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Volume Holographic Optical Elements, Ching-Cherng Sun, Partha P. Banerjee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The final two papers are concerned with the analysis of novel holograms. Banerjee et al. investigate holographic recording and reconstruction for edge-lit holograms recorded in a 90-degree geometry. Various cases of recording and readout that incorporate propagational diffraction have been modeled. It is shown that the 90-degree geometry can result in beam shaping, as evidenced through preliminary experimental results with photorefractive lithium niobate. Nguyen et al. propose a new approach for designing computer-generated holograms. An artificial neural network is used to initiate the genetic algorithm so that the high computation cost of genetic algorithms for synthesizing holograms is significantly reduced …

Examination Of Focused Beam Propagation Through A Finite Non-Reciprocal Planar Chiral Slab Using Complex Fresnel Coefficients And Dual Transforms, Monish Ranjan Chatterjee, Sumit Nema, Partha P. Banerjee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Recently, uniform plane wave propagation across a nonchiral-chiral interface was examined via the development of appropriate Fresnel coefficients. In this extension, propagation of focused uniform and profiled beams through a finite, planar nonreciprocal chiral slab is investigated using complex Fresnel coefficients via angular plane wave decomposition and dual transforms.

Revisiting The Fresnel Coefficients For Uniform Plane Wave Propagation Across A Nonchiral, Reciprocal And Chiral, Nonreciprocal Interface, Monish Ranjan Chatterjee, Sumit Nema

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The problem of EM wave propagation in non-reciprocal chiral media has been studied by several investigators. In a recent approach, a dual-transform technique has been developed to study the problem of such propagation under paraxial and slow-envelope variation conditions.

In this paper, we first outline some of the results obtained using the dual transform technique for arbitrary boundary conditions within the left boundary of a semi-infinite, non-reciprocal chiral medium for a uniform plane wave, and a fundamental Gaussian-profiled beam. Next, we explore the problem of a uniform EM wave incident at an oblique angle at an interface between a reciprocal, …

Digital Image Processing, Russell C. Hardie, Majeed M. Hayat

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

In recent years, digital images and digital image processing have become part of everyday life. This growth has been primarily fueled by advances in digital computers and the advent and growth of the Internet. Furthermore, commercially available digital cameras, scanners, and other equipment for acquiring, storing, and displaying digital imagery have become very inexpensive and increasingly powerful. An excellent treatment of digital images and digital image processing can be found in Ref. [1]. A digital image is simply a two-dimensional array of finite-precision numerical values called picture elements (or pixels). Thus a digital image is a spatially discrete (or discrete-space) …

Comparision Of Measured Convection Velocities With Calcuulations Based On Electric Potential Model, Daniel E. Britton

Honors Capstone Projects and Theses

No abstract provided.

Implementation Of A Si/Sic Hybrid Optically Controlled High-Power Switching Device, Prashant Bhadri, Kuntao Ye, Elena A. Guliants, Fred R. Beyette Jr.

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The ever-increasing performance and economy of operation requirements placed on commercial and military transport aircraft are resulting in very complex systems. As a result, the use of fiber optic component technology has lead to high data throughput, immunity to EMI, reduced certification and maintenance costs and reduced weight features. In particular, in avionic systems, data integrity and high data rates are necessary for stable flight control. Fly-by-Light systems that use optical signals to actuate the flight control surfaces of an aircraft have been suggested as a solution to the EMI problem in avionic systems. Current fly-by-light systems are limited by …

Translation Of 'Balika Badhu: A Selected Anthology Of Bengali Short Stories', Monish Ranjan Chatterjee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This project, which began with the desire to render into English a rather long tale by Bimal Kar about five years ago, eventually grew into a considerably more extended compilation of Bengali short stories by 10 of the most well-known practitioners of that art since the heyday of Rabindranath Tagore. The collection is limited in many ways, not the least of which being that no woman writer has been included, and that it contains only a baker's dozen stories (if we count Bonophool's micro-stories collectively as one ) — a number pitifully small considering the vast and prolific field of …

A 0.5 Μm Thick Polysilicon Schottky Diode With Rectification Ratio Of 10^6, Elena A. Guliants, Chunhai Ji, Young J. Song, Wayne A. Anderson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Polycrystalline Si films, 0.5-mm thick, were obtained as a result of metal-induced growth by sputtering from a Si target on 25 nm thick Ni prelayers at 525 °C. Silicon grew heteroepitaxially on the NiSi2 layer formed due to the reaction between the sputtered Si atoms and Ni. Schottky diodes were fabricated on the Si films by deposition of a Schottky metal on the front surface of the film while Ni disilicide provided an intimate ohmic contact at the back. A Pd/n-Si diode using an n-Si film annealed for 2 h at 700 °C in forming gas demonstrated a rectification ratio …

