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Articles 1981 - 2010 of 2116

Full-Text Articles in Materials Science and Engineering

The Effect Of Bismuth On Microstructure Of The Cathodic Copper Deposition Of Copper Electrorefining, Daorong Lu, Jianxing Lin Nov 1997

The Effect Of Bismuth On Microstructure Of The Cathodic Copper Deposition Of Copper Electrorefining, Daorong Lu, Jianxing Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The electrocrystal formation, crystal orientation and the chemical composition of the cathodic copper deposition in the presence of Bi3+ in the electrolyte of acidified CuSO4 are studies by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption and EDAM. The results indicate that the Bi could′t deposit on cathode when copper electrolysed at common current density i=200 A·mol/L-2 and t=60 ℃. Bi3+ scarcely effected on the crystal orientation (220) of copper deposition. High concentration Bi3+ in the electrolyte promoted (220) growth and inhibited the other crystal orientation growth. Bi3+ effected on electrocrystal formation and the cell …

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Study On The Diffusion Of Electroactive Molecules In Polymer Electrolyte By Microelectrode Voltammetry, Liming Ding, Shaojun Dong, Erkang Wang Aug 1997

Study On The Diffusion Of Electroactive Molecules In Polymer Electrolyte By Microelectrode Voltammetry, Liming Ding, Shaojun Dong, Erkang Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The ten years study on the diffusion of electroactive molecules in polymer electrolyte by microelectrode voltammetry was reviewed by considering the development background of polymer electrolyte materials. The classification, fabrication, applications and electrochemical measurements of microelectrode were introduced concisely. The several important factors influencing the diffusion of electroactive molecules were stressed. In the final part of this paper, some new reports on the diffusion of labeled molecules were introduced.

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Behavior Of Copper In Hydrogen Storage Alloy Microencapsulated By Copper, Dawei Zhang, Huatang Yuan, Huabin Yang, Zuoxiang Zhou, Yunshi Zhang Aug 1997

Behavior Of Copper In Hydrogen Storage Alloy Microencapsulated By Copper, Dawei Zhang, Huatang Yuan, Huabin Yang, Zuoxiang Zhou, Yunshi Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Negative electrode made from Cu microencapsulated hydrogen storage alloy was studied by using cyclic voltammetry method. The results showed that copper as a coating material was of a certain stability in 5 mol/L KOH solution within the range of charge and discharge voltage. But when expanding the sweep voltage, the CV curve showed a pair of distinct oxidation reduction current peaks of Cu2O formation at E = -0.3 V and Cu2O reduction at E =-0.6 V. With charging discharging cycles, copper is liable to be oxidized to Cu2O and further oxidized into CuO2 …

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Corrosion Behaviour Of Copper Covered With Ion Selective Phenolic Coatings By Eis, Zhoucheng Wang, Yingzhou Zhang, Shaomin Zhou Aug 1997

Corrosion Behaviour Of Copper Covered With Ion Selective Phenolic Coatings By Eis, Zhoucheng Wang, Yingzhou Zhang, Shaomin Zhou

Journal of Electrochemistry

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) technique was employed to study the corrosion behaviour of copper painted with the anion selective, cation selective and bipolar phenolic coatings in 3% NaCl solution. From the impedance spectrum characteristics, the models of equivalent circuit for these different coating systems were established, and the methods for the analysis of experimental impedance diagrams in terms of coating and interface properties were discussed. The research results show that the composition and structure of ion selective coatings have significant influence on corrosion behaviour of copper. The bipolar coating consisting of an anion selective inner layer and a cation selective outer …

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Electrocatalytic Oxidation Of Methanol On The Stearate Nickel L-B Film, Benzeng Hua, Wenyan Hu, Yanzhen Chen, Yanhong Zhang Aug 1997

Electrocatalytic Oxidation Of Methanol On The Stearate Nickel L-B Film, Benzeng Hua, Wenyan Hu, Yanzhen Chen, Yanhong Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The stearate nickel L-B films is good electroacatlyst for the oxidation of methanol MeOH in alkaline. The electrochemical behaviors of stearate nickel L-B films is affected by the concentration of KOH. The rate of quantity of mickel ion and stearic acid in L-B films is 1∶1, which means that the nickel ion may exist in -COONi(OH) form. The electrocatalytic process is influenced by the concentration of OH-, it involves the penetration of MeOH into the films. The oxidative currents of MeOH are linearly dependent on the bulk concentration.

