Computer Engineering Commons^™

Using Geostatistical Tools For Mapping Traffic-Related Air Pollution In Urban Areas, Lubos Matejicek

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Air pollution sources caused by increasing road traffic reduce air quality and affect people in urban areas. In order to improve living conditions in urban areas, predictions of effects on air pollution are needed for assessing exposures as part of epidemiological studies, and to inform urban air-quality policy and traffic management. A prediction system for estimation, analysis and visualization has been developed to model spatial patterns of traffic-related air pollution. In this study, several geostatistical techniques are used for prediction of NO₂ and PM₁₀. The primary data for geostatistical methods originate from sample points that are generated …

Software Engineering For Scientific Application: Effort Report On The Community Land Model Within The Earth System Modeling Framework, Dali Wang, Yang Xu

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

One key factor in the improved understanding of earth system science is the development and improvement of high fidelity models. Along with the deeper understanding of earth system processes, the software complexity of those modelling systems becomes a barrier for further rapid model improvements and validation. In this paper, we present our experience on better understanding of the community land model (CLM) within an earth system modeling framework. After the science and software background of CLM, we represent three groups of CLM software engineering practices, which aim to 1) better understand the software system for rapid software system development on …

Characterizing Spatial Random Fields Through A Bayesian Inverse Modeling Framework And The High Throughput Computing Software - Htcondor, Carlos Osorio-Murillo, Daniel P. Ames, Heather Frystacky, Yoram Rubin

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Spatial Random Fields (SRFs) are used to characterize the behavior of variables which are difficult to measure everywhere. In the case of hydraulic conductivity used in groundwater models, heterogeneity can be modeled through structural parameters of the random fields – parameters that define the field’s spatial distribution. Characterization of these structural parameters using a stochastic inverse method requires the evaluation of thousands of potential realizations of the SRF which is a time consuming and challenging task – reducing the adoption of stochastic models. To address this issue, this paper presents the integration of high throughput computing using HTCondor with the …

Use Of Low-Cost Particle Monitors To Calibrate Traffic­-Related Air Pollutant Models In Urban Areas, Edmund Seto, Elena Austin, Igor Novosselov, Micheal Yost

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The availability of new small and low-cost particulate matter monitors has enabled the collection of large quantities of data to calibrate traffic-related air pollution models in urban areas. We present laboratory findings on the performance of our Portable University of Washington Particle (PUWP) monitor compared to a reference instrument, and its application to air quality modeling for epidemiologic studies. The instrument has been calibrated in laboratory chamber studies as well as in field collocation studies against reference instruments. We are currently examining the use of the PUWP to calibrate air pollution. In our laboratory studies, four PUWP monitors were placed …

Balancing Externalities And Industrial Costs In Air Quality Planning, Claudio Carnevale, Giorgio Guariso, Enrico Pisoni, Marialuisa Volta

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

When adopting regional plans aimed at improving air quality, environmental authorities are often faced with the relevant costs that the adoption of abatement measures implies. On the other hand, scientific literature has well documented damages due to air pollution impact on human health and ecosystems. This paper proposes a tool that allows balancing these two viewpoints by defining the efficient set of measures in a multi-objective perspective. Despite both external (health related) and internal (industrial/emission abatement related) costs can be measured in the same unit, namely money, it appears unacceptable to add them together as in a cost-benefit analysis, since …

Varying The Temporal Resolution Of River Nutrient Boundary Conditions To A Coupled Hydrodynamic-Biogeochemical Model Of A Coastal System Has Surprisingly Little Impact On Model Results, Barbara J. Robson, Jenny Skerratt, Mathieu Mongin, Karen Wild-Allen, Mark Baird

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Differences in the temporal resolution of catchment models and receiving water models often represent a problem for coupling of these models. Many catchment models are optimised for prediction of event-mean, monthly, or average annual sediment and nutrient loads, while coupled biogeochemical-hydrodynamic models typically run on time-steps measured in seconds, and often aim to predict patterns on a day-to-day or even sub-daily time-scale. Though previous work has shown that low temporal resolution of river boundary conditions set from in situ measurements can compromise the accuracy of a receiving water model, this is in large part because total river loads derived from …

