Power and Energy Commons^™

Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering With Dynamic Time Warping For Household Load Curve Clustering, Fadi Almahamid, Katarina Grolinger

Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications

Energy companies often implement various demand response (DR) programs to better match electricity demand and supply by offering the consumers incentives to reduce their demand during critical periods. Classifying clients according to their consumption patterns enables targeting specific groups of consumers for DR. Traditional clustering algorithms use standard distance measurement to find the distance between two points. The results produced by clustering algorithms such as K-means, K-medoids, and Gaussian Mixture Models depend on the clustering parameters or initial clusters. In contrast, our methodology uses a shape-based approach that combines Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) with Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to classify …

Digital Twin For Hvac Load And Energy Storage Based On A Hybrid Ml Model With Cta-2045 Controls Capability, Rosemary E. Alden, Evan S. Jones, Huangjie Gong, Abdullah Al Hadi, Dan Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

Building modeling, specifically heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) load and equivalent energy storage calculations, represent a key focus for decarbonization of buildings and smart grid controls. Widely used white box models, due to their complexity, are too computationally intensive to be employed in high resolution distributed energy resources (DER) platforms without simulation time delays. In this paper, an ultra-fast one-minute resolution Hybrid Machine Learning Model (HMLM) is proposed as part of a novel procedure to replicate white box models as an alternative to widespread experimental big data collection. Synthetic output data from experimentally calibrated EnergyPlus models for three existing …

How Will Heat Pumps Affect Electricity Load Profiles For Buildings In Ireland? Empirical Data Used To Model Possible Financial Impacts Facing Consumers, Michael Mcdonald

Conference papers

The current geopolitical situation is certainly challenging the colossal transition to Zero carbon Economy. In fact, in the coming years, the electricity sector will have to find new innovative ways to meet the ever increasing need for energy without the over reliance on fossil fuels and their country of origin. Over the next decade, oil and gas boilers will not be permitted in new buildings in Ireland, in line with the Irish Building Regulations, Technical Guidance Document L – Conservation of Fuel and Energy 2021. This is a major shift in traditional building services methodology and heat technology. …

Designing Harvesting And Hauling Cost Models For Energy Cane Production For Biorefineries, Prabodh Illukpitiya, Firuz Yuldashev, Kabirat Nasiru

Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Faculty Research

The harvesting and hauling operations of bioenergy feedstock is an important area in biofuel production. Production costs can be minimized by maintaining optimal machinery units for these operations. The objective of this study is to design an optimal harvesting unit for bioenergy refinery and estimate harvesting and hauling costs of energy cane. A biorefinery with the annual capacity of processing twenty-five million imp. gallons of ethanol were considered. Given the efficiency of harvesting, a two-row soldier system was considered. Considering the year-round supply of energy cane to the refinery, the optimal machinery unit was designed, and the combined operation costs …

Modified Q-Learning Method For Automatic Voltage Regulation In Wide-Area Multigeneration Systems, Brook Abegaz, Sina Zarrabian

Engineering Science Faculty Publications

The state-estimation and optimal control of multigeneration systems are challenging for wide-area systems having numerous distributed automatic voltage regulators (AVR). This paper proposes a modified Q-learning method and algorithm that aim to improve the convergence of the approach and enhance the dynamic response and stability of the terminal voltage of multiple generators in the experimental Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) and large-scale IEEE 39-bus test systems. The large-scale experimental testbed consists of a six-area, 39-bus system having ten generators that are connected to ten AVRs. The implementation shows promising results in providing stable terminal voltage profiles and other system parameters …

Monofacial Vs Bifacial Solar Photovoltaic Systems In Snowy Environments, Koami Soulemane Hayibo, Aliaksei Petsiuk, Pierce Mayville, Laura Brown, Joshua M. Pearce

Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications

There has been a recent surge in interest in the more accurate snow loss estimates for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems as large-scale deployments move into northern latitudes. Preliminary results show bifacial modules may clear snow faster than monofacial PV. This study analyzes snow losses on these two types of systems using empirical hourly data including energy, solar irradiation and albedo, and open-source image processing methods from images of the arrays in a northern environment in the winter. Projection transformations based on reference anchor points and snowless ground truth images provide reliable masking and optical distortion correction with fixed surveillance cameras. …

Behavior, Switching Losses, And Efficiency Enhancement Potentials Of 1200 V Sic Power Devices For Hard-Switched Power Converters, Ali Mahmoud Salman Al-Bayati, Mohammad Abdul Matin

Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Scholarship

Semiconductor power devices are the major constituents of any power conversion system. These systems are faced by many circumscriptions due to the operating constraints of silicon (Si) based semiconductors under certain conditions. The emergence and persistence evolution of wide bandgap technology pledge to transcend the restrictions imposed by Si based semiconductors. This paper presents a thorough experimental study and assessment of the performance of three power devices: 1200 V SiC cascode, 1200 V SiC MOSFET, and 1200 V Si IGBT under the same hardware setup. The study aims to capture the major attributes for each power device toward determining their …

Foam-Based Floatovoltaics: A Potential Solution To Disappearing Terminal Natural Lakes, Koami Soulemane Hayibo, Joshua M. Pearce

Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications

Terminal lakes are disappearing worldwide because of direct and indirect human activities. Floating photovoltaics (FPV) are a synergistic system with increased energy output because of water cooling, while the FPV reduces water evaporation. This study explores how low-cost foam-based floatovoltaic systems can mitigate the disappearance of natural lakes. A case study is performed on 10%–50% FPV coverage of terminal and disappearing Walker Lake. Water conservation is investigated with a modified Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration method and energy generation is calculated with an operating temperature model experimentally determined from foam-based FPV. Results show FPV saves 52,000,000 m3/year of water and US$6,000,000 at 50% …

Forecast Of Community Total Electric Load And Hvac Component Disaggregation Through A New Lstm-Based Method, Huangjie Gong, Rosemary E. Alden, Aron Patrick, Dan Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

The forecast and estimation of total electric power demand of a residential community, its baseload, and its heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) power component, which represents a very large portion of a community electricity usage, are important enablers for optimal energy controls and utility planning. This paper proposes a method that employs machine learning in a multi-step integrated approach. An LSTM model for total electric power at the main circuit feeder is trained using historic multi-year hourly data, outdoor temperature, and solar irradiance. New key temperature indicators, TmHAVC, corresponding to the standby zero-power operation for HVAC systems for summer cooling …

Encouraging Voluntary Government Action Via A Solar-Friendly Designation Program To Promote Solar Energy In The United States, Xue Gao, Casey I. Canfield, Tian Tang, Hunter Hill, Morgan Higman, John Cornwell

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Sustainable development requires an accelerated transition toward renewable energy. In particular, substantially scaling up solar photovoltaics (PV) adoption is a crucial component of reducing the impacts of climate change and promoting sustainable development. However, it is challenging to convince local governments to take action. This study uses a combination of propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences (DID) models to assess the effectiveness of a voluntary environmental program (VEP) called SolSmart that targets local governments to engage in solar-friendly practices to promote the local solar PV market in the United States. Via specific designation requirements and technical assistance, SolSmart simplifies the …

The Greenest Solar Power? Life Cycle Assessment Of Foam-Based Flexible Floatovoltaics, Koami Soulemane Hayibo, Pierce Mayville, Joshua M. Pearce

Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications

This study presents a life cycle analysis (LCA) of a 10 MW foam-based floatovoltaics (FPV) plant installed on Lake Mead, Nevada, U.S. A material inventory of the flexible crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based module involved massing and determination of material composition of the module's encapsulation layers with ATR/FTR spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The LCA was performed using SimaPro and the results were interpreted in terms of cumulative energy demands, energy payback time, global warming potential, GHG emissions, and water footprint including negative values for reduced evaporation. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the lifetime of the modules and the foam-based racking. The …

Parameter Estimation And Charge Control In Standalone And Grid-Tied Batteries, Asadullah Khalid

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Energy storage systems are the critical components enabling an electrified future ranging from electric vehicles (EVs) to microgrid (MG) applications. With the advancements in these applications, the operational dynamics of electrochemical energy storage such as Lithium-ion batteries need to be analyzed from the lifecycle impact, cybersecurity, balancing requirements, and prognostics perspectives. These operations enable the interconnected systems to be secure, efficient, and self-adaptive while reducing greenhouse emissions.

