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2019

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Articles 1291 - 1320 of 2060

Full-Text Articles in Computer Engineering

Cloud Job Scheduling Model Based On Improved Plant Growth Algorithm, Li Qiang, Xiaofeng Liu Jan 2019

Cloud Job Scheduling Model Based On Improved Plant Growth Algorithm, Li Qiang, Xiaofeng Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The performance of cloud job scheduling algorithm has a great importance to the whole cloud system. The key factors that affect cloud operation scheduling are found out, and a resource constraint model is established. The existing simulation plant growth algorithm is improved based on the Logistic model of plant growth law, so that the plant growth way was made to change according to the energy power. The comparison of four different plant models was carried out and their different features were analyzed. Compared with 6 typical cloud job scheduling algorithms, it is concluded that the improved simulation plant growth …


Application Tests Of Mudis In Surface Ship Operation Training Simulation System, Xu Jing, Zhengxiang Xiong, Yongsheng Zhang, Xu Ming Jan 2019

Application Tests Of Mudis In Surface Ship Operation Training Simulation System, Xu Jing, Zhengxiang Xiong, Yongsheng Zhang, Xu Ming

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To meet the network communication demands of surface ship operation training simulation system, a multi-layer distributed service data interaction RTI was developed, which supported several system frameworks; and the main functions of HLA and DDS standards were realized. The distributed service with multiple key points was adopted; the data with several frequency response mechanisms and intelligent communication methods were provided; and the active analysis of data communication behavior was obtained. It had error-tolerance and adaptive load balancing capabilities. The MuDIS tests on data control, real-time data communication, time advance request delay, error-tolerance performance and so on were carried out …


Simulation-Based Acquisition Platform For Complex Equipment, Huiyang Qu, Yaoqin Zhu, Ruiying Pu, Junhua Zhou, Guoqiang Shi Jan 2019

Simulation-Based Acquisition Platform For Complex Equipment, Huiyang Qu, Yaoqin Zhu, Ruiying Pu, Junhua Zhou, Guoqiang Shi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on the architecture of the simulation-based acquisition platform and the integrated modeling technology, the modeling and simulation technology based on virtual prototype is described. The modeling and simulation techniques for reliability, maintainability and supportability, and for the acquisition project management across the life-cycle are elaborated. Based on an aerospace complex equipment acquisition project, the application of the simulation-based acquisition platform in the aerospace equipment demonstration, development and support phase is introduced.


Low-Rank Sparse Joint Representation For Moving Object Detection In Video, Yang Lei, Pang Fang, Huosheng Hu Jan 2019

Low-Rank Sparse Joint Representation For Moving Object Detection In Video, Yang Lei, Pang Fang, Huosheng Hu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the video sequences with fixed cameras, it is a reasonable assumption that the fixed background has low-rank characteristic, and the dynamic foreground has sparse characteristic. A new motion detection method based on low-rank and sparse joint representation is proposed in this paper. The ideas of the proposed method are described as follows: The noise of video sequence is removed by image preprocessing. The optical flow between continuous video sequences is estimated, which is used to generate a binary motion mask as a movement weight matrix. An optimization model with low-rank background and sparse foreground is established based …


Mining And Validation Of Attacking Behavior In The Robocup 2d Simulation, Chen Bing, Zhang Heng, Zekai Cheng, Dong Peng, Lin Chao Jan 2019

Mining And Validation Of Attacking Behavior In The Robocup 2d Simulation, Chen Bing, Zhang Heng, Zekai Cheng, Dong Peng, Lin Chao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Robocup is an international academic competition which focuses on artificial intelligence and robotics. The 2D simulation is one of the earliest and most influential projects in Robocup. Attacking is the core behaviour of the simulated football game, as well as the attack recognition is considered as an important part in team-confrontations. This paper selects some active and contribution index of attacking, extracts lots of attacking behaviour data of the key agents, proposes two kinds of attacking patterns of 2D simulation, as ‘separate attack’ and ‘cooperative attack’, according to the human-player actions. The following simulation tests give the accuracy of …