An R Package For Implementing Multiple Evapotranspiration Formulations, Danlu Guo, Seth Westra, Holger R. Maier

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The use of multiple evapotranspiration (ET) models is critical for exploring the ambiguity in the representations of ET processes. Although ensemble ET models are increasingly used to address this ambiguity, practical issues include: 1) the diversity of process representations, which require different input data and constants; 2) the diversity of nomenclature, terminology and units used in the literature; and 3) the complexity of some formulations, requiring significant time for coding and leading to potential user errors. We describe an R package that estimates both actual and potential ET from 17 well-known formulations. Results are presented as summary text and plots, …

Long-Term Numerical Simulation For Stability Within The River Mouth; Case Study: Rosetta Promontory, Egypt, Ali Masria, Abdelazim Negm, Moheb Iskander, Oliver C. Saavedra, M. A. Bek

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Estuaries are very sensitive and vulnerable to any interventions in coastal dynamics. Most of these inlets experience coastal problems such as severe erosion and accretion. Rosetta promontory, Egypt, is an example of such an environment. It suffers from coastline erosion and sedimentation inside the inlet. The shoaling of the inlet leads to hindering the navigation process of fishing boats, negative impacts to estuarine and salt marsh habitat and decreases the efficiency of the cross section to transferring the flood flow to the sea.

This paper aims to reach a new condition of stability of Rosetta Promontory by using coastal measures. …

Estimation Of Pahs Concentration Fields In An Urban Area By Means Of Support Vector Machines, Armando Pelliccioni, Andrea Cristofari, Camillo Silibello, Monica Gherardi, Angelo Cecinato, Mafalda Lamberti

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Epidemiological studies about health effects of air quality are often based on data inferred by monitoring stations, and the issue of constructing pollutants exposure maps is crucial for improving such studies. The study about Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure in urban areas is the aim of the EXPAH LIFE+ Project, so an integrated approach, based on measurements and modeling techniques, has been applied to simulate PAHs concentration in the urban area of Rome in one year period (June 2011 - May 2012). Support Vector Machines (SVMs) have been applied to forecast PAHs concentrations starting from actual measurements. After a feature …

Using Locally Distributed Computing To Aid Water Quality Modelling, Saurav Kumar, Adil N. Godrej, Thomas J. Grizzard

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Watershed managers and other experts frequently use water quality models to manage and study watershed-waterbody systems. Many modern water quality models have become increasingly complex and require significant amount of computational resources to execute. This situation is further exacerbated by linked models, which require sequential execution of multiple models to simulate the entire system, along with data conversion to transfer data between the linked models. Many tasks, such as evaluations of the robustness of the modelling system through sensitivity analysis and applications of water quality models as a tool to aid decision-making, require multiple executions of water quality models and …

Rethinking Riverine Habitat Quality: Integrated Systems Modeling To Improve Watershed Habitat Management And Decision Making, Avman H. Alafifi, David E. Rosenberg

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

River restoration and conservation projects use habitat quality indicators (e.g., Habitat Suitability Index) to monitor and quantify changes of one or a few habitat attributes (e.g. instream flow, bank stability, and flood regime). A more integrated approach representing broader watershed habitat components requires rethinking riverine habitat quality. Systems models provide decision makers with tools to quantify and understand interconnections between different habitat components. They help predict and account for potential changes in hydrologic, ecological, and management variables in water systems. Applying systems models in restoration practice requires developing and applying new and robust habitat quality indicators that capture dynamic hydrologic …

Statistical Evaluation Of Intra-Event Variability Of Fecal Indicator In Stormwater Runoff From Different Land Uses, Ma. Cristina A. Paule, Sheeraz Memon, Bum-Yeon Lee, Umer S. Raja, Chinzorig Sukhbaatar, Jey-R S. Ventura, Deokjin Jahng, Joo-Hyon Kang, Chang-Hee Lee