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Preparation And Examination Of Planar Type Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Yi Jiang, Jingwang Yan, Shizhong Wang, Chunying Yu, Wenzhao Li Aug 1997

Preparation And Examination Of Planar Type Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Yi Jiang, Jingwang Yan, Shizhong Wang, Chunying Yu, Wenzhao Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

The solid oxide fuel cells of planar type (SOFC) have been developed after successfully preparing La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 cathodes and Ni-YSZ ceramic anodes on YSZ plates and solving the high temperature sealing technical problem. Examination of the single cells fabricated showed that the maximum power output at 950 ℃ for H2 as fuel and air as oxidant reached 0.12 W/cm2. It was found that the large polarization overpotential of the Ni-YSZ anode and the Ohmic losses of the cells were two main factors responsible for the relative low output power density.

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The Electrochemical Behavior And Deposited Mechanism Of Zn-Ni Alloy Codeposition, Jixun Wu, Yongqin Liu, Huimin Meng Aug 1997

The Electrochemical Behavior And Deposited Mechanism Of Zn-Ni Alloy Codeposition, Jixun Wu, Yongqin Liu, Huimin Meng

Journal of Electrochemistry

The electrochemical behavior of Zn-Ni alloy codeposition and concomitant hydrogen evolution have been studied in the chloride ammonia solution through the d-c electroplating method. Under the condition of the applied cathodic current density of 2A/dm2 , the AC impedance spectra have been measured. An equivalent circuit has been presented for the impedance study on the alloy codeposition.

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The Electrode Process Of Some Organic Dyes Studied By Spectroelectrochemical Technique In Situ, Yinxuan Tang, Hangsheng Yang, Baoen Shen Aug 1997

The Electrode Process Of Some Organic Dyes Studied By Spectroelectrochemical Technique In Situ, Yinxuan Tang, Hangsheng Yang, Baoen Shen

Journal of Electrochemistry

Spectroelectrochemistry especially with in situ measurement in a cell provides a very useful mthodology for measuring the parameters of electrode process. In this paper, we report the determination of formal potentials, the number of electron transfer, the diffusion coefficient, the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant and the transfer coefficient of some organic dyes (Methyelene blue, Neutral red, Indigo carmine) using spectroelectro chemical technique in situ.

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Electrorheological Characters Of Polyaniline Suspensions, Guangyao Su, Deshu Gao, Changqing Zhang Aug 1997

Electrorheological Characters Of Polyaniline Suspensions, Guangyao Su, Deshu Gao, Changqing Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Polyaniline (PAn) as the dispersive particles and insulating oil as the dispersive medium, the electrorheological fluid (ERF) is constituted. Relations between the factors of electric field strength (E), temperature (T) and the static yield stress (τS), current density (i) of ERF are investigated. The results show that the changes of τS and i with electric field intensity have emerged in the exponential relation, i.e, τS∝E0.7, i∝E2.18. Otherwise, when exert a constant voltage on ERF, owing to the polarization, the absorption of medium of ERF have taken place. Therefore, the attenuation rate …

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Investigation On Electro Reduction Behaviour Of Copper Anodic Products In Concentrated Naoh Solutions Ⅱ. Electro Reduction Of Cu(Ⅱ) Products, Jianbo He, Hanhe Chen, Jianxin Lin Aug 1997

Investigation On Electro Reduction Behaviour Of Copper Anodic Products In Concentrated Naoh Solutions Ⅱ. Electro Reduction Of Cu(Ⅱ) Products, Jianbo He, Hanhe Chen, Jianxin Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

Potentiostatic oxidation potentiodynamic or galvanostatic reduction methods have been used to study the cathodic reduction behaviour of various products anodically formed on the second stage of copper oxidation in concentrated NaOH solutions. Seven cathodic current peaks and the corresponding cathodic potential plateaus are observed on the potentiodynamic E/i curves and the galvanostatic E/t curves, respectively. In the negative potential scan, there are three couples of voltammetric peaks which have been attributed to the formation and reduction of CuO, Cu(OH)2 and Cu(Ⅱ) ion, respectively. The complicated mechanism for the electro formation of the three Cu(Ⅱ) species are discussed.

