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Articles 5401 - 5430 of 7211
Full-Text Articles in Computer Engineering
An Improved Hybrid Approach For The Plc-Based Implementation Of Reduced Rw Supervisors, Murat Uzam, Gökhan Gelen
An Improved Hybrid Approach For The Plc-Based Implementation Of Reduced Rw Supervisors, Murat Uzam, Gökhan Gelen
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
A successful application of a hybrid (mixed Petri net/automaton) approach for the real-time supervisory control of an experimental manufacturing system was reported recently. The hybrid approach includes a Ramadge--Wonham (RW) supervisor in the form of an automaton. The reduced RW supervisor offers fewer states for the programmable logic controller (PLC) implementation of the hybrid controller with less memory requirements, but due to a problem called the avalanche effect, the PLC implementation of the hybrid controller with the reduced RW supervisor was not possible. This paper proposes a method to both detect and eliminate the avalanche effect problem for a RW …
An Automotive Vehicle Dynamics Prototyping Platform Based On A Remote Control Model Car, Seli̇m Solmaz, Türker Coşkun
An Automotive Vehicle Dynamics Prototyping Platform Based On A Remote Control Model Car, Seli̇m Solmaz, Türker Coşkun
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
The use of a modified remote control (RC) model car as a vehicle dynamics testing and development platform is detailed. Vehicle dynamics testing is an important aspect of automotive engineering and it plays a key role during the design and tuning of active safety control systems. Considering the fact that such tests are conductedi at great expense, scaled model cars can potentially be used to help with the process to reduce the costs. With this view, we instrument and develop a standard electric RC model car into a vehicle dynamics testing platform. We then implement 2 representative active safety control …
Design Of Adaptive Compensators For The Control Of Robot Manipulators Robust To Unknown Structured And Unstructured Parameters, Recep Burkan
Design Of Adaptive Compensators For The Control Of Robot Manipulators Robust To Unknown Structured And Unstructured Parameters, Recep Burkan
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In this paper, a new adaptive-robust control approach for robot manipulators is developed. The adaptive-robust control law is not only robust to unknown structured parameters but also robust to unknown unstructured parameters such as unstructured joint friction and disturbances. The bounded disturbances and unstructured model are taken into account in a dynamic model and it is assumed that the structured and unstructured parameters are unknown. The structured and unstructured parameters are distinguished between parameters and these parameters are treated separately. Next, new parameter estimation functions are developed for each of the 2 uncertainty groups. After that, the developed dynamic adaptive …
7-Dof Haptic Device And Interface Design, Özgür Başer, Erhan İlhan Konukseven
7-Dof Haptic Device And Interface Design, Özgür Başer, Erhan İlhan Konukseven
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In this study, the developed 7-DOF haptic device (HaP-7) and its virtual reality interface are presented. The design issues, design constraints, and alternative design configurations are discussed and the potential advantages of the HaP-7 are put forward. The kinematic model of the proposed device looks like a simplified human arm kinematic model. The redundant characteristic of the device provides larger workspace and allows for appropriate posture selection for the purposes of maximization of the rigidity, transparency and stability, while minimizing the inertia and power consumption in addition to the singularity and obstacle avoidance optimization.