Real-Time Reconstruction And Simulation Of Police Dog Posture Based On Multi-Sensor Data Vest, Chaozheng Zhu, He Ming, Yang Sheng, Yang Cheng, Zhenhua Song Jan 2019

Real-Time Reconstruction And Simulation Of Police Dog Posture Based On Multi-Sensor Data Vest, Chaozheng Zhu, He Ming, Yang Sheng, Yang Cheng, Zhenhua Song

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Real-time police dog posture reconstruction provides an intelligent, convenient and over-the-horizon interactive way for police on duty with dogs. For the biological movement characteristics of police dogs, a new multi-sensor dog data vest was designed and implemented. Based on multiple small size and low power consumption sensors, a new police dog motion fusion method was proposed to capture the different posture data of police dogs, including standing, sitting and prone position, etc. For frequent jitter of police dogs, this paper proposed a method of dog posture reconstruction based on multi-sensor data vest, and introduced an improved kernel function ELM …


Uncalibrated Visual Servoing Based On Kalman Filter Optimized By Spsa, Jinqiang Zhang, Xianxia Zhang Jan 2019

Uncalibrated Visual Servoing Based On Kalman Filter Optimized By Spsa, Jinqiang Zhang, Xianxia Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Considering the problem of robot uncalibrated visual servoing, this paper presents a method for online estimation of image Jacobian matrix based on Kalman filter optimized by simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm. This method takes the robot image Jacobian matrix as the system state, and uses Kalman filter to observe the system state. In order to improve the performance of the filter, the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm is used to optimize the filter parameters. This method is used to estimate the image Jacobian matrix and to design the control strategy, which can avoid complicated system calibration process. The simulation …


Construction And Application Of Low Altitude Multi-Path Simulation System Based On Volume Distributive Target Simulation, Xiaolei Wang, Baiting Liu, Chaolei Wang, Zhaowei Yang, Yuhui Tao Jan 2019

Construction And Application Of Low Altitude Multi-Path Simulation System Based On Volume Distributive Target Simulation, Xiaolei Wang, Baiting Liu, Chaolei Wang, Zhaowei Yang, Yuhui Tao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With the continuous development of broadband high-resolution radar technology, the existing simulation technology cannot meet the needs of complex RF target and low altitude multi-path simulation with multi scattering center characteristics. The paper takes broadband high-resolution RF imaging guidance system as application background. A method for constructing a low altitude multi-path semi-physical simulation system based on volume distributive target simulation is put forward. The RF complex volume distributive target control model and low altitude multi-path simulation control model are developed. A hardware-in-the-loop system with low altitude multi-path simulation is constructed. The experimental results show that the simulation model …


Modeling And Simulation Of Pem Fuel Cell / Battery Hybrid Vehicle, Guizhi Sun, Sam Park, Zhongling Lin Jan 2019

Modeling And Simulation Of Pem Fuel Cell / Battery Hybrid Vehicle, Guizhi Sun, Sam Park, Zhongling Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: This paper describes modeling of a hybrid power system that supplies energy to an electric vehicle based on a hybrid system that uses a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell as a primary energy source and a battery pack as an ancillary energy storage system. A threshold approach has been employed for power control. When the power required by the vehicle exceeds a threshold, the battery works with the fuel cell to satisfy the dynamic response of vehicle. Otherwise the fuel cell works alone with regenerative braking enabling recharging of battery capacity. The proposed model has been simulated and …


Application Of Stochastic Petri-Net In Dynamic Evaluation Of Ecological Environmental Vulnerability In Mining Area, Guangqiu Huang, Quanchen Liu, Qiuqin Lu Jan 2019

Application Of Stochastic Petri-Net In Dynamic Evaluation Of Ecological Environmental Vulnerability In Mining Area, Guangqiu Huang, Quanchen Liu, Qiuqin Lu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to establish the simulation model of vulnerable process of ecological environment in mining and evaluate ecological environment vulnerability dynamically, stochastic Petri-net (SPN) was adopted. The place set was divided into destruction state set, repair state set and virtual place set. Ways of representation and calculation method of these three types of places were given respectively. The state value of a place was to record actual change quantity of this place. The calculation of vulnerability was integrated into network system running naturally. Vulnerability algorithm based on SPN was given. In case study, a simplified SPN model …


