Engineering Science and Materials Commons^™

Taxonomy Of Physical Prototypes: Structure And Validation, Ashwin Michaelraj

All Theses

This thesis introduces a taxonomy of physical prototypes, and validates the proposed taxonomy by five different approaches. The proposed taxonomy is validated by, (i) checking the orthogonality of individual elements of the taxonomy, (ii) benchmarking the taxonomy with existing classifications of prototypes, (iii) demonstrating its utility by applying it to classify different prototypes, (iv) building a prototype database containing 35 different prototypes, and (v) consistency evaluation of the prototype database using a description logic based software called ProtŽgŽ.
The results indicate that the proposed taxonomy is capable of distinguishing prototypes with greater accuracy when compared to existing classifications. The orthogonality …

Foundations Of Design Method Development, Sudhakar Teegavarapu

All Dissertations

A systematic procedure for developing design methods, tools, and/or processes, referred to as meta-method, is proposed. It is hypothesized that design methods developed without following a systematic procedure are not effective and thus are not widely accepted by industry and academia likewise. The systematic framework provided by the meta-method will ensure 1) faster development of design methods, 2) enable tracking of requirements throughout the development process, 3) facilitate efficient exploration and selection of alternatives, 4) document the development process for future reuse, 5) help in testing and validation of design methods, and 6) bridge gap between multiple disciplines by forming …

Microcantilever-Based Force Sensing, Control And Imaging, Reza Saeidpourazar

All Dissertations

This dissertation presents a distributed-parameters base modeling framework for microcantilever (MC)-based force sensing and control with applications to nanomanipulation and imaging. Due to the widespread applications of MCs in nanoscale force sensing or atomic force microscopy with nano-Newton to pico-Newton force measurement requirements, precise modeling of the involved MCs is essential. Along this line, a distributed-parameters modeling framework is proposed which is followed by a modified robust controller with perturbation estimation to target the problem of delay in nanoscale imaging and manipulation. It is shown that the proposed nonlinear model-based controller can stabilize such nanomanipulation process in a very short …

Development, Parameterization And Validation Of Dynamic Material Models For Soil And Transparent Armor Glass, Bhaskar Pandurangan

All Dissertations

Despite the signing of several mine ban treaties in the 1990's, it is widely recognized that there is a landmine crisis. The following are some of the main aspects of this crisis: (a) Millions of unexploded landmines remain deployed all over the world; (b) Thousands of civilians are killed or maimed every year by unintended detonations of the mines; (c) The cost of medical treatment of landmine injuries runs into the millions; (d) the ability of the international community to provide the humanitarian relief in terms of medical services, safe drinking water and food, etc., is greatly hampered by landmine …

Multiscale Modeling Of Impact On Heterogeneous Viscoelastic Solids With Evolving Microcracks, Flavio V. Souza

Department of Engineering Mechanics: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Multiscale computational techniques play a major role in solving problems related to viscoelastic composite materials due to the complexities inherent to these materials. In the present work, a numerical procedure for multiscale modeling of impact on heterogeneous viscoelastic solids containing evolving microcracks is proposed in which the (global scale) homogenized viscoelastic incremental constitutive equations have the same form as the local scale viscoelastic incremental constitutive equations, but the homogenized tangent constitutive tensor and the homogenized incremental history dependent stress tensor depend on the amount of damage accumulated at the local scale. Furthermore, the developed technique allows the computation of the …

Identification Of Multiple Oscillation States Of Carbon Nanotube Tipped Cantilevers Interacting With Surfaces In Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy, Mark Strus, Arvind Raman

Birck and NCN Publications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained increased interest in dynamic atomic force microscopy (dAFM) as sharp, flexible, conducting, nonreactive tips for high-resolution imaging, oxidation lithography, and electrostatic force microscopy. By means of theory and experiments we lay out a map of several distinct tapping mode AFM oscillation states for CNT tipped AFM cantilevers: namely, noncontact attractive regime oscillation, intermittent contact with CNT slipping or pinning, or permanent contact with the CNT in point or line contact with the surface while the cantilever oscillates with large amplitude. Each state represents fundamentally different origins of CNT-surface interactions, CNT tip-substrate dissipation, and phase contrast …

Understanding Practical Limits To Heavy Truck Drag Reduction, Drew Landman, Richard Wood, Whitney Seay, John Bledsoe

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

A heavy truck wind tunnel test program is currently underway at the Langley Full Scale Tunnel (LFST). Seven passive drag reducing device configurations have been evaluated on a heavy truck model with the objective of understanding the practical limits to drag reduction achievable on a modern tractor trailer through add-on devices. The configurations tested include side skirts of varying length, a full gap seal, and tapered rear panels. All configurations were evaluated over a nominal 15 degree yaw sweep to establish wind averaged drag coefficients over a broad speed range using SAE J1252. The tests were conducted by first quantifying …