Eetbr: Energy Efficient Token-Based Routing For Wireless Sensor Networks, Taner Çevi̇k, Abdül Hali̇m Zai̇m
Eetbr: Energy Efficient Token-Based Routing For Wireless Sensor Networks, Taner Çevi̇k, Abdül Hali̇m Zai̇m
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
The most significant drawback of wireless sensor networks is energy scarcity. As there is an increasing need for operating these networks for relatively long times, energy saving becomes the key challenge in the design of the architectures and protocols for sensor networks. Therefore, several research studies have been performed for making contributions to the analysis of this energy shortage problem. Most of these research activities have been focused on finding solutions for the energy consumption of the communication unit, which is the dominant energy dissipating component of the sensor nodes. In this paper, a novel, token-based routing protocol adapted with …
A Unified Approach To Speech Enhancement And Voice Activity Detection, Ceyhan Kasap, Mustafa Levent Arslan
A Unified Approach To Speech Enhancement And Voice Activity Detection, Ceyhan Kasap, Mustafa Levent Arslan
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In this paper, a unified system for voice activity detection (VAD) and speech enhancement is proposed. In the proposed system, there is mutual exchange of information between VAD and speech enhancement blocks. A new and robust VAD algorithm is implemented for the VAD block of the unified system. The newly proposed VAD algorithm uses a periodicity measure and an energy measure obtained from spectral energy distribution and spectral energy difference of the input speech data. For the speech enhancement block, the modified Wiener filtering (MWF) approach is utilized. It has been shown that the utilization of information exchange between the …
A New Digital Image Steganography Algorithm Based On Visible Wavelength, İbrahi̇m Coşkun, Feyzi̇ Akar, Özdemi̇r Çeti̇n
A New Digital Image Steganography Algorithm Based On Visible Wavelength, İbrahi̇m Coşkun, Feyzi̇ Akar, Özdemi̇r Çeti̇n
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Stenography is the science that ensures secret communication through multimedia carriers such as image, audio, and video files. The ultimate end of stenography is to hide the secret data in the carrier file so that they are not detected. To that end, stenography applications should have such features as undetectability; robustness; resistance to various images process, sing methods, and compression; and capacity of the hidden data. At the same time, those features distinguish stenography applications from watermarking and cryptography applications. This study is different from other studies in the literature in that the undetectability parameter has been achieved through hiding …
A Comparative Review Of Regression Ensembles On Drug Design Datasets, Mehmet Fati̇h Amasyali, Kadri̇ Okan Ersoy
A Comparative Review Of Regression Ensembles On Drug Design Datasets, Mehmet Fati̇h Amasyali, Kadri̇ Okan Ersoy
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Drug design datasets are usually known as hard-modeled, having a large number of features and a small number of samples. Regression types of problems are common in the drug design area. Committee machines (ensembles) have become popular in machine learning because of their good performance. In this study, the dynamics of ensembles used in regression-related drug design problems are investigated with a drug design dataset collection. The study tries to determine the most successful ensemble algorithm, the base algorithm--ensemble pair having the best/worst results, the best successful single algorithm, and the similarities of algorithms according to their performances. We also …
A New Color Image Quality Measure Based On Yuv Transformation And Psnr For Human Vision System, Yildiray Yalman, İsmai̇l Ertürk
A New Color Image Quality Measure Based On Yuv Transformation And Psnr For Human Vision System, Yildiray Yalman, İsmai̇l Ertürk
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Various methods for measuring perceptual image quality attempt to quantify the visibility of differences between an original digital image and its distorted version using a variety of known properties of the human vision system (HVS). In this paper, we propose a simple and effective full-reference color image quality measure (CQM) based on reversible luminance and chrominance (YUV) color transformation and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) measure. The main motivation of this new measure relies on a unique feature of the human eye response to the luminance and color. Experimental studies about the applicability of the CQM on a well-known test image …
Multiobjective Daily Volt/Var Control In Distribution Systems With Distributed Generation Using Binary Ant Colony Optimization, Reza Azimi, Saeid Esmaeili
Multiobjective Daily Volt/Var Control In Distribution Systems With Distributed Generation Using Binary Ant Colony Optimization, Reza Azimi, Saeid Esmaeili
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
This paper presents a multiobjective daily voltage and reactive power control (Volt/VAr) in radial distribution systems, including distributed generation units. The main purpose is to determine optimum dispatch schedules for on-load tap changer (OLTC) settings at substations, substation-switched capacitors, and feeder-switched capacitors based on the day-ahead load forecast. The objectives are selected to minimize the voltage deviation on the secondary bus of the main transformer, total electrical energy losses, the number of OLTCs, and capacitor operation and voltage fluctuations in distribution systems for the next day. Since this model is the weighted sum of individual objective functions, an analytic hierarchy …
Chaos Control Of Single Time-Scale Brushless Dc Motor With Sliding Mode Control Method, Yilmaz Uyaroğlu, Bariş Cevher
Chaos Control Of Single Time-Scale Brushless Dc Motor With Sliding Mode Control Method, Yilmaz Uyaroğlu, Bariş Cevher
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In this paper, the sliding mode control (SMC) scheme of single time-scale brushless DC motor (BLDCM) is investigated. The SMC method consists of 2 sections. To simplify the directive of the stability of the controlled single time-scale BLDCM in the sliding mode, first a special type of PI switching surface is adopted. Second, the SMC controller is obtained to guarantee the occurrence of the PI switching surface. The effectiveness of the theoretical analysis is evaluated by numerical simulations. Thus, the numerical results are used to show the verification and trustworthiness of the proposed method.