Analysis Of Uas Avoidance Warning Criteria Based On "Τ-Τ", Zhiwei Zhang, Jianwu Tao, Shao Xiao Jan 2019

Analysis Of Uas Avoidance Warning Criteria Based On "Τ-Τ", Zhiwei Zhang, Jianwu Tao, Shao Xiao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the process of UAV avoiding obstacles, the tau warning logic based on time is introduced. Based on the tau warning logic, the τ-τ warning logic is proposed, and the equal τ-τ warning curve is constructed. According to the range of maneuver of the own UAV, three warning areas are defined, including high-risk area, low-risk area and non-risk area. Aiming at the two planes in the case of parallel encounter and vertical encounter, in accordance with three different situations of the UAV’s speed greater than, equal to and less than the intruder’s speed, the method simulates the warning …


Cfd Based Analysis And Improvement Of The Flow Field Of Stirred Tank Reactor For Crystallization, Zewen Ma, Liu Tao, Xudong Sun Jan 2019

Cfd Based Analysis And Improvement Of The Flow Field Of Stirred Tank Reactor For Crystallization, Zewen Ma, Liu Tao, Xudong Sun

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is adopted to analyze the flow field of 1L stirred tank reactor for crystallization. A popular CFD software named FLUENT is used to analyze the influence of a single layer turbine agitator on the flow field in a stirred tank reactor. The standard turbulence model of k-ε is employed to simulate a three-dimensional single-phase flow field of water solution. Simulation studies indicate that the simulated flow field is consistent with real distribution of the flow field, while it is seen that uniform blending can be achieved in the lower and middle parts of …


Cloud Fraction Of Satellite Imagery Based On Convolutional Neural Networks, Xia Min, Maoyang Shen, Jianfeng Wang, Yangguang Wang Jan 2019

Cloud Fraction Of Satellite Imagery Based On Convolutional Neural Networks, Xia Min, Maoyang Shen, Jianfeng Wang, Yangguang Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Cloud fraction is the basis for the application of meteorological satellite. Existing methods cannot use all the characteristics and optical parameters of the satellite cloud, which results in the inaccuracy of cloud detection and cloud fraction. In order to solve this problem, convolutional neural network is used for cloud detection. Based on the improved convolutional neural network, the satellite cloud image is divided into thin cloud, thick cloud and clear sky. Based on the cloud detection, an improved spatial correlation method is used for cloud fraction. The results for Chinese HJ-1A/B satellite imagery show that convolutional neural network can …


Human Action Recognition Based On Depth Image, Tang Chao, Miaohui Zhang, Li Wei, Cao Feng, Xiaofeng Wang, Xiaohong Tong Jan 2019

Human Action Recognition Based On Depth Image, Tang Chao, Miaohui Zhang, Li Wei, Cao Feng, Xiaofeng Wang, Xiaohong Tong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Because of the complexity and non-rigidity of human actions, traditional human action recognition based on RGB video data is a very challenging research topic. According to some deficiencies of existing recognition method based on RGB video data, a novel human action recognition method is proposed based on depth image data. In this new method, the block mean feature in the depth difference motion historical image is fused with the Gabor feature as mixed features and then a rotation forest algorithm is used to model. The experimental results show that the proposed method is simple, fast and efficient compared …


Prediction Model Of Coke Quality Based On De-Bp Neural Network, Wenhua Tao, Zhengbo Yuan Jan 2019

Prediction Model Of Coke Quality Based On De-Bp Neural Network, Wenhua Tao, Zhengbo Yuan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The quality of coke has a great effect on the furnace process. In order to solve the problem of large amount of calculation and inspection of coke quality prediction linear method, the coke quality prediction model based on DE-BP neural network is established on the basis of analyzing the factors affecting coke quality, which uses principal component analysis method to determine the parameters of the input vector with the coal and coke ash quality indicators Ad, sulfur Std, crushing strength M40, abrasion resistance M10 as the output vector prediction. The result of …