Self-Assembly Of Spatially Separated Silicon Structures By Si Heteroepitaxy On Ni Disilicide, Elena A. Guliants, Chunhai Ji, Wayne A. Anderson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

A nonlithographic approach to produce self-assembled spatially separated Si structures for nanoelectronic applications was developed, employing the metal-induced silicon growth. Densely packed Si whiskers, 500–800 nm thick and up to 2500 nm long, were obtained by magnetron sputtering of Si on a 25 nm thick Ni prelayer at 575 °C. The nucleation of the NiSi2 compound at the Ni–Si interface followed by the Si heteroepitaxy on the lattice-matched NiSi2 is suggested to be the driving force for the whisker formation.

Feedback Correction Of Angular Error In Grating Readout, Monish Ranjan Chatterjee, Sundaram Ramachandran

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Angular and wavelength READ beam errors in holographic interconnection systems are often a recurrent problem. Several strategies have been proposed to minimize or eliminate such READOUT misalignments.

Some years ago, Chatterjee and co-workers proposed a method involving READ beam wavelength tuning to correct output angular errors. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using an acousto-optic (A-O) Bragg cell with optoelectronic feedback to dynamically correct the scattered beam for deviations in the incidence direction of the READ beam of a hologram. The concept here is based on an acoustic frequency feedback strategy used recently by Balakshy and Kazaryan for …

Overview Of Acousto-Optic Bistability, Chaos, And Logical Applications, Monish Ranjan Chatterjee, Erol Sonmez

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

An overview is presented of the key results in the field of acousto-optic bistability in the past two decades. It is shown that the basic acousto-optic bistable device may be described as a nonlinear dynamical system which satisfies a quadratic map. Thereafter, details are presented of several analytical methods, computer modeling approaches, including the SPICE circuit modeling technique, and experiments that have been used to understand the phenomenon.

Extensions to logical and digital applications are also discussed.

Study Of Dynamics And Mechanism Of Metal-Induced Silicon Growth, Elena A. Guliants, Wayne A. Anderson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The present study addresses the mechanism of metal-induced growth of device-quality silicon thin films. Si deposition was performed by magnetron sputtering on a 25-nm-thick Ni prelayer at 525–625 °C and yielded a continuous, highly crystalline film with a columnar structure. A Ni disilicide intermediate layer formed as a result of the Ni reaction with Si deposit provides a sufficient site for the Si epitaxial growth because lattice mismatch is small between the two materials. The reaction between Ni and Si was observed to progress in several stages. The NixSiy phase evolution in a Ni:Si layer was studied by x-ray photoelectron …

Rotation-Invariant Synthetic Discriminant Function Filter For Pattern Recognition, Vahid R. Riasati, Partha P. Banerjee, Mustafa A. G. Abushagur, Kenneth B. Howell

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The ring synthetic discriminant function (RSDF) filter for rotation-invariant response is discussed for pattern recognition. This method uses one half of a slice of the Fourier transform of the object to generate the transfer function of the filter. This is accomplished by rotating the one half of a slice in the Fourier domain through 2π rad about the zero-frequency point of the Fourier plane. This filter has the advantage of always matching at least one half of a slice of the Fourier transform of any rotation of the image. An analytical discussion of the filter construction and correlation results are …

Characterization Of Poly-Si Thin Films Deposited By Magnetron Sputtering Onto Ni Prelayers, Elena A. Guliants, Wayne A. Anderson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

A method of producing a polycrystalline silicon thin film on a foreign substrate without subsequent annealing has been developed. Thermally evaporated 5–100 nm thick Nifilms served as prelayers for magnetron sputtered Si thin films. A continuous film was obtained as a result of metal induced growth of polysilicon during low temperature (below 600 °C) deposition. The film uniformity is promising for large area device applications. The influence of the Ni prelayer thickness on the grain size of thus obtained films was investigated. Atomic force microscopy and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy studies revealed features in the 150–600 nm size range while …

Nonlinear Self-Organization In Photorefractive Materials, Partha P. Banerjee, Nickolai Kukhtarev, John O. Dimmock

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This chapter discusses self-organization and its effects in optics. One of the most exciting and potentially useful areas of current research in optics involves the understanding and exploitation of self-organization in nonlinear optical systems. This self-organization may sometimes lead to the evolution of complex spatial patterns that can be regarded as the nonlinear eigenmodes of the system. Generation of these patterns is characteristically marked by the presence of intensity thresholds. In a nonlinear system with complicated temporal dynamics, it turns out that one cannot retain purity in spatial dimensionality. It is therefore equally important to investigate the dynamics of the …

Guest Editorial: Special Section On Acousto-Optic Devices And Optical Information Processing: Research And Developments, Partha P. Banerjee, Ting-Chung Poon

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This guest editorial provides an overview of the topical area and an introduction to the articles featured in the special section.