Image Pattern Recognition Technique For The Classification Of Multiple Power Quality Disturbances, Brahmadesam Viswanathan Krishna, Baskaran Kalaiperumal
Image Pattern Recognition Technique For The Classification Of Multiple Power Quality Disturbances, Brahmadesam Viswanathan Krishna, Baskaran Kalaiperumal
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In a practical power system, a power quality (PQ) event often consists of various types of disturbances occurring at the same time. However, most of the existing techniques are trained to classify single disturbances, and hence have very limited usage in classifying real-time data. This work proposes a novel technique to automatically detect and classify multiple disturbances that coexist in PQ monitoring data. The data obtained from PQ monitors are represented in the form of 2-dimensional (2D) images. This 2D data visualization has significant benefits, in that each type of disturbance produces a different type of edge in the image; …
A Novel Approach For The Reconfiguration Of Distribution Systems Considering The Voltage Stability Margin, Mohammad Hasan Hemmatpour, Mohsen Mohammadian, Mohsen Rezaie Estabragh
A Novel Approach For The Reconfiguration Of Distribution Systems Considering The Voltage Stability Margin, Mohammad Hasan Hemmatpour, Mohsen Mohammadian, Mohsen Rezaie Estabragh
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In recent years, the problem of optimum reconfiguration in distribution systems (DSs) has been a task that must be solved in an optimal manner. This paper presents a new approach for the optimal reconfiguration of DSs based on a hierarchical 2-stage optimization problem to improve the power system voltage stability margin and reduce losses incorporating the constraints. The mentioned problem has been modeled as a nonlinear and multiobjective optimization problem. It uses the ability of the developed harmony search algorithm (HSA) as the first stage of the proposed optimization problem to reach the best network configuration. This reconfiguration algorithm starts …
Real-Time Implementation Of An Amplitude-Locked Loop: A Validation On The Dspace Ds1006-Based Platform, Jora Mangala Gonda, Sumam Sarah
Real-Time Implementation Of An Amplitude-Locked Loop: A Validation On The Dspace Ds1006-Based Platform, Jora Mangala Gonda, Sumam Sarah
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
The extraction of harmonics and/or the fundamental from a distorted waveform is an important process in the implementation of custom-power devices. Several schemes towards this have been proposed in the past. Among these, the algorithms based on synchronous (with respect to the supply voltages) extraction (both in phase and amplitude) have certain established advantages over the others. Amplitude-locked loops (ALLs) have been in use in signal-communication systems but are limited to sinusoidal inputs. There is a need for fast and rugged algorithms to synchronously extract harmonics and/or the fundamental from a distorted waveform in many power system applications. In this …
Low-Cost And Power-Efficient Thread Collision Detection Scheme For Shared Caches In A Real-Time Multithreaded Embedded Processor, Emre Özer
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
This paper addresses an important issue in a real-time multithreaded embedded processor where several active hardware threads share the critical resources such as caches in the processor. Thread interferences or collisions could lead to severe performance degradations on the real-time threads. Although the cache interference issue on real-time multithreaded processors has been studied before, no cost-effective and simpler hardware solutions were proposed to maintain the single thread performance of the real-time thread while still letting the low-priority threads progress. A novel technique called collision tag is proposed to address these issues. Progressively, the collision tag scheme can be reduced into …
Microelectronic Interconnect Modeling With A Periodical Lumped Rlc-Network, Blaise Ravelo
Microelectronic Interconnect Modeling With A Periodical Lumped Rlc-Network, Blaise Ravelo
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
A modeling of high-speed microelectronic interconnections based on periodical resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) cells is presented in this paper. A theoretical investigation enabling one to determine the interconnect structure transfer function is established. The proposed theory is based on the use of the ABCD matrix product of elementary cells, constituting the whole interconnect structure. After extracting the constituting lumped elements R, L, and C, which model the considered interconnection, examples of the numerical validations were proposed, both in the frequency and time domains. It was demonstrated that by considering a structure comprised of 10 elementary segments in cascade, S-parameters and time-domain results …
Foster Impedance Data Modeling Via Singly Terminated Lc Ladder Networks, Meti̇n Şengül
Foster Impedance Data Modeling Via Singly Terminated Lc Ladder Networks, Meti̇n Şengül
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In this work, a lossless model is developed for the given Foster impedance data. In the model, a 2-port short- or open-terminated LC ladder is used. After applying the proposed algorithm, a realizable driving-point reactance function that fits the given data is obtained. Next, this function is synthesized, resulting in the desired model. In the algorithm, there is no need to select a circuit topology for the model. Two examples are given to illustrate the utilization of the proposed modeling algorithm.