Design And Research On Mechanism Model Of Cyclone, Zhang Yue, Han Pu Jan 2019

Design And Research On Mechanism Model Of Cyclone, Zhang Yue, Han Pu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The operating characteristics of the cyclone separator greatly affect the overall operating efficiency of the boiler, the gas-solid two-phase flow in the cyclone separator is complicated by the vortex flow. The mathematical model of different angles has been too complicated or one-sided to show its running mechanism. A mechanism model of the internal parameters of a cone assembly and a counter current cyclone separator has been established. The three cutting diameter calculation methods have been compared for grade separation efficiency. The pressure drop has been combined with the pressure drop of the subdivision of the system structure, and the …


Key Frame Extraction For Slam Based On Spatio-Temporal Slices, Xinliang Zhang, Li Yang, Yunji Zhao Jan 2019

Key Frame Extraction For Slam Based On Spatio-Temporal Slices, Xinliang Zhang, Li Yang, Yunji Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To deal with the data redundancy and computational complexity of the mobile robot 3D visual SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping), a key frame extraction technique based on spatio-temporal slices is proposed. Based on the analysis of the texture characteristics of the spatio-temporal slices, it yields that the motion state of the image acquisition device can be represented by the slope change of the texture. The similarity degree between two adjacent slices is measured to find out the key frame by use of the nearest neighbor pixel-matching algorithm, which can accurately describe the motion state of the device …


Design Of Real-Time Digital Baseband Simulator For Spatial Information Networks, Jianfeng Liu, Ma Shang, Zeguo Yang, Lixiang Liu, Jianhao Hu Jan 2019

Design Of Real-Time Digital Baseband Simulator For Spatial Information Networks, Jianfeng Liu, Ma Shang, Zeguo Yang, Lixiang Liu, Jianhao Hu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The commonly used channel simulators always focus on the characteristics of RF signals at the receiver. However, they are costly in real-time simulation for spatial information network with multi-link and dynamic topology change. In this paper, a scalable simulator architecture for spatial information network, a simulation method for dynamic topology and channel propagation characteristics based on baseband data packages are presented. Based on this, a real-time spatial information networks simulation platform is designed and implemented. The platform can simulate the channel propagation delay, bit error, and dynamic topology changes for spatial information network. It supports 16 to …


Simulation Of Blade Erosion Of Variable-Pitch Axial Flow Fan, Chunxi Li, Zhang Dan, Xuemin Ye Jan 2019

Simulation Of Blade Erosion Of Variable-Pitch Axial Flow Fan, Chunxi Li, Zhang Dan, Xuemin Ye

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Affected by the performance of dust precipitators, significant differences of blade erosion regimes and erosion rates in induced draft fans are exhibited due to various particle diameters and concentrations. A 3D numerical simulation on a single-stage axial fan is carried out using Fluent to investigate the blade erosion regimes. The important features including particle trajectories under different particle diameters, erosion pattern and particle mass concentration distribution on the pressure and suction surfaces are examined, and the effect of particle mass concentration on erosion rate is analyzed. The results show that the erosion regimes are mainly affected by particle diameter. …


Research On Numerical Simulation Of Continuous Roll Forming Process Of Four-Roll Plate Bending Machines, Wang Yan, Xinqing Zhu, Jiefei Hu, Ximin Cui Jan 2019

Research On Numerical Simulation Of Continuous Roll Forming Process Of Four-Roll Plate Bending Machines, Wang Yan, Xinqing Zhu, Jiefei Hu, Ximin Cui

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to improve the production process quality of four-roll plate bending machines, a four-roll bending mathematical model is established and a finite element simulation is used to verify its accuracy. The influence of side roller displacement, sheet thickness, and rotational speed on the radius and quality of the final shaped plate are analyzed. The simulation results show that as the displacement of side roll increases, the downtrend of the sheet forming radius gradually slows down and the quality of the formed sheet also decreases. Plastic strain fluctuation on plate surface decreases as the thickness increases, quality of thick …