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Studies On The Failure Modes Of Stationary Vrla Batteries, Yibo Tong, Xiangming Qiu Aug 1997

Studies On The Failure Modes Of Stationary Vrla Batteries, Yibo Tong, Xiangming Qiu

Journal of Electrochemistry

In order to improve the reliability and the quality of stationary valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries, the failure modes of the stationary VRLA batteries which caused by the water loss and the thermal runaway are studied. The water loss may be solved by increasing the Oxygen-recombination efficiency, choosing the suitable grid material and the additives of megative paste, decreasing the corrosion of the positive plates. The thermal runaway may be solved by decreasing the inner ohmic resistance of VRLA batteries, improving the outside condition of batteries such as putting into the absorbing-heat material between the abtteries etc..

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Preparation Of Pbo2/Ti Plate Electrode, Zhigang Shao, Baolian Yi, Xinge Zhang, Enjun Zhang Aug 1997

Preparation Of Pbo2/Ti Plate Electrode, Zhigang Shao, Baolian Yi, Xinge Zhang, Enjun Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The perchlorate was made up of a lead dioxide plate elcetrode and an oxygen cathode. By measuring the flow capacity of cell gas in the cell, and by means of CV, SEM, XRD, the performances of the lead dioxide plate electrodes are evaluated. The influence of changes in the concentrations of electroplating solutions (F, HNO3, Bi3+, Ni2+, Fe3+ and surface active agent) is investigated. The results show that the concentrations of Fe3+ in the solutions must be lower 0.01 g/L, and the concentrations of HNO3 in the solutions are about 20 …

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Surface Modifications Of Carbon Materials Used As Anode Of Lithium Ion Battery Ⅲ. Improvement Of Artificially Imposed Solid Electrolyte Film On Cell Performance, Shuhua Ma, Xiabin Jing, Fosong Wang Aug 1997

Surface Modifications Of Carbon Materials Used As Anode Of Lithium Ion Battery Ⅲ. Improvement Of Artificially Imposed Solid Electrolyte Film On Cell Performance, Shuhua Ma, Xiabin Jing, Fosong Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The improving effect of solid electrolyte film artificially imposed on carbon electrode was investigated. The result showed that both the charge/discharge capacity and first charge/discharge efficiency, to a certain extent, were enhanced, and the result also suggested the effectiveness of the substitution of the artificially imposed solid electrolyte film for the inherent passivating film which was formed on the surface of the carbon electrode while inserted in the electrolyte during charging or discharging. The Scanning Electron Microscope result displayed the compact and well-defined morphology of the artificially imposed crystalline film.

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Studies Of Electrocatalytic Properties Of Electrode Of Dispersed Pt On Gc Support In Ethylene Glycol Oxidation, Shengpei Chen, Shigang Sun, Zhiyou Zhou, Shuanjing Hong May 1997

Studies Of Electrocatalytic Properties Of Electrode Of Dispersed Pt On Gc Support In Ethylene Glycol Oxidation, Shengpei Chen, Shigang Sun, Zhiyou Zhou, Shuanjing Hong

Journal of Electrochemistry

The structures and properties of electrocatalyst of dispersed Plutinum (Pt) on glassy carbon (GC) support under different conditions were studied using cyclic voltammetry, potential step technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning Electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that after having been treated in high temperature,the dispersed Pt on GC support was recrystallised with preferented orientation, and the grain of Pt microcrystal become large and regular. It was illustrated that the dispersed Pt on GC support after high temperature treatment exhibited better stability and high activity for ethylene glycol oxidation.

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Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles, Naichao Li, Baolian Yi May 1997

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles, Naichao Li, Baolian Yi

Journal of Electrochemistry

The background, status and commercialization prospect of polymer electrolyte fuel cell vehicles are surveyed in this paper. The technology of this cell and system used in vehicles is discussed.

