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Articles 691 - 720 of 733
Full-Text Articles in Computer Engineering
Axon: A High Speed Communication Architecture For Distributed Applications, James P.G. Sterbenz, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
Axon: A High Speed Communication Architecture For Distributed Applications, James P.G. Sterbenz, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
All Computer Science and Engineering Research
There are two complementary trends in the computer and communication fields. Increasing processor power and memory availability allow more demanding applications, such as scientific visualization and imaging. Advances in network performance and functionality have the potential for supporting programs requiring high bandwidth and predictable performance. However, the bottleneck in increasingly in the host-network interface, and thus the ability to deliver high performance communication capability to applications has not kept up with the advances in computer and network speed. We have proposed a new architecture that meets these challenges called Axon, whose novel aspects include: an integrated design of hardware, operating …
Ampliative Inference, Computation, And Dialectic, R. P. Loui
Ampliative Inference, Computation, And Dialectic, R. P. Loui
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There are three theses here: • Non-computationally conceived inference merely expands notation. This includes induction as well as deduction, and thus both deserve the adjective non-ampliative. Deriving entailments merely expands shorthand. All of the familiar formalisms for reasoning do just this. • There now exist examples of formalism for reasoning that do something else. They are deliberative, and to say in what way they are deliberative requires reference to the process through which they compute their entailments. • The original ampliative/non-ampliative terminology best survives as referring to this new distinction. Viewed formally, all other attempted distinctions either presume deduction to …
Host-Network Interface Architecture For Gigabit Communications, James P. G. Sterbenz
Host-Network Interface Architecture For Gigabit Communications, James P. G. Sterbenz
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There are two complementary trends in the computer and communications fields. Increasing processor power and memory availability allow more demanding applications, such as scientific visualizations and imaging. Advances in network performance and functionality have the potential for supporting applications requiring high bandwidth communications. However, the bottleneck is increasingly in the host-network interface, and thus the ability to deliver high performance communications capability to applications has not kept up with the advance in computer and network speed. We have proposed a new architecture that meets these challenges, called Axon. The Axon thesis is that an essential requirement for the support of …
Back Propagation With Integer Arithmetic, Takayuki Dan Kimura
Back Propagation With Integer Arithmetic, Takayuki Dan Kimura
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The present work investigates the significance of arithmetic precision in neural network simulation. Noting that a biological brain consists of a large number of cells of low precision, we try to answer the question: With a fixed size of memory and CPU cycles available for simulation, does a larger sized net with less precision perform better than smaller sized one with higher precision? We evaluate the merits and demerits of using low precision integer arithmetic in simulating backpropagation networks. Two identical backpropagation simulators, ibp and fbp, were constructed on Mac II, ibp with 16 bits integer representations of network parameters …
User's Manual For Ccrc: (Common Lisp Version) Computing Reference Classes Statistical Reasoning Shell V. 2.5, R. P. Loui
User's Manual For Ccrc: (Common Lisp Version) Computing Reference Classes Statistical Reasoning Shell V. 2.5, R. P. Loui
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CCRC implements a subset of Kyburg's rules for statistical inference. The system states from 1961 and is briefly described in "The Reference Class," (H. Kyburg Philosophy of Science 50, 1982). Consult the paper "Computing Reference Classes" (R. Loui, in Kanal, L. and Lemmer, J., Uncertainty in AI, v.1, North-Holland 1987) for a precis of the ideas underlying this program. This document is only the skeleton of a manual. It is designed to get the novice on the program as quickly as possible, and to provide some guidance for advanced questions. This piece of software is the extended version of a …
Defeasible Decisions: What The Proposal Is And Isn't, R. P. Loui
Defeasible Decisions: What The Proposal Is And Isn't, R. P. Loui
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In two recent papers, I have proposed a description of decision analysis that differs from the Bayesian picture painted by Savage, Jeffrey and other classic authors. Response to this view have been either overly enthusiastic or unduly pessimistic. In this paper I try to place the idea in its proper place, which must be somewhere in between. Looking at decision analysis as defeasible reasoning produces a framework in which planning and decision theory can be integrated, but work on the details has barely begun. It also produces a framework in which the meta-decision regress can be stopped in a reasonable …
