Materials Science and Engineering Commons^™

Designer Electrocatalysts From Transition Metal Oxide Heterostructure, Jin Suntvich

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

One of the largest cost and efficiency limitations of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices such as fuel cells, electrolyzers and metal-air batteries lies in the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen electrochemical reactions. To increase the reaction kinetics and reduce the inefficiency, it is essential to find electrocatalysts that can facilitate and catalyze these electrochemical processes. Developing a “design” principle” that links material structure and chemistry to the catalytic activity can accelerate the search for highly active electrocatalyst that is cost effective and abundant in nature. In this contribution, we present our effort in establishing this structure-activity connection using transition …

Composites On Fire At Reduced Scale: Evaluation, Characterization And Modeling, Serge Bourbigot, Fabienne Samyn, Sophie Duquesne

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Composite materials are increasingly being used in the design of aircraft, train, ship and buildings. They are very often structural parts and they must meet the difficult challenge of having adequate structural fire protection. In fire scenarios of particular relevance according to the targeted applications, suitable strategies to control fire hazards are needed for composite structures. There are three main methods available to design composite structures with improved fire resistance behavior: (i) use “normal” structural materials and add surface protection, (ii) use fire retarded versions of “normal” structural materials, and (iii) use structural materials with inherently good fire retardant properties. …

Functional Nanogels Applied To Materials Development, Jeffrey Stansbury

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Nanogels are commonly used in the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents, DNA/RNA and proteins as well as for imaging and sensing in other biomedical applications. Nanogels are rarely utilized to modify or create macroscopic polymeric structure, which is the focus of this report. Our unique version of reactive polymeric nanogel materials involves globular particles that have well-controlled swollen dimensions of approximately 10 nm. These particles are composed of many short yet highly interconnected primary chains that cumulatively provide particles with molecular weights of 10⁴-10⁶ Da.

Deposition Dynamics For Processing Functional Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes, John Howater

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Polymer functionalized nanoparticles have garnered strong research interests due to promising uses in a wide range of applications including drug delivery, tribology and stabilized composite solutions. Here we report on the synthesis of polymer nanocomposite thin films for applications related to membrane-based water treatment where the nanoparticle is functionalized for targeted sequestration or remediation of pollutants. The filler material for the model nanocomposite membranes are comprised of a ~10 nm silica core surrounded by chemically attached polymer “brushes”; these “hairy nanoparticles” (hNPs) are embedded in a polymer matrix to form the nanocomposite films.

Suspensions of highly uniform polyacrylic acid(PAA)-silica hybrid …

Direct Printing Of 2-Component Silicones In Facial & Body Prostheses, Jim Smay, Trevor Coward

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Traditionally maxillofacial prostheses are fabricated by hand carving the missing anatomical defect in wax, and creating a mould into which pigmented silicone elastomer is placed. Modern technologies have been used to manufacture anatomical face/body parts utilizing computed tomography (CT) data in conjunction with rapid prototyping (RP) techniques utilizing a hard plastic resin or thermoformed wax. However, these methods still require moulds into which a biocompatible pigmented silicone elastomer is placed. The purpose of this paper is to explore the development of direct printing of two component silicone elastomers in conjunction with a PVA support structure to create complex shapes using …

Cellulose Nanofibers Networks For Structural Nanomaterials And Biocomposites With Multiple Functions, Lars Berglund

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Cellulose-based composites offer interesting potential as environmentally friendly materials. Wood nanocellulose disintegrated from chemical pulp is an interesting component, which can be used in materials of increased structural, sophistication, extended property range and new functions [1]. The network forming character of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) makes it possible to form other types of nanomaterials than biocomposites such as nanopaper, aerogels, hydrogels, foams and honeycombs. The CNF can also be combined with inorganic nanoparticles to prepare organic/inorganic hybrid materials.

