vigne
Honors Undergraduate Theses
The cycling industry has long relied on expensive wind tunnel testing when designing aerodynamic products, particularly in the context of wheels which account for 10 to 15 percent of a cyclist's total aerodynamic drag. With the recent advent of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the industry now has an economical tool to supplement the wheel design process; however, the complex nature of rotating spoked wheels requires high resolution meshes to model at acceptable fidelity. This research investigates an alternative CFD method that lowers the computational cost of modeling aerodynamic bicycle wheels by modeling spokes using Blade Element Method (BEM). Two CFD …
Workspace And Kinematic Modeling And Analysis Of Semi-Robotic Laparoscopic Surgery, Immanuel E. Girgis
Workspace And Kinematic Modeling And Analysis Of Semi-Robotic Laparoscopic Surgery, Immanuel E. Girgis
Honors Undergraduate Theses
Laparoscopic Surgery has been revolutionized by the world of Surgical Robotics. Robot-Assisted Surgeries have been proven to have many advantages over the fundamental, traditional "by-hand" procedures previously conducted, and still currently being done for certain operations. Robot-assisted surgery may offer benefits to patients through the use of minimally invasive techniques, which may result in reduced blood loss, reduced blood transfusion, fewer complications, reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and reduced recovery times (Ho et al., 2011). Studies have proven that robotic surgery may lead to patients recovering faster depending on the timeframe and the type of procedure (Tang et al., …
Development And Characterization Of Flow Independent Fuel Injectors, Michael W. Kwara
Development And Characterization Of Flow Independent Fuel Injectors, Michael W. Kwara
Honors Undergraduate Theses
Jet-in-crossflow is an interaction between a fuel jet and air crossflow commonly found in jet engines. The crossflow is used to break up or atomize the fuel jet for downstream combustion. This interaction between fluids while at low speeds, is predictable, varies greatly at higher speeds. This investigation seeks to (1) create a mechanism for jet-in-crossflow, using mechanical pintles, that is independent of velocity to help increase the predictability and reliability of jet engines and (2) identify key design parameters that will lead to flow independence. Parameters investigated in this experiment include pintle height, angle, and percent of pintle coverage …
Investigation Of Various Jet Configurations On Jet-In Crossflow Flame Characteristics At Elevated Pressures, Max K. Fortin
Investigation Of Various Jet Configurations On Jet-In Crossflow Flame Characteristics At Elevated Pressures, Max K. Fortin
Honors Undergraduate Theses
The goal of this study is to investigate how varying the configuration of an axially staged combustion test facility affects the resultant flame and its relevant characteristics. Such relevant characteristics are the jet liftoff and the centerline jet trajectory. The configurations that are primarily being investigated are varied jet configuration diameters, 4mm and 12.7mm, preheated and non-preheated fuel, and different fuels. The testing facility is located at the University of Central Florida in the PERL (Propulsion and Energy Research Lab) facility. The facility allows for modeling an industrial turbine combustor, specifically an axial staged combustor with a Jet-In-Crossflow …
The Stability Of Two-Dimensional Cylinder Wakes In The Presence Of A Wavy Ground, Matt Duran
The Stability Of Two-Dimensional Cylinder Wakes In The Presence Of A Wavy Ground, Matt Duran
Honors Undergraduate Theses
The following study investigates hydrodynamic stability for two-dimensional, incompressible flow past a cylinder and compares it alongside four different variations of a wave-like ground introduced within the wake region of the cylinder wake. These different variations include changing the distance of the cylinder both horizontally from the wave-like structure and vertically from the ground. The geometry and meshes were initially constructed using GMSH and imported into Nektar++. The baseflows were then obtained in Nektar++ using the Velocity Correction Scheme, continuous Galerkin method, and Unsteady Navier Stokes solver. Then, the Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi Method driver was used to retrieve the various …
Experimental And Chemical Kinetics Investigation Of High-Temperature Combustion Of Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate., Ramees Khaleel Rahman