Model-Based Interpretation Of Time-Varying Medical Data, Michael G. Kahn, Lawrence M. Fagan Washington University In St. Louis, Lewis B. Sheiner Washington University In St. Louis
Model-Based Interpretation Of Time-Varying Medical Data, Michael G. Kahn, Lawrence M. Fagan Washington University In St. Louis, Lewis B. Sheiner Washington University In St. Louis
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Temporal concepts are critical is medical therapy-planning. If given early enough, specific therapeutic choices may abort or suppress evolving undesired changes in a patient’s clinical status. Effective medical decision making demands recognition and interpretation of complex temporal changes that permeate the medical record. This paper presents a methodology for representing and using medical knowledge about temporal relationships to infer the presence of clinically relevant events, and describes a program, called TOPAZ, that uses this methodology to generate a narrative summary of such events. A unique feature of TOPAZ is the use of numeric and symbolic modeling techniques to perform temporal …
A Psychophysical Comparison Of Two Methods For Adaptive Histogram Equalization, John B. Zimmerman, Steve B. Cousins, Mark E. Frisse, Karin M. Hartzell, Michael C. Kahn
A Psychophysical Comparison Of Two Methods For Adaptive Histogram Equalization, John B. Zimmerman, Steve B. Cousins, Mark E. Frisse, Karin M. Hartzell, Michael C. Kahn
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Adaptive histogram equalization (ahe) is a method for adaptive contrast enhancement of digital images propped by Pizer et. Al.. It has the properties that it is an automatic, reproducible method for the simultaneous viewing of contrast within a digital image with a large dynamic range. Recent experiments have show that in specific cases, there is no significant difference in the ability of ahe and linear intensity windowing to display grey-scale contrast. More recently, Pizer et al. have proposed a variant of ahe which limits the allowed contrast enhancement of the image. The contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (clahe) produces images in …
An Inexpensive Electronic Viewbox, J. R. Cox Jr., R. G. Jost, T. Monsees, S. Ramamurthy, M. Karlsson
An Inexpensive Electronic Viewbox, J. R. Cox Jr., R. G. Jost, T. Monsees, S. Ramamurthy, M. Karlsson
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An "electronic viewbox" is described that has been designed to meet the demand for a modestly priced soft-copy display for radiology. Issues associated with spatial resolution, intensity resolution, image magnification, user interface, digital communications and possible applications are discussed.
Determinism And Connectionism In A Rule-Based Natural Language System, Stan C. Kwasny, Kanaan A. Faisal
Determinism And Connectionism In A Rule-Based Natural Language System, Stan C. Kwasny, Kanaan A. Faisal
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The processing of Natural Language is, at the same time, natural symbolic and naturally symbolic and naturally sub-symbolic. It is symbolic because ultimately symbols play a critical role. Writing systems, for example, owe their existence to the symbolic nature of language. It is also sub-symbolic because of the nature of speech, the fuzziness of concepts, and the high degree of parallelism that is difficult to explain as a purely symbolic phenomenon. This report details a set of experiments which support the claim that Natural Language can be syntactically processed in a robust manner using a connectionist deterministic parser. The model …
The Next Generation Of Internetworking, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
The Next Generation Of Internetworking, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
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This paper describes a research effort concerned with the design of the next generation of internet architecture, which has been necessitated by two emerging trends. First, there will be at least a few orders of magnitude increase in data rates of communication networks in the next few years. For example, researchers are already prototyping networks with data rates of up to a few hundred Mbps, and are planning networks with data rates up to a few Gbps. Second, researchers from all disciplines of science, engineering, and humanities plan to use the communication infrastructure to access widely distributed resources in order …
Comments On Proposed Transport Protocols, Anil Bhatia, James Sterbenz, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
Comments On Proposed Transport Protocols, Anil Bhatia, James Sterbenz, Gurudatta M. Parulkar
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Over the last few years, a number of research groups have made considerable progress on the design of high speed networks- on the order of a few hundred Mbps to the few Gbps. The emphasis of this work has been on the design of packet switches and on the design of network access protocols. However, this work has not yet addressed the internetworking and transport level issues in the high speed internet. As part of our effort on the design of VHSI model, we considered the appropriateness of recently proposed transport protocols, NETBLT and VMTP, as candidates for the transport …