This research aims to develop threefold solutions. The first objective of this dissertation is to analyze lifecycle impact, quantify the interconnection requirements of battery energy storage systems, and evaluate cybersecurity frameworks for battery …

Building Marginal Pattern Library With Unbiased Training Dataset For Enhancing Model-Free Load-Ed Mapping, Qiwei Zhang, Fangxing Li, Wei Feng, Xiaofei Wang, Linquan Bai, Rui Bo

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Input-output mapping for a given power system problem, such as loads versus economic dispatch (ED) results, has been demonstrated to be learnable through artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including neural networks. However, the process of identifying and constructing a comprehensive dataset for the training of such input-output mapping remains a challenge to be solved. Conventionally, load samples are generated by a pre-defined distribution, and then ED is solved based on those load samples to form training datasets, but this paper demonstrates that such dataset generation is biased regarding load-ED mapping. The marginal unit and line congestion (i.e., marginal pattern) exhibit a …

Facile One-Step Hydrothermal Method For Nico2s4/Rgo Nanocomposite Synthesis For Efficient Hybrid Supercapacitor Electrodes, Ahmed Mysara, Sayed Y. Attia, Fouad I. El-Hosiny, M A. Sadek, Saad G. Mohamed, M M. Rashad

Nanotechnology Research Centre

Spinel nickel-cobalt sulfide (NiCo2S4) supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was fabricated through a facile one-step hydrothermal method for energy storage applications. The distribution of the NiCo2S4 nanoparticles on the rGO surface was found to improve the supercapacitive performance of the assembled device. The NiCo2S4/rGO nanocomposite exhibits outstanding electrochemical behavior with a capacity (C)/specific capacitance (Cs) of 536 C g−1/1072 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. To further investigate the electrochemical behavior of the NiCo2S4/rGO nanocomposite, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) was constructed utilizing a NiCo2S4/rGO positive electrode and an activated carbon …

Recent Advances Of Wind-Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems For Power Generation: A Review, Pranoy Roy, Jiangbiao He, Tiefu Zhao, Yash Veer Singh

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

A hybrid renewable energy source (HRES) consists of two or more renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines and photovoltaic systems, utilized together to provide increased system efficiency and improved stability in energy supply to a certain degree. The objective of this study is to present a comprehensive review of wind-solar HRES from the perspectives of power architectures, mathematical modeling, power electronic converter topologies, and design optimization algorithms. Since the uncertainty of HRES can be reduced further by including an energy storage system, this paper presents several hybrid energy storage system coupling technologies, highlighting their major advantages and disadvantages. Various …

Evaluation Of The Accuracy Of Different Pv Estimation Models And The Effect Of Dust Cleaning: Case Study A 103 Mw Pv Plant In Jordan, Loiy Al-Ghussain, Moath Abu Subaih, Andres Annuk

Mechanical Engineering Graduate Research

The estimation of PV production has been widely investigated previously, where many empirical models have been proposed to account for wind and soiling effects for specific locations. However, the performance of these models varies among the investigated sites. Hence, it is vital to assess and evaluate the performance of these models and benchmark them against the common PV estimation model that accounts only for the ambient temperature. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the accuracy and performance of four empirical wind models considering the soiling effect, and compare them to the standard model for a 103 MW PV plant in …

Data-Driven Decarbonization Of Residential Heating Systems: An Equity Perspective., John Wamburu, Emma Grazier, David Irwin, Christine Crago, Prashant Shenoy

Publications

Since heating buildings using natural gas, propane and oil makes up a significant proportion of the aggregate carbon emissions every year, there is a strong interest in decarbonizing residential heating systems using new technologies such as electric heat pumps. In this poster, we conduct a data-driven optimization study to analyze the potential of replacing gas heating with electric heat pumps to reduce carbon emissions in a city-wide distribution grid. We seek to not only reduce the carbon footprint of residential heating, but also show how to do so equitably. Our results show that lower income homes have an energy usage …

A Moment In The Sun: Solar Nowcasting From Multispectral Satellite Data Using Self-Supervised Learning, Akansha Singh Bansal, Trapit Bansal, David Irwin

Publications

ABSTRACT

Solar energy is now the cheapest form of electricity in history. Unfortunately,

signi.cantly increasing the electric grid’s fraction of

solar energy remains challenging due to its variability, which makes

balancing electricity’s supply and demand more di.cult. While

thermal generators’ ramp rate—the maximum rate at which they

can change their energy generation—is .nite, solar energy’s ramp

rate is essentially in.nite. Thus, accurate near-term solar forecasting,

or nowcasting, is important to provide advance warnings to

adjust thermal generator output in response to variations in solar

generation to ensure a balanced supply and demand. To address the

problem, this paper develops a …

Optimization Based On Movable Damped Wave Algorithm For Design Of Photovoltaic/ Wind/ Diesel/ Biomass/ Battery Hybrid Energy Systems, Mohammed Kharrich, Salah Kamel, Mamdouh Abdel-Akher, Ahmad Eid, Hossam Zawbaa, Jonghoon Kim