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Electrochemical Behavior Of Superoxide Dismutase On Gold Minigrid With Thin Layer Cell, Xiaqin Wu, Qian Liu, Bin Xu, Xiaoyun Men, Zongrang Zhang May 1997

Electrochemical Behavior Of Superoxide Dismutase On Gold Minigrid With Thin Layer Cell, Xiaqin Wu, Qian Liu, Bin Xu, Xiaoyun Men, Zongrang Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The electrochemical behavior of superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD) was investigated on gold wire electrode and gold minigrid with thin layer cell by cyclic voltammetry. A quasi reversible redox wave of SOD has obtained on gold minigrid thin layer electrode, but only oxidation peak has observed on gold wire electrode. The electrochemical reaction parameters, such as the formal potential E0′, diffusion coefficient D and standard rate constant k0′ were estimated.

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Electrodeposition Of Amorphous Fe-Cr Alloy Coating, Danhong Cheng, Weiyi Xu, Yiqin Qin, Liqun Hua, Zhongyan Zhang May 1997

Electrodeposition Of Amorphous Fe-Cr Alloy Coating, Danhong Cheng, Weiyi Xu, Yiqin Qin, Liqun Hua, Zhongyan Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The amorphous Fe-Cr alloy coatings were obtained by controlling the composition of bath operation conditions. It was found that the pH value, the current density and the content of chromium in Fe-Cr alloy coatings effect the amorphous structure of the coatings. The result of anodic polarization shows that the corrosion resistance of the amorphous coatings in acidic media is higher than the corrosion resistance of the crystal ones.

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An Analysis On The Microstructure Of Electrodeposited Zro2-Ni Functionally Graded Materials, Chengjun Quan, Xinghua Xiang, Jingchuan Zhu, Zhongda Yin May 1997

An Analysis On The Microstructure Of Electrodeposited Zro2-Ni Functionally Graded Materials, Chengjun Quan, Xinghua Xiang, Jingchuan Zhu, Zhongda Yin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The electrodeposited ZrO2-Ni functionally graded coating was fabricated by controlling the ZrO2 concentration in the bath, and the microstructure was analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). The results show that the functionally graded coating has excellent compositional gradient distribution from the substrate to the surface. The content of ZrO2 is up to 14.4 vol% in the surface layer and the coating consists of the t-ZrO2, m-ZrO2 and Ni phases. Owing to the ZrO2 particles pressed by Ni atoms during electrodepositing, t→m transformation has occurred.

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Studies On Electrodeposition Of Rare Earth Metals And Their Alloys In Molten Salts, Qiqin Yang May 1997

Studies On Electrodeposition Of Rare Earth Metals And Their Alloys In Molten Salts, Qiqin Yang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The cyclic voltammetry, convolution voltammetry, potentiostatic electrolysis and open circuit potential time curve after electrolysis, current time curve at potential step, potential time curve at current step, X-ray diffraction, EDAX, electron probe microanalysis were used to investigate the electrode processes of the reduction of rare earth ions on inert electrodes and alloying electrodes in molten chlorides and fluorides. The free energies of formation for the intermetallic compounds, the diffusion coefficients of rare earth ions in the melt, the diffusion coefficients of rare earth atoms in the alloy phases were determined. The alloys of rare earth with iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, …

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Surface Modification Of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Anode, Baizeng Fang, Xinyu Liu, Xindong Wang, Shuzhen Duan May 1997

Surface Modification Of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Anode, Baizeng Fang, Xinyu Liu, Xindong Wang, Shuzhen Duan

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this study, the anode material of molten carbonate fuel cell was modified by the deposition of niobium on nickel surface. The results of polarization experiments reveal that the corrosion resistant properties as well as electrocatalytic activity have been improved greatly.