Relational Completeness Of Show And Tell Visual Programming Language, Takayuki Dan Kimura
Relational Completeness Of Show And Tell Visual Programming Language, Takayuki Dan Kimura
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In this paper we present the database applications of the Show and Tell Language (STL) and demonstrate the relational completeness of the language. STL is a visual programming language designed for novice computer users who are not familiar with keyboarding. A program can be constructed by using only a pointing device, except for textual data entry. A program can be constructed by using only a pointing device, except for textual data entry. Various programming concepts such as subroutine, iteration, recursion, concurrency, exception, and so forth are represented by two-dimensional graphic patterns and icons. The language is used to test the …
A Parallel Distributed Approach To Parsing Natural Language Deterministically, Stan C. Kwasny
A Parallel Distributed Approach To Parsing Natural Language Deterministically, Stan C. Kwasny
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The Determinism Hypothesis (Marcus, 1980) has given rise to much debate. The hypothesis makes explicit the idea that Natural Language interpretation need not depend in any fundamental way on the use of pseudo-parallelism or backtracking. We are exploring the consequences of this hypothesis in attempting to develop approaches to parsing which integrates current work in parallel distributed adaptive networks. We follow the basic approach of "Wait-and-See" parsing (WASP) which has shown the Natural Language interpretation of all but some varieties of "garden-path" sentences can be deterministically performed using a stack, a buffer for sentence constituents, and partitioned packets of rules. …
A Graph Browser With Zoom And Roam For Allegro Common Lisp, Steve B. Cousins, J. Andrew Fingerhut
A Graph Browser With Zoom And Roam For Allegro Common Lisp, Steve B. Cousins, J. Andrew Fingerhut
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This report describes an object-oriented tool that has been developed for viewing graphs on a Macintosh II computer using Allegro Common Lisp. The tool is useful for visualizing data which can be represented in tree or graph form. The graphs can be viewed for far away to get a global view, and from close up so that the labels on the vertices can be discerned. Scrolling can be performed at a nearly infinite number of resolutions, and a search feature makes it easy to find any node rapidly. Although the 'information space' on which the graph is logically plotted is …
Using A Partial Order And A Metric To Analyze A Recursive Trace Set Equation, Jan Tijmen Udding, Tom Verhoeff
Using A Partial Order And A Metric To Analyze A Recursive Trace Set Equation, Jan Tijmen Udding, Tom Verhoeff
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In Trace Theory the notion of a process is defined in terms of a set of finite-length traces over an alphabet. These processes are used as the semantics for a program notation. The program text for a recursive component naturally gives rise to an equation over trace sets. This paper takes two approaches at the analysis of that equation. The first approach is based on a partial order and it concentrates on the projection operator for processes. This yields a condition under which the greatest solution of that equation can be approximated by iteration. The second approach introduces a metric …
Performance Models For Noahnet, Gurudatta M. Parulkar, Adarshpal S. Sethi, David J. Farber
Performance Models For Noahnet, Gurudatta M. Parulkar, Adarshpal S. Sethi, David J. Farber
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Noahnet is an experimental flood local area network with features such as high reliability and high performance. Noahnet uses a randomly connected graph topology with four to five interconnections per node and a flooding protocol to route messages. In Noahnet flooding, the routing of a message from a source to the destination node is a two step process: flooding-growth and flooding-contraction. During the growth of flooding, the message propagates to every node which is not occupied with a message and is reachable from the source node. During the contraction of flooding, the nodes that became occupied during the growth of …
Parallel Simulated Annealing, Roger D. Chamberlain, Mark N. Edelman, Mark A. Franklin, Ellen E. Witte
Parallel Simulated Annealing, Roger D. Chamberlain, Mark N. Edelman, Mark A. Franklin, Ellen E. Witte
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Since the paper by Kirkpatrick, Gelatt and Vecchi in 1983, the use of Simulated Annealing (SA) in solving combinatoric optimization problems has increased substantially. The SA algorithm has been applied to difficult problems in the difficult problems in the digital design automation such as cell placement and wire routing. While these studies have yielded good or near optimum solutions, they have required very long computer execution times (hours and days). These long times, coupled with the recent availability of the number of commercial parallel processors, has prompted the search for parallel implementations of the SA algorithm. The goal ahs been …