The structure of CNF is discussed and routes to improve the properties of the CNF are suggested. For the purpose of nanomaterials preparation, …

Laser-Based Three-Dimensional Printing Of Zirconium Oxide Hybrid Materials, Roger Narayan

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

We have recently examined use of an additive manufacturing approach known as two-photon polymerization to create structures out of zirconium oxide hybrid materials for medical device applications. Two photon polymerization involves processing of a structure with sub-microscale features in an additive manner directly from a computer-generated model. In two-photon polymerization, a femtosecond laser beam is focused within a small volume in a near infrared light-transparent photosensitive material; nearly simultaneous absorption of two photons within a small volume in the photosensitive material results in polymerization and hardening of the material. Because of the quadratic dependence of two-photon absorption probability on intensity, …

Processing, Properties And Prospects For Melt Infiltrated (Mi) Sicf-Ceramic Composites, Raj Singh

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Ceramic materials exhibit superior mechanical properties at high temperatures. But, their use as structural components is severely limited because of their brittleness. Fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (FRCMC), by incorporating fibers in ceramic matrices, not only exploit their attractive high-temperature strength but also enhance their toughness thereby rendering these attractive for many applications. Some of these applications require an understanding of the interrelationship among processing, fiber-matrix interface and mechanical properties both at room and elevated temperatures.

Processing of FRCMC is typically done by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), filament winding and hot-pressing, and polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) approaches. Most of these …

Chemically Modified Graphene-Based Composite Paper Electrodes For Longcycle Metal-Ion Batteries, Gurpreet Singh

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

No abstract provided.

Dynamical Mechanical Behavior Of Graphene And Cnt Materials Under Hypersonic Projectile Penetration, Edwin Thomas

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

We utilize laser pulses to send micro-projectiles at hypervelocity into various targets. Thick films of (a poly(styrene – b – dimethyl siloxane) (PS-PDMS) lamellar block copolymer – a model glassy-rubbery nanocomposite consisting of a self-assembled ordered arrangement of parallel periodic 20 nm thick layers of polystyrene and polydimethylsiloxane were impacted by 3 micron spheres of silica at velocities of 0.5 – 1.5 km/sec. We also use the silica spheres to study penetration through thin membranes of multilayer graphene. Soft projectiles, such as single crystal cubes of Ag are impacted onto hard impenetrable targets to observe the extensive plastic deformation of …

Composite Materials For Energy And Sustainable Development, Alan Hurd

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

The essential link to a sustainable future on our planet may be composite materials. Energy efficiency drives research and development toward lighter, stronger, and cheaper materials, and the general strategy of greater inhomogeneity at ever-finer length scales appears a good bet for technology development via a qualitatively new scaling. Advanced composites offer superb advantages, and this hope shines brighter with the promise of greater control in manufacture, voxel-by-voxel, under digital control.

However, even the prospect of doing fundamental research let alone development and widespread production in this important area will eventually be limited by the availability of materials unless we …

Substitution And Sustainability In Functional Materials And Devices, Ian Reaney

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Functional Materials and Devices (FMD) is a rapidly evolving subject which underpins many aspects of modern life such as antennas, energy storage devices, multicomponent sensors and smart materials. At a segment size of ~£3Bn p.a., the UK represents ~25% of the total EU production. However, the FMD sector in the EU and UK relies heavily on raw materials which have geopolitical, geological and environmental constraints. The response to materials scarcity and environmental restrictions depends on the industry, but companies indicate that resource efficiency, R&D, and innovations for substitution are necessary. Our vision is to utilise materials engineering, multiscale modeling, advanced …

Constructing Nanocrystal-In-Glass Composites For Smart Windows, Delia Milliron

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

The integration of inorganic nanocrystals as building units into mesoscale architectures yields materials wherein the components and their interfaces are both essential in defining structure and function. Randomly mesostructured nanocrystal-in-amorphous niobia composites can be formed by chemically linking niobium polyoxometalate (POM) clusters to colloidal nanocrystals in the solution phase. When films of these assemblies are thermally annealed, the clusters undergo condensation. They cross-link to form a continuous amorphous niobia matrix surrounding, and covalently linked to, the embedded nanocrystals. The resulting composite materials combine intrinsic characteristics of each component and exhibit unique functionality that we ascribe to reconstruction at the nanocrystal-glass …