Network Mode And Economy Analysis Of Photovoltaic-Battery System In Microgrid, Weiqing Sun, Liu Tong, Liu Bo, Youjia Wang Jan 2019

Network Mode And Economy Analysis Of Photovoltaic-Battery System In Microgrid, Weiqing Sun, Liu Tong, Liu Bo, Youjia Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Due to its various power sources, flexible operation modes and ability of making full use of distributed energy resources, microgrid has received broad attention. Focusing on the two different network modes of photovoltaic-battery system (PVBS), the power flow distribution of photovoltaic-battery hybrid system (PVBHS) and photovoltaic-battery integrated system (PVBIS) under different operation conditions are analyzed separately and the corresponding operational economy calculation model is proposed. Using the life cycle cost (LCC) analysis method, the economy of PVBHS and PVBIS is compared. A 6-bus microgrid lab system and the IEEE 33-bus test system are taken as the study case. Results …


Research On Fault Detection And Isolation Method For Typical Hydraulic System, Lixia Zhang, Fuzhou Feng, Xiangbo Liu, Wang Min Jan 2019

Research On Fault Detection And Isolation Method For Typical Hydraulic System, Lixia Zhang, Fuzhou Feng, Xiangbo Liu, Wang Min

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The integrated transmission device possesses some inherent characteristics of the multiple working modes, discontinuity, multi-coupling, which lead to problems such as the fault detection difficulty and fault isolation inaccuracy. Analyzed in detail the structure and working principle of torque converter compensation circuit, the bond graph modeling and diagnosis methods were studied. Then the relationship between global analytical redundancy and fault characteristic matrix is established, which accurately accomplishes the fault detection and isolation. Finally, the rules between the analytical redundancy relations and different faults are verified by simulation experiments, which indicate that the design and application of FDI based on …


Orm-Dcsk: A Novel Dcsk Communication Scheme, Zhang Gang, Chuangang Wang, Guoquan Li, Jinzhao Lin Jan 2019

Orm-Dcsk: A Novel Dcsk Communication Scheme, Zhang Gang, Chuangang Wang, Guoquan Li, Jinzhao Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To overcome the intra-signal interference components and the large average bit energy existing in decision variables, an improved RM-DCSK algorithm, named ORM-DCSK, is proposed. An orthogonal chaotic generator is designed to eliminate the intra-signal interference components. Besides, the signal frame format is expanded to reduce the average bit energy. The BER is derived and simulated in AWGN channel. The simulation results show that ORM-DCSK performs greatly better in BER performance than RM-DCSK algorithm without sacrificing transmission rate.


Adaptive Real-Time Tracking Control System For Ammonia Desulphurization, Lixin Ma, Mengyuan Lü Jan 2019

Adaptive Real-Time Tracking Control System For Ammonia Desulphurization, Lixin Ma, Mengyuan Lü

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the ammonia desulphurization system, we can use forecast devices to compensate the delay time of sensor in the process of detection. But the error of the parameters in the mathematical model of the method has a great influence on the performance of the control system. So it is unable to realize the real-time tracking of the load. Concerning this problem, we put forward a kind of real-time tracking control system based on model reference adaptive technology which could be able to track the load—model reference adaptive technology is used in the ammonia desulphurization technology. It breaks the normal …


Prediction Of Alumina Density Based On Lssvm, Guimei Cui, Haijin Yang, Piliang Liu, Yu Kai Jan 2019

Prediction Of Alumina Density Based On Lssvm, Guimei Cui, Haijin Yang, Piliang Liu, Yu Kai

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The prediction model of alumina density based on the PSO algorithm with swarm activity to optimize LSSVM method is built. According to the production process characteristics of aluminum electrolysis and historical data, the input variables of the model is determined. It can solve these problems that Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is with the risk of premature convergence and least square support vector machine is time consuming with parameter selection. The method uses swarm activity as diversity index. When swarm activity is quickened to descend, evolution operation is added to modify the positions or velocities of particles to …