Hierarchical Discrete-Event Simulation On Hypercube Architecture, Roger D. Chamberlain, Mark A. Franklin
Hierarchical Discrete-Event Simulation On Hypercube Architecture, Roger D. Chamberlain, Mark A. Franklin
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This paper presents model of hierarchical discrete-event simulation algorithm running on a hypercube architecture. We assume a static allocation of system components to processors in the hypercube. We also assume a global clock algorithm, with an event-based time increment. Following development of the performance model, we describe an application of the model in the area of digital systems simulation. Hierarchical levels included are gate level (NAND, NOR, and NOT gates) and MSI level (multiplexors, shift registers, etc.). Example values (gathered from simulations running on standard von Neumann architectures) are provided at the model inputs to show the effect of different …
Lsim2 User's Manual, Roger D. Chamberlain, Mark N. Edelman
Lsim2 User's Manual, Roger D. Chamberlain, Mark N. Edelman
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Lsim2 is gate/switch-level digital logic simulator. It enables users to model digital circuits both at the gate and switch level and incorporates features the support investigation of the simulation task itself. Lsim2 is an augmented version of the original lsim* with the addition of several new MSI-type components models. This user's manual describes procedures for specifying a circuit in lsim2, mechanisms for controlling the simulation, and approaches to modeling systems.
Automatic Interface Generations From Grammar Specifications, Steve B. Cousins
Automatic Interface Generations From Grammar Specifications, Steve B. Cousins
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This paper presents a method for automatically generating user interfaces to programs. All possible legal strings of input to a moderately interactive program, taken together, specify the input language of that program. A grammar for such a language is fundamentally knowledge about the language, and that knowledge can be used to assist the program's user in constructing legal program input. The set of words which can appear next in an input sentence, the 'Next set', is defined and a technique for calculating it with a modified version of Prologs's Definite Clause Grammar parser is given. One type of interface this …
Evaluation Of 3d Voxel Rendering Algorithms For Real-Time Interaction On A Simd Graphics Processor, Don Schreiter, John B. Zimmerman
Evaluation Of 3d Voxel Rendering Algorithms For Real-Time Interaction On A Simd Graphics Processor, Don Schreiter, John B. Zimmerman
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The display of three-dimensional medical data is becoming more common, but current hardware and image rendering algorithms do not generally allow real-time interaction with the image by the user. Real-time interactions, such as image rotation, utilize the motion processing capabilities of the human visual system, allowing a better understanding of the structures being imaged. Recent advances in general purpose graphics display equipment could make real-time interaction feasible in clinical setting. We have evaluated the capabilities of one type of advanced display architecture, the PIXAR Imaging Computer, for real-time interaction while displaying three-dimensional medical data as two-dimensional projections. It was discovered …
An Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of Adaptive Histogram Equalization For Contrast Enhancement, John B. Zimmerman, Stephen M. Pizer, Edward V. Staab, J. Randolph Perry, William Mccartney, Bradley C. Brenton
An Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of Adaptive Histogram Equalization For Contrast Enhancement, John B. Zimmerman, Stephen M. Pizer, Edward V. Staab, J. Randolph Perry, William Mccartney, Bradley C. Brenton
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Adaptive Histogram Equalization (AHE), a method of contrast enhancement which is sensitive to local spatial information in an image, has been proposed as a solution to the problem of the inability of ordinary display devices to depict the full dynamic intensity range in some medical images. This method is automatic, reproducible, and simultaneously displays most of the information contained in the grey-scale contrast of the image. However, it has not been known whether the use of AHE causes the loss of diagnostic information relative to the commonly-used method intensity windowing. In the current work, AHE and intensity windowing are compared …
Load And Communications Balancing On Multiprocessor Logic Simulation Engines, Ken Wong, Mark A. Franklin
Load And Communications Balancing On Multiprocessor Logic Simulation Engines, Ken Wong, Mark A. Franklin
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The problem considered in this paper is to find an assignment of logic components to processors which will achieve logic simulation speed-ups approaching the ideal for large processor populations. This problem becomes particularly important when a significant portion of the speed-up expected from logic simulation engines is attributed to load sharing (as opposed to obtaining speed-up by employing specialized hardware to carry out specific tasks associated with the simulation process such as event queue manipulation or function evaluation). Our research considers this problem for a particular multiprocessor simulation architecture for which a performance model has bene developed. The model is …