Articles

The actual energetic situation has several challenges such as pollution, the rarefaction of fossil fuel and the dangers of nuclear. Renewable sources are proposed as a solution and suggested, such as a cost-effectiveness system. The paper deals with the problem of feeding a domestic load with electricity which should respect the ecologies factors, so this work is a design problem of the hybrid renewable energy systems; PV/biomass, PV/diesel/battery, PV/wind/diesel/battery, and wind/diesel/battery to choose the best one of them which feed the load with the lowest cost. The study’s goal is to design a microgrid system by the minimization of the …

Honey Badger Optimizer For Extracting The Ungiven Parameters Of Pemfc Model: Steady-State Assessment, Hossam Ashraf, Sameh Osama Abdellatif Dr, Mahmoud Elkoly Dr, Attia Elfergany Prof

Electrical Engineering

In this work, a novel attempt is performed to optimally identify the seven ungiven parameters of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) steady-state model. A fitness function is adapted to reduce the sum of quadratic errors (SQEs) between the experimentally measured voltages and the corresponding computed values. A honey badger optimizer (HBO) is utilized to minimize the SQEs, exposed to a group of inequality bounds. Three test cases of well-known commercial PEMFCs units as benchmarking are elucidated and discussed over different steady-state operating conditions. Substantial comparisons to the other up-to-date optimizers published in the art-of-literature are provided to appraise …

Synergy Of Neuro-Fuzzy Controller And Tuna Swarm Algorithm For Maximizing The Overall Efficiency Of Pem Fuel Cells Stack Including Dynamic Performance, Hossam Ashraf, Mahmoud M. Elkholy Prof, Sameh O. Abdellatif, Attia A. El-Fergany Prof

Electrical Engineering

Recently, world endeavors are focused on promoting energy savings by operating both sources and loads at their maximum efficiency points. Thus, this paper presents a novel attempt to optimally determine the operating parameters of an isolated system comprising the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) stack serving a variable load. A fitness function is adapted to maximize the PEMFCs stack’s efficiency using tuna swarm algorithm (TSA), subjected to set of inequality constraints. A well-known commercial type of PEMFCs stack namely Nedstack PS6 6 kW, are carefully studied over two TSA-based optimization scenarios. The first scenario aims at optimizing five operating …

Spectrum Sensing With Energy Detection In Multiple Alternating Time Slots, Călin Vlădeanu, Alexandru Marţian, Dimitrie C. Popescu

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Energy detection (ED) represents a low complexity approach used by secondary users (SU) to sense spectrum occupancy by primary users (PU) in cognitive radio (CR) systems. In this paper, we present a new algorithm that senses the spectrum occupancy by performing ED in K consecutive sensing time slots starting from the current slot and continuing by alternating before and after the current slot. We consider a PU traffic model specified in terms of an average duty cycle value, and derive analytical expressions for the false alarm probability (FAP) and correct detection probability (CDP) for any value of K . Our …

Hosting A Community-Based Local Electricity Market In A Residential Network, Aziz Saif, Shafi K. Khadem, Michael Conlon, Brian Norton

Articles

This paper presents the potential of building a local electricity market (LEM) to boost the deployment of the local energy communities, centred around active customers with distributed energy resources (DERs). To conduct a comprehensive and detailed study on different cases with reduced computational burdens, this paper adopts a simplified modelling approach where the market and network model simulations are performed in a cascaded, decoupled fashion. This allows achieving the optimal LEM output for the energy community with different DER assets that are not bounded by the network constraints. The investigation involves quantifying the benefits brought by LEM to energy communities …

8-Plate Multi-Resonant Coupling Using A Class-E2 Power Converter For Misalignments In Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer, Yashwanth Bezawada, Shirshak K. Dhali

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Misalignment is a common issue in wireless power transfer systems. It shifts the resonant frequency away from the operating frequency that affects the power flow and efficiency from the charging station to the load. This work proposes a novel capacitive wireless power transfer (CPT) using an 8-plate multi-resonant capacitive coupling to minimize the effect of misalignments. A single-active switch class-E² power converter is utilized to achieve multi-resonance through the selection of different resonant inductors. Simulations show a widening of the resonant frequency band which offers better performance than a regular 4-plate capacitive coupling for misalignments. The hardware results of …