Determining Hydrodynamic Forces In Bursting Bubbles Using Dna Nanotube Mechanics, Rizal F. Hariadi, Erik Winfree, Bernard Yurke

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Quantifying the mechanical forces produced by fluid flows within the ocean is critical to understanding the ocean’s environmental phenomena. Such forces may have been instrumental in the origin of life by driving a primitive form of self-replication through fragmentation. Among the intense sources of hydrodynamic shear encountered in the ocean are breaking waves and the bursting bubbles produced by such waves. On a microscopic scale, one expects the surface-tension–driven flows produced during bubble rupture to exhibit particularly high velocity gradients due to the small size scales and masses involved. However, little work has examined the strength of shear flow rates …

Engineered Gag-Based Coatings For Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Johna Temenoff

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

The therapeutic potency of delivered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in tissue engineering applications may be improved by priming cells toward a differentiated state prior to implantation. Mimicking native extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, the electrostatic attraction between negatively-charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs such as heparin and chondroitin sulfate) and positively-charged proteins may act to locally sequester factors present in the culture media (or secreted by nearby cells) to further enhance stem cell response to soluble factors prior to cell transplantation for musculoskeletal disorders.

In these experiments, we desulfated the GAG heparin and heparin (Hep) and desulfated (Hep-) heparin were biotinylated via HOBT/EDC chemistry. …

Single And Double Heterojunction Nanorods For Optoelectronics, Moonsub Shim

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Understanding charge separation and recombination processes and developing materials that can efficiently direct charge carriers with nanoscale precision are of fundamental importance in advancing next-generation electronics, optoelectronics and energy technologies. As semiconductor heterostructures have enabled today’s electronics and optoelectronics, the introduction of active heterojunctions can impart new and improved capabilities that will facilitate integration of colloidal quantum dots into high performance devices. With anisotropic shapes that can be exploited for assembly, charge carrier manipulation and optical anisotropy, incorporating heterojunctions in colloidal semiconductor nanorods presents a promising direction. Various motifs of epitaxial heterojunctions introduced in nanorods through solution chemistry will be …

Concept And Development Of Solid State Ionic Capacitors, Takaaki Tsurumi, Ryoma Ishikawa, Takuya Hoshina, Hiroaki Takeda, Yukio Sakabe

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Development of a new energy storage device that can replace lithium ion batteries is one of the most important subjects for the future of human. Capacitors have an advantage over batteries with respect to the endurance for charge - discharge recycling. Electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) has been used for some applications but they are still restricted because of relatively low energy density of EDLC in comparison with lithium ion battery and the leakage of liquid electrolyte from packages. Another issue on capacitors is the limit of capacitance density of multi-layered ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). MLCCs are currently used for many electronic …

Electric Eels: Bizarre Natural Phenomena Or Inspiration For Novel Nanocomposite Energy Storage, Erik Spoerke

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

The global rush to develop new high energy density, high power density electrical energy storage has motivated a variety of creative, alternative approaches to new technology development. We have adopted one such creative approach, looking to the electric eel as a model for how to manipulate and store electrical energy. These remarkable organisms are capable of repeatedly generating and discharging 1 Ampere of current at over 600V!