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Stormwater runoff is one of the major transporters of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) contaminant in the downstream areas. The development of models to predict FIB concentrations in stormwater runoff are important because it is impractical to monitor and analyze every different microorganism at all monitoring sites. Understanding the correlation of hydrological characteristics such as antecedent dry days (ADD), total rainfall (RAIN), average rainfall intensity (AVGINT), runoff duration (RUNDUR) and runoff volume (RUNVOL), is important in development of such models. In this study, the samples were collected from three different monitoring sites which include agriculture (Site 1); mixed catchment (site 2) …

Development Of A Policy Tool Towards Particulate Pollution Abatement, Athena G. Progiou, Ioannis C. Ziomas, Nickolaos M. Panagiotou, Christos J. Boukouvalas

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Particulate matter concentrations are in most cities a major environmental problem. This is also the case in Greece where, despite the various measures taken in the past, the problem still persists. In this aspect, in the framework of the European Life Programme ACEPTAIR, a cost efficient, comprehensive policy tool was developed in order to help decision makers to take the most appropriate measures towards particulates pollution abatement. In the framework of the project, the tool was applied for the areas of three major Greek cities. The operational platform consists of two modules, a database and an algorithm for the calculation …

Simulation Of Groundwater Flow Based On Adaptive Mesh Refinement, Kourakos George, Harter Thomas

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The simulation of groundwater flow based on numerical methods requires sufficient discretization in areas of the domain where large changes of the hydraulic head gradient are expected. Mesh generation is the first step of numerical modeling, whereby the domain is discretized into a mesh of elements. The density of the mesh is defined prior to the simulation based primarily on user experience. In addition, a priori mesh generation for non-linear unconfined flow problems becomes very inefficient as there is no information regarding the water table. To alleviate the subjective and experimental mesh generation procedure in non-linear problems we propose a …

Integrated Rwqm1 Based Water Quality Modelling Using Open Mi, A Case Study Of The River Zenne, Belgium, Narayan Kumar Shrestha, Olkeba Tolessa Leta, Bruno De Fraine, Natacha Brion, Ann Van Griensven, Willy Bauwens

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

In the past, the QUAL principles have been widely used to describe the processes that define the oxygen levels in rivers. The more recently developed IWA river water quality model No.1 (RWQM1) has, however, a more sound theoretical background. Moreover, as the state variables of RWQM1 are similar to those of the activated sludge model for waste water treatment plants, RWQM1 better suits the needs in the framework of integrated river basin management. Accordingly, we used the RWQM1 principles to model the in-stream physico-chemical processes that affect the oxygen concentration. Hereby, the RWQM1 simulator was used as a model component …

Usage Of The Deltares Open Archive, Peter Gijsbers, Andre Grijze, Marc Van Dijk, Onno Van Den Akker

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Water agencies conducting daily operational forecasting need an archive solution that enables them to review (and legally defend) forecasts and decisions made, conduct post-event performance analysis, create canned datasets for training and create datasets for model calibration and hindcasting. Each use case has different storage needs, both in terms of data types stored, moment of archiving, backup and end-of-life strategies. In addition, each use case has different discovery and retrieval needs, sometimes followed by additional data creation (e.g. a post-event evaluation report) to be stored in relation to the original data. Data discovery strategies for scientific purposes typically start with …

A Distributed Architecture For Sharing Ecological Data Sets With Access And Usage Control Guarantees, Philippe Bonnet, Javier Gonzalez, Joel Granados

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

In our information-age, the necessary scientific exploration is mainly driven by mining new insights from many diverse data sets. While there is a consensus that a collaborative data infrastructure is needed to allow researchers in different domains to collaborate on the same data sets in order to get new insights, there are significant barriers to the realization of this vision. One of the key challenges is to allow scientists to share their data widely while retaining some form of control over who accesses this data (access control) and more importantly how it is used (usage control). Access and usage control …

Sequential Portfolio Decision Model For Epilepsy Death Risk Reduction, Matteo Convertino, Nicola Convertino

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Epilepsy is among the most frequent neurological diseases in the world affecting an esti­mated 43 million people. Thirty percent of epilepsy patients between the ages of 5 and 25 develop seizures related to illness or accidents involving an injury to the head. Decision making for prevention and care is crucial for fighting morbidity and mortality of such disease. Considering the multiplicity of diagnostic and treatment alternatives the best sequence of such alternatives should be the objective to detect for any pathologist and specialized physician in treating patients. Here, we introduce a portfolio decision model for the optimal detection of coupled …