Volume Viscosity In Fluids With Multiple Dissipative Processes, Allan J. Zuckerwar, Robert L. Ash

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

The variational principle of Hamilton is applied to derive the volume viscosity coefficients of a reacting fluid with multiple dissipative processes. The procedure, as in the case of a single dissipative process, yields two dissipative terms in the Navier-Stokes equation: The first is the traditional volume viscosity term, proportional to the dilatational component of the velocity; the second term is proportional to the material time derivative of the pressure gradient. Each dissipative process is assumed to be independent of the others. In a fluid comprising a single constituent with multiple relaxation processes, the relaxation times of the multiple processes are …

Convergence, Adaptive Refinement, And Scaling In 1d Peridynamics, Florin Bobaru Ph.D., Mijia Yabg Ph.D., Leonardo F. Alves M.S., Stewart A. Silling Ph.D., Ebrahim Askari Ph.D., Jifeng Xu Ph.D.

Department of Engineering Mechanics: Faculty Publications

We introduce here adaptive refinement algorithms for the non-local method peridynamics, which was proposed (in J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2000; 48:175–209) as a reformulation of classical elasticity for discontinuities and long-range forces. We use scaling of the micromodulus and horizon and discuss the particular features of adaptivity in peridynamics for which multiscale modeling and grid refinement are closely connected. We discuss three types of numerical convergence for peridynamics and obtain uniform convergence to the classical solutions of static and dynamic elasticity problems in 1D in the limit of the horizon going to zero. Continuous micromoduli lead to optimal rates of …

Me-Em 2009 Annual Report, Department Of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Annual Reports

Table of Contents

• Energy Systems
• Health Systems
• Faculty & Staff
• Students
• Alumni
• Resources
• Graduates
• Publications
• ME-EM Community

Helical Force Flow: A New Engineering Mechanics Model For Biological Materials, Jeffery S. Thomas

Doctoral Dissertations

"The author has long speculated that the prevalence of helical structures in botany and zoology hints to an optimized pathway for force and/or energy transfer. His goal has been to realize an alternative approach to the standard stress analysis used in engineering in order to more efficiently and accurately deal with biological materials. Improved tools for these natural materials should in turn aid the design and analysis of engineered materials. Following the role of a navigator in leaf C. Levesque's book "Breakthrough Creativity", the author typically searches for ideas in a variety of places, including physics, materials science, biomimetics, dimensional …

Independent Torque Distribution Management Systems For Vehicle Stability Control, Indrasen Karogal

All Theses

Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC) systems, also called Electronic Stability Control (ESC) systems, are active on-board safety systems intended to stabilize the dynamics of vehicle lateral motion. In so doing, these systems reduce the possibility of the driver's loss of control of the vehicle in some critical or aggressive maneuvers. One approach to vehicle dynamics control is the use of appropriate drive torque distribution to the wheels of the vehicle. This thesis focuses on particular torque distribution management systems suitable for vehicles with independently driven wheels.
In conducting this study, a non-linear seven degree-of-freedom vehicle model incorporating a non-linear tire model …

Modeling, Analysis And Control Of Flexible Solid-State Hysteretic Actuators, Kushan Vora

All Theses

A distributed parameters modeling and control framework for flexible solid-state hysteretic actuator is presented in this work. For the simplicity of analysis, the actuator dynamic behavior is decoupled and treated separately from the hysteresis nonlinearity. To include the effects of widely-used flexural mechanisms, a mass-spring-damper boundary condition is considered for system. Moreover, the effect of electromechanical actuation is included as a concentrate force at the boundary. The problem is then divided into two parts: first part deals with free motion analysis of system in order to obtain eigenvalues and eigenfunctions using the expansion theorem and a standard eigenvalue problem procedure. …

An Investigation On Spot-Weld Modeling Complexity For Crash Simulation, Srinivasan Vimalanathan

All Theses

In order to design car body structures which are safe during crash, modern automotive manufacturers perform both full-scale experimental crash tests and computer simulation of vehicle crash events using commercially available Finite Element Analysis (FEA) packages such as ABAQUS or LS-DYNA. Use of crash simulations significantly reduces the number of real time crash experiments needed and reduces the time required for design changes. However, in order to capture accurately crash behavior during high-speed impact, a large amount of detailed FEA modeling features such as number and types of elements, mesh element size, number of components, different types of connectors, material …

Computational Analysis Of Input-Shaping Control Of Microelectromechanical Mirrors, Thomas Starling