A Reputation-Based Privacy Management System For Social Networking Sites, Mehmet Erkan Yüksel, Asim Si̇nan Yüksel, Abdül Hali̇m Zai̇m
A Reputation-Based Privacy Management System For Social Networking Sites, Mehmet Erkan Yüksel, Asim Si̇nan Yüksel, Abdül Hali̇m Zai̇m
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Social networking sites form a special type of virtual community where we share our personal information with people and develop new relationships on the Internet. These sites allow the users to share just about everything, including photos, videos, favorite music, and games, and record all user interactions and retain them for potential use in social data mining. This storing and sharing of large amounts of information causes privacy problems for the users of these websites. In order to prevent these problems, we have to provide strict privacy policies, data protection mechanisms, and trusted and built-in applications that help to protect …
Controlling The Chaotic Discrete-Hénon System Using A Feedforward Neural Network With An Adaptive Learning Rate, Kürşad Gökce, Yilmaz Uyaroğlu
Controlling The Chaotic Discrete-Hénon System Using A Feedforward Neural Network With An Adaptive Learning Rate, Kürşad Gökce, Yilmaz Uyaroğlu
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
This paper proposes a feedforward neural network-based control scheme to control the chaotic trajectories of a discrete-Hénon map in order to stay within an acceptable distance from the stable fixed point. An adaptive learning back propagation algorithm with online training is employed to improve the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation study carried in the discrete-Hénon system verifies the validity of the proposed control system.
A New Morse Code Scheme Optimized According To The Statistical Properties Of Turkish, Emrah Çi̇çek, Asim Egemen Yilmaz
A New Morse Code Scheme Optimized According To The Statistical Properties Of Turkish, Emrah Çi̇çek, Asim Egemen Yilmaz
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Morse code has been in use for more than 180 years, even though its currently known form is slightly different than the form defined by Morse and Vail. The code book constructed by Vail was optimized according to the statistical properties of English. In this study, we propose a new code book optimized for Turkish and demonstrate that it is information-theoretically possible to achieve about a 10% improvement throughout the coding of Turkish texts by means of our proposal. The outcomes of this might serve as a basis for potential (academic and/or applied) Turkish language-specific lossless data compression studies.
Optimal Sizing And Siting Distributed Generation Resources Using A Multiobjective Algorithm, Seyed Amir Hosseini, Seyed Siavash Karimi Madahi, Farzad Razavi, Mohsen Karami, Ali Asghar Ghadimi
Optimal Sizing And Siting Distributed Generation Resources Using A Multiobjective Algorithm, Seyed Amir Hosseini, Seyed Siavash Karimi Madahi, Farzad Razavi, Mohsen Karami, Ali Asghar Ghadimi
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
The restructuring of the electrical market, improvement in the technologies of energy production, and energy crisis have paved the way for increasing applications of distributed generation (DG) resources in recent years. Installing DG units in a distribution network may result in positive impacts, such as voltage profile improvement and loss reduction, and negative impacts, such as an increase in the short-circuit level. These impacts depend on the type, capacity, and place of these resources. Therefore, finding the optimal place and capacity of DG resources is of crucial importance. Accordingly, this paper is aimed at finding the optimal place and capacity …
An Automated Signal Alignment Algorithm Based On Dynamic Time Warping For Capillary Electrophoresis Data, Fethullah Karabi̇ber
An Automated Signal Alignment Algorithm Based On Dynamic Time Warping For Capillary Electrophoresis Data, Fethullah Karabi̇ber
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Correcting the retention time variation and measuring the similarity of time series is one of the most popular challenges in the area of analyzing capillary electrophoresis (CE) data. In this study, an automated signal alignment method is proposed by modifying the dynamic time warping (DTW) approach to align the time-series data. Preprocessing tools and further optimizations were developed to increase the performance of the algorithm. As a demonstrative case study, the developed algorithm is applied to the analysis of CE data from a selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) evaluation of the RNA secondary structure. The time-shift problem …
Simulation Of A Large Electric Distribution System Having Intensive Harmonics In The Industrial Zone Of Konya, Hasan Eroğlu, Musa Aydin
Simulation Of A Large Electric Distribution System Having Intensive Harmonics In The Industrial Zone Of Konya, Hasan Eroğlu, Musa Aydin