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Study Of Electrodepositing Bright Tin Cobalt Zinc Alloy From Weak Acid Solution, Zhengzhong Zuo, Runxiang Hou, Shaochun Xia May 1997

Study Of Electrodepositing Bright Tin Cobalt Zinc Alloy From Weak Acid Solution, Zhengzhong Zuo, Runxiang Hou, Shaochun Xia

Journal of Electrochemistry

A new process of electrodeposting bright Tin Cobalt Zinc alloy from weak acid solution is proposed in this paper. The solution compositions and operating conditions are Na3C6H5O7·2H2O 100～150, Na2EDTA·2H2O 20～30, SnCl2·2H2O 15～20, CoSO4·72H2O 25～35, ZnCl2 15～20 g·L-1; stabilizer WDZ-160～100, brightener WDZ-215～20 mL·L-1; pH=4～6, DK=0.5～5.0 A·dm-2, T=5～35 ℃. A bright Sn-Co-Zn deposit having Co about 0.5～3.5% and Zn about 1～10% is produced. The effects of bath compositions on Co or …

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Electroluminescence Of Photoelectrochemically Etched N+-Si, Guozheng Li, Chengqian Zhang, Xiumei Yang May 1997

Electroluminescence Of Photoelectrochemically Etched N+-Si, Guozheng Li, Chengqian Zhang, Xiumei Yang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Porous silicon with micrometer size pores, which is made on n+-Si by photoelectrochemically etched, has electroluminescent property. Each monochromic intensity and wavelength range of luminescent spectra depend on polarized potential. The intersity and the stability of cathodic electroluminescence is high than those of anodic one. Voltammetric behavior before quenching indicated that the electrochemical reactions of some surface species are involved in except the reduction of S2O82-, which leads to radiative recombination. The energy band diagram based on n+-Si(Eg=1.1 eV)/PS(Eg=1.8 eV) junction is proposed.

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Effects Of Curvature On The Electrochemical Behaviors Of Tubular Electrode, Yirong Wu, Zhenghao Wang May 1997

Effects Of Curvature On The Electrochemical Behaviors Of Tubular Electrode, Yirong Wu, Zhenghao Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The convective diffusion equation of tubular electrode was solved with the implicit finite difference numerical method. Comparing with the electrochemical behaviors of channel electrode, the behaviors of tubular electrode were analysised. The effects of curvature on the electrochemical behaviors of tubular electrode and the limit of applying Levich approximation to tubular electrode were discussed.

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Mechanism And Texture Of Ni-Mo Alloy Electrodeposition, Ling Huang, Shukai Xu, Jaoning Tang, Fangzu Yang, Shaomin Zhou May 1997

Mechanism And Texture Of Ni-Mo Alloy Electrodeposition, Ling Huang, Shukai Xu, Jaoning Tang, Fangzu Yang, Shaomin Zhou

Journal of Electrochemistry

Ni-Mo alloy deposits with (111) preferred orientation was obtained in a solution of 0.22 mol/L NiSO4·6H2O, 0.06 mol/L Na2MoO4·2H2O and 0.3 mol/L Na3C6H5O7·2H2O in temperature from 25℃ to 50℃, and current densities ranged from 10 mA·cm-2 to 30 mA·cm-2. The electrodeposition of Ni-Mo alloy was studied by cylic voltammetry and potential step experiment. It was shown that Ni-Mo alloy is formed by mechanism involving progressive nucleation followed by three dimensional growth of the metal centres. The complex …

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Study On The Preparation, Properties And Applications Of The Polymer/Graphite Composite Electrode, Guohua Chen, Jinrui Xu May 1997

Study On The Preparation, Properties And Applications Of The Polymer/Graphite Composite Electrode, Guohua Chen, Jinrui Xu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The graphite AS composite electrodes, which show high electric conductivity, high mechanical strength and operationl stability, were prepared by filling and extruding the AS copolymer with graphite powder. It exhibited a substantial hydrogen overvoltage and small residual current in different electrolytes, as compared with glassy carbon electrode. The electrode was applied to the determination of traces of Pb2+ in mineral water, Ag+ in waste water and In3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ in zinc ore, and showed high stability, reproducibility and selectivity. Owing to the existence of abundant polar functioal groups on the …

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Electrochemical Synthesis And Characterization Of Ba-Pb-O And Bi-Pb-O Oxides, Min Xie, Liangzhong Zhao, Cuiying Xu, Jinbiao Zhang Feb 1997