Laser Beam Profile Deformation Effect During Bragg Acousto-Optic Interaction: A Non-Paraxial Approximation, Ray S. Huang, Chen-Wen Tarn, Partha P. Banerjee, Doungchin Cao

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

It is commonly known that the spatial profiles of the diffracted light beams during Bragg acousto-optic interaction are distorted due to the Bragg angle selection mechanism. All the conventional studies on this effect use the paraxial approximation. But this approximation should be amended when the incident angle of the light is large enough that the diffracted light waves do not propagate closely along the optic axis of the acousto-optic diffraction system. By using a spatial Fourier transform approach, we rigorously study the light beam profile deformation effect of the diffracted light during the Bragg acousto-optic interaction beyond the paraxial approximation. …

Examination Of Beam Propagation In Misaligned Holographic Gratings And Comparison With The Acousto-Optic Transfer Function Model For Profiled Beams, Monish Ranjan Chatterjee, David D. Reagan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

A transfer function formalism developed earlier for the propagation of profiled optical beams through acousto-optic Bragg cells is revisited and applied to a thick holographic grating. The results based on the holographic coupled wave model and the acousto-optic multiple scattering model are shown to be compatible, and equivalent parameters such as the Q and grating strength are defined for the two systems. Results for a Gaussian spatial profile are numerically computed and compared. For the holographic grating, a profiled beam may be interpreted as an angular misalignment or Bragg-angle mismatch problem. The case of Bragg-wavelength mismatch is also investigated for …

Self-Enhancement Of Dynamic Gratings In Photogalvanic Crystals, Nickolai Kukhtarev, Sergei F. Lyuksyutov, Preben Buchhave, Tatiana Kukhtareva, K. Sayano, Partha P. Banerjee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

We have developed a compact closed-form solution of the band transport model for high-contrast gratings in photogalvanic crystals. Our solution predicts the effect of the photoconductivity and the electric field grating enhancement due to the photogalvanic effect. We predict a pronounced dependence of the steady-state photogalvanic current on the contrast of the interference pattern and an increase of holographic storage time due to the enhancement of the photoconductivity grating contrast. In the high contrast limit and a large photogalvanic effect the refractive index grating will be shifted from the position of the intensity modulation pattern, contrary to the usually adopted …

Experimental Investigations Of Wavelength And Angular Errors In Holographic Gratings With Non-Bragg-Matched Read Beams, Monish Ranjan Chatterjee, Vivek Ray

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Perfect Bragg matching is generally desirable for accurate optical interconnections with holographic gratings. In reality, however, gratings may be illuminated by READ beams with non-Bragg-matched angles, or wavelengths, or both. In such cases, the scattered beams are generally misdirected, and may suffer loss of efficiency and possibly more serious errors such as crosstalk noise or missed connections. A conventional wave-vector triad method of analyzing the scattered beam errors leads readily to near-Bragg estimates of the output angular misalignment. However, the READ wave-vector triads appear to indicate a possible wavelength shift in the output beam even with a Bragg-matched READ wavelength, …

Joint Wavelet Transform Correlation With Separated Target And Reference Planes, Boon Yi Soon, Mohammad A. Karim, Russell C. Hardie, Mohammad S. Alam

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

In recent years, we realize the usefulness of feature extraction for optical correlator and hereby, we investigate the capability of Laplace operator in feature extraction of multiple targets. The first-order terms and the false alarm terms in the correlation output would be removed using electronic power spectrum subtraction technique. Most importantly, the entire magneto-optic SLM is completely utilized for displaying only targets in the input scene. A new cost efficient hardware implementation is proposed and aforementioned result of the proposed system is evaluated through computer simulation.

High-Resolution Image Reconstruction From A Sequence Of Rotated And Translated Frames And Its Application To An Infrared Imaging System, Russell C. Hardie, Kenneth J. Barnard, John G. Bognar, Ernest E. Armstrong, Edward A. Watson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Some imaging systems employ detector arrays that are not sufficiently dense to meet the Nyquist criterion during image acquisition. This is particularly true for many staring infrared imagers. Thus, the full resolution afforded by the optics is not being realized in such a system. This paper presents a technique for estimating a high-resolution image, with reduced aliasing, from a sequence of undersampled rotated and translationally shifted frames. Such an image sequence can be obtained if an imager is mounted on a moving platform, such as an aircraft. Several approaches to this type of problem have been proposed in the literature. …

Attitude Measurement, Mark A. Stedham, Partha P. Banerjee, Seiji Nishifuji, Shogo Tanaka

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

In many practical situations, it is important to determine and measure the attitude of a particular vehicle, such as a ship, an airplane, a piece of mechanical equipment such as a, crane lifter, or a spacecraft. For this reason, many attitude sensors have been developed with advanced computer and semiconductor technologies. This section first introduces the various attitude sensors with an explanation of their operating principles and then presents several methodologies for attitude measurement and determination, including ships and crane lifters, aircraft, and spacecraft applications.