Transaction Network: A Parallel Computation Model Based On Consume/Produce Paradigm, Takayuki Dan Kimura
Transaction Network: A Parallel Computation Model Based On Consume/Produce Paradigm, Takayuki Dan Kimura
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This report introduces a new parallel computation model that is suitable for pursuit of large scale concurrency. Our goal is to develop a semantically clean paradigm for distributed computation with fine-grained parallelism. Our approach is to demote the notion of process as the key concept in organizing large scale parallel computation. We promote, instead, the notion of transaction, an anonymous atomic action void of internal state, as the basic element of computation. We propose to organize a computation as a network, called a transaction net, of databases connected by transactions. A transaction, when it is fired, consumes data objects from …
Advanced Communications Systems, Jonathan S. Turner
Advanced Communications Systems, Jonathan S. Turner
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The Advanced Communication Systems Project is concerned with new communication technologies that can support a wide range of different communication applications in the context of large public networks. Communications networks in common use today have been tailored to specific applications and while they perform their assigned functions well, they are difficult to adapt to new uses. There currently are no general purpose networks, rather there are telephone networks, low-speed data networks and cable television networks. As new communications applications proliferate, it becomes clear that in the long term, a more flexible communications infrastructure will be needed. The Integrated Services Digital …
Prodb: An Experimental Generalized Database System User's Manual, Guillermo R. Simari
Prodb: An Experimental Generalized Database System User's Manual, Guillermo R. Simari
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The following notes document in a succinct manner the use of the system PRODB. The system is still evolving and several new features are in the process of being added. PRODB is a prototype system that is being used as an exploration vehicle of the possible extensions to the relational model through logic programming. The system consists of a relational database system having a relational algebra type language as a query language. It is written in Prolog and it extends the capabilities of Prolog predicates with the relational algebra operators for handling the database structure. The database system currently provides …
Belief Maintenance Systems: Initial Prototype Specification, Roseanne M. Fulcomer, William E. Ball, John P. Tadlock
Belief Maintenance Systems: Initial Prototype Specification, Roseanne M. Fulcomer, William E. Ball, John P. Tadlock
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A fundamental need in future information systems is an effective method of accurately representing and monitoring dynamic, real-world situations inside a computer. Information is represented using an Extended Open World Assumption (EOWA), in which the data are explicitly true or false. Reasoning within the EOWA is done through the use of a dynamic dependency net which only represents those beliefs and justifications that are both currently valid and in current use. In this paper, we present definitions and uses of the EOWA and dynamic dependency net in our current research of developing a database with which we can use deductive …
A Unified Approach To Mixed-Mode Simulation, Roger D. Chamberlain, Mark A. Franklin
A Unified Approach To Mixed-Mode Simulation, Roger D. Chamberlain, Mark A. Franklin
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This paper presents a unified approach to mixed-mode simulation. It investigates the algorithms for both logic and circuit simulation, considering their similarities and differences, and a general framework is presented for integrating the two algorithms in uniform manner. The time advance mechanisms and component functional evaluations of the algorithms are show to be similar in nature, and mechanisms for the translation of information represented uniquely in the two algorithms are given. The resulting integrated algorithms is capable of performing mixed-mode simulation, where a circuit is partitioned into discrete and continuous regions, and each region is simulated at the appropriate level. …
A Compiler For A Two-Dimensional Programming Language, Julie Wing Kam Choi
A Compiler For A Two-Dimensional Programming Language, Julie Wing Kam Choi
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A visual programming language is presented. This language uses interactive graphics to convey notion such as subroutine, recursion, block structure, parallel and serial processing to school children. Currently the system is interpreter based. To overcome the inefficiency of the interpreter based system, a compiler is implemented for this language. This report gives an overview of the compiler and the details about the parser, semantic analyzer and the code generator. Finally, a performance comparison between the interpreter based system and the compiler based system is given.