Technology Behind The Deltares Open Archive, Andre Grijze, Peter Gijsbers, Erik De Rooij, E. Pelgrim, Onno Van Den Akker

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Water agencies conducting daily operational forecasting need an archive solution that enables them to review (and defend) forecasts and decisions made, conduct post-event performance analysis, create canned datasets for training and create datasets for model calibration and hindcasting. This archive solution should store datasets that range from time series (observations and forecast), workflow definition and model-run settings, to web-reports and text products (e.g. forecaster notes). The challenge is to provide an open solution that supports both operations and science, allowing access by a variety of applications. The Deltares Open Archive is a new solution which meets those needs. The solution …

Ogc And His: Implementing Wfs And Waterml2 For Hydroserver, Rohit M. Khattar, Dan Ames

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

An integral step in the data life cycle (after collection and curating) is providing access and data discovery for others to explore the data. Sharing of data across various computer hardware and software platforms is enabled by tools such as the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) Hydrological Information System (HIS) which stores and manages hydrologic and climate data. This system is growing in use by water scientists globally. At the same time, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has promulgated standards used within the GIS software industry that are also based on web services technologies …

An Architecture For Integration Of Multidisciplinary Models, Getachew F. Belete, Alexey Voinov, Niels Holst

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Integrating multidisciplinary models requires linking models: that may operate at different temporal and spatial scales; developed using different methodologies, tools and techniques; different levels of complexity; calibrated for different ranges of inputs and outputs, etc. On the other hand, integration of models requires us to address technical, semantic, and dataset aspects of interoperability. So we need a genuine techniques that enable us to integrate various domain specific models for interdisciplinary study. In this research work, we investigated best practices of System Integration, Enterprise Application Integration, and Integration Design Patterns. We developed an architecture of a multidisciplinary model integration framework that …

Optimal Surveillance System Design For Outbreak Source Detection Maximization: A Vol Model, M. Convertino, C. Hedberg

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Foodborne diseases cause an estimated 48 million illnesses each year in the United States, including 9.4 million caused by known pathogens. Real time detection of cases and outbreak sources are important epidemic intelligence services that can decrease morbidity and mortality of foodborne illnesses, and allow optimal response to identify the causal pathways leading to contamination. For most outbreaks associated with fresh produce items, outbreak source detection typically occurs after the contaminated produce items have been consumed and are no longer in the marketplace.

We developed a probabilistic model for real time outbreak source detection, prediction of outbreaks, and contamination-prone area …

The Pocketlai Smartphone App: An Alternative Method For Leaf Area Index Estimation, Roberto Confalonieri, Caterina Francone, Marco Foi

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The possibility of adopting the technology implemented in low-costs devices for the monitoring of biophysical processes is being increasingly explored by the scientific community. In the context of environmental studies, leaf area index (LAI) is one of the variables scientists and technicians are more interested in, since directly involved in radiation interception, and in crop response to water availability. An indirect method for leaf area index estimation was recently proposed and implemented in the smartphone app PocketLAI. The application uses the smartphone camera and the accelerometer to acquire images at 57.5° below the canopy while the user is rotating …

Environmental Software Development With Uml, Peter A. Khaiter, Marina G. Erechtchoukova

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The issues of rational use of the environmental objects continue to attract public attention world-wide. There are even growing concerns on the part of various stakeholders and general public in relation to the on-going global climate change and a common demand for a harmonized type of relationships between the societal development and the environment crystalized in the concept of environmentally-friendly sustainable development. The interplay of a broad range of fields, such as economics, ecology, psychology, sociology, hydrology and agronomy, makes the area of sustainability inherently complex. Decision-making in the field requires a due support by the sophisticated environmental information systems …

Ecosmart Landscapes: A Versatile Saas Platform For Green Infrastructure Applications In Urban Environments, E. Gregory Mcpherson, Quingfu Xiao, Joe Purohit, Mark Dietenberger, Charles R. Boardman, Jim Simpson, Paula Peper