Complete Coverage Belief Function Path Planning Algorithm Of Autonomous Underwater Vehiclebased On Behavior Strategy, Wenyang Gan, Daqi Zhu Jan 2019

Complete Coverage Belief Function Path Planning Algorithm Of Autonomous Underwater Vehiclebased On Behavior Strategy, Wenyang Gan, Daqi Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the complete coverage path planning of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), a complete coverage belief function path planning algorithm based on behavior strategy is proposed by introducing the behavior strategy and using the concept of map belief function, which can make AUV accomplish the complete coverage and avoid obstacles automatically. The grid belief function is constructed based on environmental information, using different function values to distinguish between the obstacle, the covered and the uncovered grid. AUV selects the next navigation position by path planning strategy. Next navigation position is selected by behavior strategy if AUV navigates to the …


Gradient Descent Self-Tuning Control Of Flexible Space Manipulator After Capturing Operation, Cheng Jing, Chen Li Jan 2019

Gradient Descent Self-Tuning Control Of Flexible Space Manipulator After Capturing Operation, Cheng Jing, Chen Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The flexible vibration is generated after all-flexible space manipulator capturing a satellite, and the collision leads to unsteadiness of system. For the unstable composite system, the self-turning control algorithm based on hybrid trajectory is designed in this paper. The theory of gradient descent is used for parameter adaptive rate design to realize the real time adjustment of the PID control parameters. A supervised controller is designed through Lyapunov function to generate the stability and H tracking characteristic of the system. The hybrid trajectory is generated based on the concept of virtual force, which is used to accomplish …


Design And Implementation Of Human-Computer Interactive System For Public Information Service In Smart City, Han Feng, Xiaoling Li, Xiuwen Sun, Lingyu Ji Jan 2019

Design And Implementation Of Human-Computer Interactive System For Public Information Service In Smart City, Han Feng, Xiaoling Li, Xiuwen Sun, Lingyu Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of the singleness on the interactive contents and forms of public information services in Smart City, we design and implement a human-computer interactive system. We analyze both user behavior characteristics as self-portrait effect, landing effect, honeypot effect and Smart City application design characteristics as socialization, intellectualization and humanization. Regarding these characteristics, we specify the interactive contents and the corresponding interactive forms and design the UI features for improving user experience. We research on the technologies involved in the implementation of the system, including gesture recognition based on segments, face recognition and resource integration using WPF, besides, holographic …


Bound Analysis Of Signal Processing Method On Laser Doppler Velocity & Vibration Measurement, Peng Xiang, Liu Bo Jan 2019

Bound Analysis Of Signal Processing Method On Laser Doppler Velocity & Vibration Measurement, Peng Xiang, Liu Bo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Laser Doppler measurement technology has attracted more and more attention and application in the field of high precision measurement. For different signal characteristics and processing methods, there are different constraints of the measurement, which would determine the measurement precision and accuracy. Based on the principle of laser Doppler velocity & vibration measurement and from the perspective of digital signal processing, the constrains related to the sampling rate, data length and time interval are analyzed. The time-interval homogenization processing method of the second sampling data, and the effect on the measurement range of aliasing about reference light frequency and signal …


A Study Of Adaptive Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Optimization (Asapso) Algorithm For Building Pipe Routing Design, Changtao Wang, Xiaotong Sun, Zhonghua Han, Zhu Yi Jan 2019

A Study Of Adaptive Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Optimization (Asapso) Algorithm For Building Pipe Routing Design, Changtao Wang, Xiaotong Sun, Zhonghua Han, Zhu Yi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To solve the building pipe routing design problem, a mathematical model was formulated. The length of pipe, the number of bends and the laying area were taken as the comprehensive evaluation indexes. Adaptive Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Optimization (ASAPSO) algorithm was proposed for optimization. In the ASAPSO algorithm, a self-adaptive parameter adjusting strategy and simulated annealing algorithm adjusting the optimal particle location were introduced to enhance the capacity in escaping from the local optimal. A new population initialization method based on the cost of selection probability was designed at the initial population. The simulation showed that compared with the …