All Theses

Advances in micromachining technology have enabled the design and development of high performance microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). There is a pressing need for control techniques that can be used to improve the dynamic behavior of MEMS such as the response speed and precision. In MEMS applications, open-loop control is attractive as it computes a priori the required system input to achieve desired dynamic behavior without using feedback, thus eliminating the problems associated with closed-loop MEMS control. While the input-shaping control is attractive due to its simplicity, the effectiveness of this control approach depends on the accuracy of the model that is …

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Of Tweel Geometric Parameter Modifications On Spoke Dynamics During High Speed Rolling, Maya Ramachandran

All Theses

The acoustic signature and noise produced by non-pnuematic wheels such as the Michelin TWEELTM is a critical design criteria for automotive and other mobility applications. The TWEELTM structure consists of three basic parts: (1) a circular deformable 'shear beam', (2) collapsible spokes and (3) a rigid hub. During high speed rolling the TWEELTM produces acoustic noise which is hypothesized to be due to resonant vibration of the TWEELTM spokes as they enter the contact region, buckle and then snap back into a state of tension. In order to identify and help understand the causes of acoustic noise for a rolling …

Finite Element Analysis Of Carbon Fiber Composite Ripping Using Abaqus, Joy Pederson

All Theses

An energy dissipation system is proposed for use on consumer passenger automotive vehicles and auto racing stock cars. This system will be utilized to protect the occupants from frontal impacts with stationary or near stationary objects. The system will be affixed to the front of the car's primary structure. It is proposed to replace the traditional steel bumper currently in use. This system will not increase the weight of the car, nor will it adversely affect the aerodynamics of the body. The system will improve the crashworthiness of the vehicle. Advanced composites will be the primary sacrificial element in the …

Modeling And Control Of Piezoactive Micro And Nano Systems, Saeid Bashash

All Dissertations

Piezoelectrically-driven (piezoactive) systems such as nanopositioning platforms, scanning probe microscopes, and nanomechanical cantilever probes are advantageous devices enabling molecular-level imaging, manipulation, and characterization in disciplines ranging from materials science to physics and biology. Such emerging applications require precise modeling, control and manipulation of objects, components and subsystems ranging in sizes from few nanometers to micrometers. This dissertation presents a comprehensive modeling and control framework for piezoactive micro and nano systems utilized in various applications.
The development of a precise memory-based hysteresis model for feedforward tracking as well as a Lyapunov-based robust-adaptive controller for feedback tracking control of nanopositioning stages are …

Computional Modeling Of Precision Molding Of Aspheric Glass Optics, Balajee Ananthasayanam

All Dissertations

In this dissertation, research in two parallel directions is presented; the first involves the prediction of the final size and shape of a glass lens during a precision glass lens molding process and the second introduces a method to compute and quantify the importance of higher order terms in fracture mechanics for different modes of fracture.
The process of precision lens molding has received attention in recent years due to its potential to mass produce aspherical lenses. Aspherical lenses have significantly better optical properties and conventional lens making techniques are limited to manufacturing of spherical lenses only. The conventional technique …

Ultracapacitor Assisted Powertrains: Modeling, Control, Sizing, And The Impact On Fuel Economy, Dean Rotenberg

All Theses

This thesis investigates possible fuel economy gains attainable by a combination of high-power density ultracapacitors (also called supercapacitors) and an induction motor integrated into a conventional vehicle powertrain for power assistance.
Periods of quick acceleration require a much higher power output from an automobile than what is encountered under more typical driving conditions. A simple kinetic energy calculation can show that accelerating a 2000 kg vehicle (roughly the size of a Ford Explorer SUV) from 0 to 60 mph in 10 seconds requires almost 70 kW of power, in addition to the power needed to overcome road and air drag …

Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis And Optimization For Light Weight Design Of An Automotive Seat Backrest, Prasanna Balaji Thiyagarajan

All Theses

ABSTRACT
With the goal of reduced weight, free-size finite element based optimization with constraints on stresses and displacements of a commercially available automotive seat backrest frame manufactured from several stamped and welded low carbon ductile steel sheets is performed using OptiStruct linear optimization package from Altair under the loading requirements of mandatory ECE R-17 backrest-moment test and headrest test for vehicles sold in Europe. In the free-size optimization, sheet metal thickness in a finite element shell model of the backrest frame are design variables with stress and displacement limits as the constraints, with an objective to minimize mass. Using the …

A Comprehensive Multiphysics, Multiscale Modeling Framework For Carbon Nanotube Fabrication Process By Chemical Vapor Deposition, Mahmoud Reza Hosseini

All Dissertations

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the most promising nanosize materials as evidenced by the attention they have received since their discovery in 1991 and a wide range of scientific and industrial applications. Each of these applications requires unique CNTs with specific length, diameter and chirality. However, control of these parameters is considered as one of the main challenges for large scale production of CNTs. Furthermore, these processes are not well designed so as to limit the number of CNT defect sites or the production of unwanted byproducts such as amorphous carbon. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a controlled CNTs …