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The urban environment offers significant opportunities to improve sustainability and optimize water resources. Historically, research and software applications have been focused on the built environment (buildings). Cost-effective, practical tools that can assess the impact of different landscape configurations and their interactions with buildings have not been widely deployed. ecoSmart Landscapes (eSL) is a unique SaaS-based platform that helps to bridge this gap. It incorporates modelling and planning tools for the integrated assessment of carbon, water, energy, and fire impacts of individual landscapes at the residential parcel scale. Analytical and empirical models running concurrently, for each user’s landscape configuration, simulate tree …

Using Surrogate Modelling For Fast Estimation Of Water Budget Component In A Regional Watershed, Aurelien Hazart, Koji Mori, Kazuhiro Tada, Hiroyuki Tosaka

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

We developed a method based on surrogate modelling to estimate the water flow in both surface and subsurface sections of a basin watershed. The real case of a regional watershed near Tokyo with a catchment area of 100km² was targeted with observations on a period of about 16 years. Our purpose was to propose a tool of water resources management that can be operated daily by the person in charge of a watershed without expert knowledge of the numerical modelling process. Replacement of complex physical models by surrogate models like artificial neural networks (ANN) has been proved useful in …

Improved Simulation Of Evapotranspiration For Land Use And Climate Change Impact Analysis At Catchment Scale, Ann Van Griensven, Samita Maharjan, Tadesse Alemayehu

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

Evapotranspiration is not only one of the major components of the hydrological cycle, it also controls impacts of drivers such as climate and land use changes. One of the widely used simulation tools for climate and impact studies is the Soil and Water Assessment Tool {SWAT). This study evaluates the evapotranspiration processes in SWAT in the Kenyan Mau forest within the Mara basin that drains to Lake Victoria. The study reveals that typical SWAT applications have flaws as in the implementation or parameterisation of tropical forests.

To improve the use of SWAT for land use and climate change studies, the …

Central Valley Water Management Screening Model For Water Management Alternatives, Nazrul Islam, Nancy Parker, Holly Canada, Erik Reyes, Tom Fitzhugh, Francis Chung, Nicky Sandhu, Z. Q. Richard Chen, Hao Xie, Kevin Kao, Raymond Hoang, Dan Easton, Tad Slawecki

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region (Reclamation) have developed CalLite as an interactive screening model for evaluating various Central Valley water management alternatives. The CalLite model has been used as a negotiations tool in a variety of stakeholder processes for improved understanding of water system operations and for consensus based decision-making. The model has been applied to studies related to: the Bay Delta Conservation Plan, delta regulations, system reoperation, and other planning processes. CalLite was developed using the Water Resources Integrated Modeling System (WRIMS) software that uses a linear programming solver …

The Challenge Of Model Implementation Of Regulatory Models In Integrated Environmental Modeling Systems, James G. Droppo, Mitch A. Pelton, Jeremy P. Rishel

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

This paper addresses an effort to develop a model for use both as a standalone regulatory model and as an operational module in an integrated modeling framework. As the state of the art of integrated environmental modeling advances, regulators have the opportunity to develop integrated modeling systems that have the capability of providing holistic overviews of potential environmental consequences. However because they are still bound by regulatory requirements, the implementation of regulatory models in integrated environmental modeling systems poses a number of special challenges. The component regulatory model must be able to be 1) documented as a separate entity, 2) …

Using Bayesian Networks To Link Environmental Flows To Ecosystem Services In The Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, Sina K. Frank, Carmel A. Pollino, Petra Döll

International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software

In water resources management and planning, it is important to understand both (1.) the linkages between environmental flows and ecosystem condition as well as (2.) the linkages between ecosystem condition and ecosystem services. Bayesian Networks (BNs) are an integration-based modeling tool that could be suitable for representing and quantifying these linkages. To evaluate this, we developed a BN, using the Murray-Darling Basin (Australia) as a case study. The Murray-Darling Basin has both agricultural and ecological values, and has more than a century of water resource development and planning. Recently, ecosystem services have been proposed as a means to progressing water …