Experimental And Chemical Kinetics Investigation Of High-Temperature Combustion Of Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate., Ramees Khaleel Rahman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Due to the high toxicity of chemical warfare (CW) agents, laboratory experiments are carried out using CW surrogates. Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (DIMP), an organophosphate compound (OPC), is a crucial CW surrogate that has a chemical structure like the deadly nerve agent Sarin (GB). In this work, high-temperature combustion of DIMP is studied in a shock tube to understand the kinetics of destruction of DIMP. Laser absorption spectroscopy was used to obtain carbon monoxide mole fraction time-histories during high-temperature combustion of DIMP. Since combustion involves complex mixing phenomena involving different fuel to oxidizer ratios, experiments were conducted at conditions relevant to a) …
The Effect Of Dynamic Span Wise Bending On The Forces Of A Pitching Flat Plate, Manoj Prabakar Sargunaraj
The Effect Of Dynamic Span Wise Bending On The Forces Of A Pitching Flat Plate, Manoj Prabakar Sargunaraj
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
A novel experiment has been conducted to investigate the effect of dynamic spanwise bending on the formation of a dynamic stall vortex on a rapidly pitching flat plate. Experiments have been performed in a towing tank at different nondimensional pitch rates (Kp) in the range of 0.4112 < Kp < 0.8225, and four maximum pitch angles (30° , 45°, 60°, and 90°) at a Reynolds number of 12,000. Synchronized direct force measurements and particle image velocimetry (PIV) are used to characterize the effect of bending on the unsteady forces and the flow field. An unsteady analytical model based on the bending and pitching kinematics is used to model the lift force histories. It is found that a spanwise bending of a pitching wing alleviated the unsteady lift forces. However, the main contribution was found to come from the non-circulatory forces. The circulation and pressure analysis of the pitching wing revealed little or no sensitivity to the wing bending motions examined.
Wind Turbine Main Bearing Fatigue Prognosis With Physics-Informed Machine Learning, Yigit Yucesan
Wind Turbine Main Bearing Fatigue Prognosis With Physics-Informed Machine Learning, Yigit Yucesan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Unexpected main bearing failure on a wind turbine causes unscheduled maintenance and increased operation costs (mainly due to crane, parts, labor, and production loss). Unfortunately, historical data indicates that failure can happen far earlier than the component designed lives (due to manufacturing problems, for example). For the legacy fleet, which composes the majority of the installed basis, fatigue has become a major issue. Although bearing fatigue can be expressed with physics-informed models, they often inherent large uncertainties due to operation and unknown lubricant degradation mechanism. Apart from the unknown physics of failure, additional uncertainties associated with the grease that surrounds …
Econometric Frameworks For Energy Prediction, Naveen Chandra Iraganaboina
Econometric Frameworks For Energy Prediction, Naveen Chandra Iraganaboina
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Global warming and associated role of energy consumption across various sectors is a well-researched topic in recent years. Understanding current urban energy consumption patterns will allow us to understand how future energy consumption patterns will evolve. With electrification of vehicles and potentially altering culture of work from home, the energy usage at regional level would see a significant change in the future. The current PhD dissertation contributes to energy consumption analysis of a region by analyzing residential energy consumption, commercial energy consumption and transportation energy use by households. The aggregation of these energy consumption within a region contributes to the …
Signals As Symbols: Applying Normalization Of Deviance To Improve User-Centered Design, Amy Vanschaik
Signals As Symbols: Applying Normalization Of Deviance To Improve User-Centered Design, Amy Vanschaik
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023
Mistakes can happen in the process of designing and developing interactive digital projects. Sometimes these mistakes negatively impact users' perception and trust of digital interfaces. This research applies the concept of normalization of deviance to identify potential missed opportunities in user-centered design data within the context of a website redesign. By doing this I explore how through observing accidental deviant behaviors or processes we can identify ways to improve the usability and user experience of digital environments. I review the concepts of normalized deviant behavior as addressed by Diane Vaughan in the field of engineering and identify a process for …