Translation Of 'Profiles In Faith', Monish Ranjan Chatterjee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Sarat Chandra Chatterjee (1876-1938) may be considered one of the three most significant figures of the literary component of the Bengal Renaissance, the other two being Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (1838-1894) and Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941). As much as Bankim Chandra is identified with the new age in the Bengali novel, and the development of serious vernacular journalism, and Rabindranath with modern/classical movements in Bengali poetry and music, along with novel ideas in methods of education and teaching, Sarat Chandra, as a novelist and storyteller, perfected the art of narration and critical analyses of a variety of contemporaneous social and political issues, …

Broadband Dynamic, Holographically Self-Recorded, And Static Hexagonal Scattering Patterns In Photorefractive Knbo3:Fe, Nickolai Kukhtarev, Tatiana V. Kukhtareva, John Caulfield, Partha P. Banerjee, Hsueh-Ling Yu, Lambertus Hesselink

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

We have observed and explained three types of hexagon pattern formation in photo refractive crystal KNb03:Fe. These are:

• Dynamic (laser induced)
• Semipermanent (holographically stored)
• Permanent (induced by a static domain grid) over a wide wavelength range

Transient Wave Mixing And Recording Kinetics In Photorefractive Barium Titanate: A Nonlinear Coupled Mode Approach, Partha P. Banerjee, John M. Jarem

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

By using rigorous coupled-wave diffraction theory along with a time-dependent nonlinear formulation, we analyze two- and multiplewave coupling and the grating kinetics in BaTi03 with different boundary interfaces. Efffects of electrostatic and optical anisotropy have been included in the analysis. Significant mode conversion to higher orders is observed only when the boundary interfaces are highly mismatched.

Guest Editorial: Special Section On Photorefractive Nonlinear Optics, Partha P. Banerjee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Hand in hand with experimental work in photorefractives, there is a lot of activity in modeling photorefractive materials and experimental observations in the open literature. This special section contains a paper by Banerjee and Jarem, who use a rigorous coupled wave theory to analyze two- and multiple-wave mixing photorefractive barium titanate, modeled through the Kukhtarev equations.

Electronic Simulation Of The Temporal Characteristics Of Photon Memory Echoes And Some Related Applications, Yuwen Kuo, Monish Ranjan Chatterjee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The characteristics of nonlinear photon memory echoes are investigated by means of SPICE simulations using equivalent resonator ensembles. By developing implicit nonlinear circuit models in the memory echo domain, the triple product formalism of electronic holography, involving correlation and convolution, is tested for the storage and recall of arbitrary signals and/or data bit streams in both time-inverted and nontime-inverted modes. Furthermore, a few specific optical data processing applications are also simulated in which the mixed binary multiplication of two or more binary bit streams is achieved.

Higher order products, optical pattern recognition, and other possible applications are also discussed. It …

Interaction Of Profiled Light With Contrapropagating Acoustic Waves: Fourier Transform Approach, Partha P. Banerjee, Chen-Wen Tarn, Jaw-Jueh Liu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

A straightforward Fourier-transform approach is employed to investigate acousto-optic interaction between an input optical beam with arbitrary profile and contrapropagating cw sound in the Bragg regime. The process can be analyzed in terms of the simultaneous scattering of light by the two sound waves in the interaction region. Analytic expressions for the equivalent transfer functions are obtained and the scattered light profiles are plotted.

Analysis Of Multifrequency Dispersive Optical Bistability And Switching In Nonlinear Ring Cavities With Large Medium-Response Times, Pawel Pliszka, Partha P. Banerjee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Using a simple model of a ring cavity comprising a cubically nonlinear medium, we analyze dispersive optical bistability in the presence of more than one spectral component. We show the phenomenon of so-called competition for resonance. In addition to presenting cavity characteristics for the cases of two and three different frequencies, we also discuss the general method for finding steady-state solutions and checking their stability. A simple and efficient algorithm, based on a relaxation method, is devised to find steady-state solutions satisfying appropriate boundary conditions. The relaxation dynamics is physically related to a finite response time of the medium.