Electrochemical Synthesis And Characterization Of Ba-Pb-O And Bi-Pb-O Oxides, Min Xie, Liangzhong Zhao, Cuiying Xu, Jinbiao Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Pb-based oxides Ba-Pb-O and Bi-Pb-O were synthesized from aqueous solutions by using electrochemical method. The resulting Ba-Pb-O and Bi-Pb-O were characterized using XPS, EDX and XRD. The results show that perovskite BaPb0.9O3 can be electrodeposited on the anode only from strong alkaline solution. In acid aqueous solution, conducting BiPb2Oz oxide is fromed on the anode. In these oxides the nominal valence of lead is +4.

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Electrochemical Studies Of Spinel Limn2O4 Rechargeable Lithium Battery, Li Feng, Yuqin Chang, Lie Wu, Hong Li, Yibin San, Tianhong Lu Feb 1997

Electrochemical Studies Of Spinel Limn2O4 Rechargeable Lithium Battery, Li Feng, Yuqin Chang, Lie Wu, Hong Li, Yibin San, Tianhong Lu

Journal of Electrochemistry

The spinel Li intercalation compound LiMn2O4 was prepared and studied using ac impedance and cyclic voltammogram techniques. It was first discussed that the impedance behaviors of LiMn2O4 electrode varied as lithium ion was intercalated in or out the electrode with the help of fractal theory. The Li reversible behaviors in LiMn2O4 electrode were shown by the cyclic voltammogram results.

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Problems Of The Study Of Anodic Films On Pb In Sulfuric Acid Solution (Ⅲ), Houtian Liu, Qunzhou Wang, Weifang Zhou, Wenbin Cai Feb 1997

Problems Of The Study Of Anodic Films On Pb In Sulfuric Acid Solution (Ⅲ), Houtian Liu, Qunzhou Wang, Weifang Zhou, Wenbin Cai

Journal of Electrochemistry

The interstitial liquid among the particles in anodic Pb(Ⅱ) films could be the major passage for ion transportation. This is discussed with the mechanism of the cathodic reduction of anodic PbSO4 film and the effect of Sb on the growth of anodic Pb(Ⅱ) oxides film.

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Study On Properties Of Magnesium Alloy Electrode With Anodized Film, Yi Chi, Ping Yang, Xiufeng Lin Feb 1997

Study On Properties Of Magnesium Alloy Electrode With Anodized Film, Yi Chi, Ping Yang, Xiufeng Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

The corrosion resistance of Mg alloy electrode with anodized film in atmosphere is bigger than that of the Mg alloy electrode with chromate film. The corrosion resisance and voltage delay of such electrode with anodized film in NaCl solution changed with anodizing comdition. The effects of composition, morphology and thickness of the anodized film on the peoperty of Mg alloy electrode are discussed.

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Surface Modifications Of Carbon Materials Used As Anode Of Lithium Ion Battery Ⅱ. The Carbon Material With Core Shell Structure And Its Positive Effect On Cell Performance Of Graphite Anode, Shuhua Ma, Hanju Guo, Ji Li, Hongze Liang, Xiabin Jing, Fosong Wang Feb 1997

Surface Modifications Of Carbon Materials Used As Anode Of Lithium Ion Battery Ⅱ. The Carbon Material With Core Shell Structure And Its Positive Effect On Cell Performance Of Graphite Anode, Shuhua Ma, Hanju Guo, Ji Li, Hongze Liang, Xiabin Jing, Fosong Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The carbon powders and film electrode with core shell structure were prepared by carbonization in gas state with using refined coal as shell material and Artificial Graphite and Mesocarbon Microbeads (2 800 ℃) graphite as core material. Galvanostatic charge/discharge measurement showed that both steady charge/discharge capacity and first charge/discharge efficiency were improved. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that the peak at about 0.7 V vs. Li+/Li characteristic of decomposition of electrolyte got weakened, and a more compact film was formed. X-ray diffraction measurement suggested the existence of amorphous carbon shell on the carbon powders and carbon film.

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