Runtime Power Allocation Based On Multi-Gpu Utilization In Gamess, Masha Sosonkina, Vaibhav Sundriyal, Jorge Luis Galvez Vallejo

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

To improve the power consumption of parallel applications at the runtime, modern processors provide frequency scaling and power limiting capabilities. In this work, a runtime strategy is proposed to maximize performance under a given power budget by distributing the available power according to the relative GPU utilization. Time series forecasting methods were used to develop workload prediction models that provide accurate prediction of GPU utilization during application execution. Experiments were performed on a multi-GPU computing platform DGX-1 equipped with eight NVIDIA V100 GPUs used for quantum chemistry calculations in the GAMESS package. For a limited power budget, the proposed strategy …

Grand Challenges In Low Temperature Plasmas, Xinpei Lu, Peter J. Bruggeman, Stephan Reuter, George Naidis, Annemie Bogaerts, Mounir Laroussi, Michael Keidar, Eric Robert, Jean-Michel Pouvesle, Dawei Liu, Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Low temperature plasmas (LTPs) enable to create a highly reactive environment at near ambient temperatures due to the energetic electrons with typical kinetic energies in the range of 1 to 10 eV (1 eV = 11600K), which are being used in applications ranging from plasma etching of electronic chips and additive manufacturing to plasma-assisted combustion. LTPs are at the core of many advanced technologies. Without LTPs, many of the conveniences of modern society would simply not exist. New applications of LTPs are continuously being proposed. Researchers are facing many grand challenges before these new applications can be translated to practice. …

Entropy Of Generating Series For Nonlinear Input-Output Systems And Their Interconnections, W. Steven Gray

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This paper has two main objectives. The first is to introduce a notion of entropy that is well suited for the analysis of nonlinear input-output systems that have a Chen-Fliess series representation. The latter is defined in terms of its generating series over a noncommutative alphabet. The idea is to assign an entropy to a generating series as an element of a graded vector space. The second objective is to describe the entropy of generating series originating from interconnected systems of Chen-Fliess series that arise in the context of control theory. It is shown that one set of interconnections can …

Sizing Considerations For Ev Dynamic Wireless Charging Systems With Integrated Energy Storage, Donovin Lewis, Huangjie Gong, Gregory D. Erhardt, Rong Zeng, Omer Onar, Veda Prakash Galigekere, Burak Ozpineci, Dan Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

Roadways with dynamic wireless charging systems (DWCS) enable charge-sustaining in-motion EV charging, which can reduce charging idle time while increasing range capabilities. Spatially distributed transmitter coils are controlled in response to traffic load that varies significantly minute to minute with high power levels, very short charging time, and low system utilization like wind turbine power. Traffic load estimation and localized analysis may guide effective sizing and topology adoption for feasible and scalable DWCS deployment. DWCS traffic load approximation is reviewed with measured Automated Traffic Recorder (ATR) data and statistical distributions being used to create a synthetic load analyzed using proposed …

Hosting A Community-Based Local Electricity Market In A Residential Network, Aziz Saif, Shafi K. Khadem, Michael Conlon, Brian Norton

Articles

This paper presents the potential of building a local electricity market (LEM) to boost the deployment of the local energy communities, centred around active customers with distributed energy resources (DERs). To conduct a comprehensive and detailed study on different cases with reduced computational burdens, this paper adopts a simplified modelling approach where the market and network model simulations are performed in a cascaded, decoupled fashion. This allows achieving the optimal LEM output for the energy community with different DER assets that are not bounded by the network constraints. The investigation involves quantifying the benefits brought by LEM to energy communities …

Multi-Physics And Artificial Intelligence Models For Digital Twin Implementations Of Residential Electric Loads, Steven Poore, Rosemary E. Alden, Huangjie Gong, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and electric water heating (EWH) represent residential loads. Simulating these appliances for electric load forecasting, demand response (DR) studies, and human behavior analysis using physics-based models and artificial intelligence (AI) can further advance smart home technology. This paper explains the background of residential load modeling, starting with the concept of digital twin (DT) as well as the different types of methods. Two major types of appliance load monitoring (ALM) and their advantages/disadvantages are then discussed. This is followed by a review of multiple studies on residential load modeling, particularly for HVAC, EWH, and human behavior. …