The cellular machinery responsible for electrical energy storage in organisms like the electric eel is quite complex (Figure 1), but the driving force behind these sophisticated processes hinges on the relatively simple concept …

Structural Optimization Of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Dental Bridges, Yung Chen, Alex Fok

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

The much improved strength of dental restorative materials has brought more flexibility to the design of dental prosthesis, leading to the concept of minimally invasive dentistry. Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) systems, for example, which provide excellent tooth-colored appearance, allow the amount of tooth removal to be minimized. Clinically, the ideal indication of FRC restoration is single tooth replacement. Depending on the position of the missing tooth, the periodontal status of the neighboring teeth, and the patient’s occlusal force or any existing parafunctional habits, the following two fixed partial denture (FPD) designs can be prescribed: a 3-unit dental bridge supported by two …

Pgx – Technology: A Versatile Technology For Generating Advanced Biopolymer Materials, Bernhard Seifried

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

A novel technology is presented utilizing Pressurized Gas eXpanded (PGX) liquids for processing aqueous solutions or dispersions of high molecular weight biopolymers, such as starch, polysaccharides, gums, pectins or cellulose nanocrystals into open-porous morphologies, consisting of nano-scale particles and pores. The highly tune-able PGX process can generate exfoliated nano-composites and highly porous morphologies ranging from sub-micron particles (50nm) to micron-sized granules (2mm), as well as micro- and nanofibrils, granules, fine powders and aerogels with porosities of >99% and specific surface areas exceeding 300 m²/gram. The technology is based on a spray drying method, operating at mild temperatures (40°C) …

Well-Ordered Nanohybrids And Nanoporous Materials From Block Copolymer Templates, Rong Ho

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

The design of nanostructured materials and their corresponding morphologies has attracted intense attention. Although many technologies have been explored to fabricate nanostructured materials, templated synthesis is one of the most important approaches to fabricate nanostructured materials with precisely controlled structures and morphologies from their constituent components. Here, we aim to use the self-assembly of block copolymers as an emerging and powerful tool to fabricate well-defined nanomaterials with precise control over the structural dimensions and shape, as well as over the composition and corresponding spatial arrangement. The fabrication of well-ordered nanoporous polymers from the self-assembly of degradable block copolymers, in particular …

Thermosetting Polymers And Composites From Agricultural Oils, Michael Kessler, Richard Larock

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Renewable, bio-based thermosetting copolymer resins, ranging from tough and ductile rubbers to hard and glassy plastics to durable waterborne latex coatings, have been prepared by the polymerization of soybean, corn and linseed oils with various co-monomers. The development of these resin formulations with the right combination of processing viscosity, cure kinetics, and ultimate thermal mechanical properties for various manufacturing processes will be discussed. As expected, the thermal and mechanical properties, as well as the long term environmental durability of the material, are shown to be highly dependent on vegetable-oil composition, processing conditions, and co-monomer chemistry. These new bioplastic composites are …

Rare Earths, Rare-Earth Oxides, And The Ocides’ Unique Character: Application For Environmental Catalysts, Nobuhito Imanaka

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

The rare earths series will be comprehensively introduced. The difference among lanthanide, lanthanoid, and rare earths will be also clearly defined. After these lectures, the unique characteristics of rare-earth oxides will be addressed. As one of promising applications of the rare earth oxides, the oxides’ unique character of oxide anion migration in the solids will be also introduced and also for the application as the environmental catalysts.

Here, we focused on C-type cubic Gd₂O₃, and Y₂O₃ which has relatively strong basicity among rare earth elements, as a fundamental oxide to develop a novel …

Nanostructured Metal-Ceramic Composites By Internal Reduction, Ivar Reimanis, Amy Morrissey

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

The nucleation and growth of metallic particles within metal-doped oxides exposed to reducing conditions is relevant to the processing of materials for catalysts, fuel cells, and structural applications. Here, the precipitation of metallic nickel during the internal reduction of nickel-doped yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is studied with electron microscopy and SQUID magnetometry. It is shown that the microstructure evolution proceeds in three distinct stages, each with its own kinetics description, dependent on the porosity and grain size. The transitions between stages depend on concentration gradients and electrostatic potentials that act upon the relevant transporting species, namely oxygen vacancies, electrons, nickel …

Stimulus-Responsive And Conductive Composites For Remote Sensing Applications, Anastasia Elias, Preetam Anbukarasu, Dominic Sauvageau