Similarity Metrics Applied To Graph Based Design Model Authoring, Srinivasan Anandan

All Dissertations

Model reuse is typically facilitated by search and retrieval tools, matching the sought model with models in a database. This research aims at providing similar assistance to users authoring design exemplars, a data structure to represent parametric and geometric design problems. The design exemplar represents design problems in the form of a bi-partite graph consisting of entities and relations. Authoring design exemplars for relatively complex design problems can be time consuming and error prone. This forms the motivation of developing a search and retrieval tool, capable of retrieving exemplars that are similar to the exemplar that a user is trying …

Analysis Of Non Load Bearing Two Component (2k) Adhesives; Under The Automotive Hemming Process Variations; Thermogravimetric, Calorimetric And Composition Analyses, Kameswara Nara

All Theses

The work focuses on the analysis of non-load bearing, two component adhesives used in joining the automotive closures. The study is concerned with the thermo-gravimetric and the calorimetric attributes of the 2K adhesive. The study includes the impact of the robotic applicators capability, in terms of the mixing ratio between the resin and the hardener, and the mechanical mixing quality. A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) procedure analyzes the adhesive chemical groups and tracks the growth and decay of the hydroxyl and epoxy peaks. Additionally, the cure-rate based on a reaction-type, is investigated through a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The …

Quantitative Modeling Of Soil Properties Based On Composition And Application To Dynamic Tire Testing, Sumalatha Yaski

All Theses

A new dimension of success in automotive supply is time-based competition. This especially comes to light in tire development, with companies striving to enhance the testing methodologies for reduction in development time. Modeling and development of off-road tires is particularly difficult due to a lack of quantitative descriptions of the operating environment for model validation. Off-road tire evaluation is subjective, expensive, site dependent, and testing of such tires is typically carried out under lower levels of control. The objective of this work is to create fundamental descriptions of pertinent composition based soil properties and to directly relate these properties to …

Three Design Tool Focused Case Studies Of Mechanical Engineering Design Projects, William Miller

All Theses

Three long term mechanical engineering design projects spanning 24 months, 12 months, and 4 months are examined in this thesis. These projects are used to explore the development of a way to represent information flow throughout the design process with respect to design tools used. This is a first step in a broader effort to formalize 1) modeling of design processes, 2) establishing case study research as a formal approach to design research, and 3) developing new design process tools.
A survey of existing models compares the differences between current approaches and the limitations of each. Inspired by IDEF0, an …

Enhancement Of Information Management Capabilities In Mdo Framework, Santosh Hiriyannaiah

All Theses

Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) frameworks have been developed to facilitate the integration of disciplinary analysis codes and optimization techniques. Recent advances in MDO frameworks have addressed issues related to data exchange, distributed computing, process integration and trade study. However, managing, storing and sharing MDO problem information have not yet been fully addressed. In this research a software configuration is proposed. The configuration is built upon a structured repository, common file system and software applications. The configuration is integrated into a commercially available MDO framework to manage, store and share MDO problem information. A common file system proposed in this research …

Reduction Of Sink Marks In Wire Insert Molded Parts, Gauri Phadke

All Theses

Integrating the huge wiring harness network with the plastic trim components found in the car is an attractive way to reduce the vehicle weight. When any foreign object is inserted in an injection molded part, the change in polymer cross section leads to sink marks which are aesthetic defects and are not acceptable for plastic trim components.
In this thesis, a method to minimize or eliminate sink marks for wire insert molded component using injection molding process is presented. L9 Taguchi DOE experimental framework has been employed to study the effect of process parameters, part rib geometry, and the presence …

An Investigative Study Of Patents From An Engineering Design Perspective, Ajit Singh Kanda

All Theses

Preservation and reuse of valuable design experience aids in the design of new products and processes. Product design repositories are presently being used as a means to preserve and later reuse design knowledge. As such, patent databases such as the United States Patent office and the European Patent Office offer design knowledge in the form of patents. Unfortunately, these sources of novel design solutions do not appear to have been have not been effectively used in the context of engineering design.
In this research, the role of patents in a systematic design process is reviewed understand its utility in the …

Design Process Modeling: Towards An Ontology Of Engineering Design Activities, Pavan Kumar

All Theses

An ontology of engineering design activities, called the Design Activity Ontology (DAO), is developed in this research. The DAO models 82 information flows and 25 design activities. These activities cover phases of the design process from conceptual phase through detail design phase. The ontology provides a formalized and structured vocabulary of design activities for consistency and exchange of design process models. The DAO enables design processes to be modeled, analyzed and optimized. The DAO is constructed using information flows identified in current design literature, commonly accepted engineering design textbooks, and an existing activity ontology. Specifically, the DAO is an extension …