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Inexpensive and portable sensors are increasingly democratizing data collection and data analysis on both large and small scales. Materials which are both conducting and responsive (able to undergo a change in property in response to a desired stimulus) could form the basis for a variety of sensors. In our work, we are developing these materials for use in radio frequency identification (RFID) tags in which the conducting and responsive material is integrated directly into the antenna of the tag. A change in the dielectric properties of the antenna leads to a measurable change in the remotely-readable properties of the device, …

Magneto-Ionic Control Of Interfacial Magnetism, Geoffrey Beach

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Voltage control of magnetism has the potential to substantially reduce power consumption in spintronic memory and logic devices, while offering new functionalities through field-effect operation [1-4]. Magneto-electric coupling has most often been achieved using complex oxides such as ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, or multiferroic materials. Here I describe a new approach to voltage control of magnetism based on solid-state electrochemical switching of the interfacial oxidation state [2-4] in thin metallic ferromagnets. In ultrathin ferromagnet/oxide bilayers, strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) often arises from arises from interfacial hybridization between the ferromagnetic metal and oxygen ions. By using a solid-state ionic conductor with high …

Use Of Capillary Flow To Create Flexible And Embedded Electronics, Lorraine Francis, Ankit Mahajan, Robert Lade, Chris Macosko, Daniel Frisbie

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Continuous printing processes are attractive for manufacturing electronic devices on flexible substrates and embedding electronically functional materials into polymers. In this presentation, a new method to create flexible electronics based on embedded conductive networks is presented. The route involves creating the electronic architecture in a curable polymer layer on a flexible substrate and then using capillary flow to create the conductive network. In this presentation, the method will be discussed with an emphasis on the role of processing. A key process step is liquid ink flow in channels. Liquid flow in open capillary channels depends on the channel geometry and …

Self-Assembly Directs Enamel Formation And Regeneration, Malcolm Snead

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Enamel is a unique bioceramic tissue covering our teeth, which by improving feeding and nutrition fueled an explosion in vertebrate evolution. Enamel is also the tissue affected by the most prevalent infectious disease of humankind, caries. While enamel is the hardest tissue in the vertebrate body it develops as a soft extracellular protein matrix precursor synthesized by ameloblast cells that is composed mainly of the proteins amelogenin and ameloblastin. Amelogenins are small-, hydrophobic-, inherently disordered proteins that self-assembly to form nanospheres through the interaction of two domains located at opposite molecular ends, whereas, ameloblastin self-assembles through but a single N’-terminal …

Stability Of Oxides/Environmental Barrier Coating Candidate Materials In Hightemperature, High-Velocity Steam, Elizabeth Opila, Robert Golden

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Stability of oxides/Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) candidate materials in high-temperature, high-velocity steam has been characterized using a steam-jet furnace modeled after Lucato et al [1]. The objective of this work is to quantify stability of oxides for use as coatings on SiC-based composites in turbine engine environments with the long term goal of developing thermochemical life prediction models for EBCs. SiO₂, TiO₂, Y₂O₃, and rare earth silicates were exposed in one atmosphere steam flowing at approximately 170 m/s at temperatures between 1200 and 1400°C for times up to 375 h. Oxide recession, …

Automated Fiber Placement Of Multifunctional Fiber-Reinforced Composites, Christopher Hansen, Konstantine Fetfatsidis, Andrew Burke, Bradford Olson

Composites at Lake Louise (CALL 2015)

Multi-functional composite materials, in which additional functions exist beyond the primary structural function, offer broad scope for system-level performance enhancements. Key functions targeted for composite structures include thermal management, self-healing, and structural health monitoring capabilities. Aerospace and other advanced fiber-reinforced composites applications, which will benefit from these capabilities, are increasingly being manufactured via Automated Fiber Placement (AFP); however, the lack of (1) available material systems suitable for AFP and (2) the lack of processing knowledge regarding their deposition and compaction hinder the automated manufacture of these multifunctional features. Here, we present efforts to create functional pre-preg materials suitable for AFP …