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In this study, measurements were taken at different points of a sample distribution system in order to analyze the levels of harmonics that appear as a day-to-day increasing problem in electrical distribution systems. According to the measurement values, the dominant harmonics have been determined and an electrical model of the system has been prepared using the SimPowerSystems toolbox from MATLAB and Simulink. The accuracy of the electrical model has been verified by the measurement and simulation values. In addition, the transformer connection types' and impedances' simulations have been presented to understand and solve the harmonic problems in electrical distribution systems. …
A Blind Digital Signature Scheme Using Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, İsmai̇l Bütün, Mehmet Demi̇rer
A Blind Digital Signature Scheme Using Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, İsmai̇l Bütün, Mehmet Demi̇rer
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In this study, we propose a blind digital signature (BDS) scheme based on the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm that increases the performance significantly. The security of our scheme is based on the difficulty of the elliptic curve discrete algorithm problem. Therefore, it offers much smaller key lengths for the desired security levels, along with much faster cryptographic processes, leading to fewer hardware and software requirements. According to our simulation results, the relative performance improvement of our proposed BDS scheme is up to 96% when compared with previously proposed schemes.
On-Line Self-Learning Pid Controller Design Of Sssc Using Self-Recurrent Wavelet Neural Networks, Soheil Ganjefar, Mojtaba Alizadeh
On-Line Self-Learning Pid Controller Design Of Sssc Using Self-Recurrent Wavelet Neural Networks, Soheil Ganjefar, Mojtaba Alizadeh
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Conventionally, FACTS devices employ a proportional-integral (PI) controller as a supplementary controller. However, the conventional PI controller has many disadvantages. The present paper aims to propose an on-line self-learning PI-derivative (PID) controller design of a static synchronous series compensator for power system stability enhancement and to overcome the PI controller problems. Unlike the PI controllers, the proposed PID controller has a local nature because of its powerful adaption process, which is based on the back-propagation (BP) algorithm that is carried out through an adaptive self-recurrent wavelet neural network identifier (ASRWNNI). In fact, the PID controller parameters are updated in on-line …
A Computer-Aided Diagnosis System For Breast Cancer Detection By Using A Curvelet Transform, Nebi̇ Gedi̇k, Ayten Atasoy
A Computer-Aided Diagnosis System For Breast Cancer Detection By Using A Curvelet Transform, Nebi̇ Gedi̇k, Ayten Atasoy
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
The most common type of cancer among women worldwide is breast cancer. Early detection of breast cancer is very important to reduce the fatality rate. For the hundreds of mammographic images scanned by a radiologist, only a few are cancerous. While detecting abnormalities, some of them may be missed, as the detection of suspicious and abnormal images is a recurrent mission that causes fatigue and eyestrain. In this paper, a computer-aided diagnosis system using the curvelet transform (CT) algorithm is proposed for interpreting mammograms to improve the decision making. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for …
Actor-Critic-Based Ink Drop Spread As An Intelligent Controller, Hesam Sagha, Iman Esmaili Paeen Afrakoti, Saeed Bagherishouraki
Actor-Critic-Based Ink Drop Spread As An Intelligent Controller, Hesam Sagha, Iman Esmaili Paeen Afrakoti, Saeed Bagherishouraki
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
This paper introduces an innovative adaptive controller based on the actor-critic method. The proposed approach employs the ink drop spread (IDS) method as its main engine. The IDS method is a new trend in soft-computing approaches that is a universal fuzzy modeling technique and has been also used as a supervised controller. Its process is very similar to the processing system of the human brain. The proposed actor-critic method uses an IDS structure as an actor and a 2-dimensional plane, representing control variable states, as a critic that estimates the lifetime goodness of each state. This method is fast, simple, …
A Real-Time Extraction Of Active And Reactive Current Using Microcontrollers For A Multipulse Statcom, Mehmet Ali̇ Anadol, Musa Aydin, Tankut Yalçinöz
A Real-Time Extraction Of Active And Reactive Current Using Microcontrollers For A Multipulse Statcom, Mehmet Ali̇ Anadol, Musa Aydin, Tankut Yalçinöz
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In power transmission and distribution systems, the design of a compensator that adjusts the power factor without causing additional power losses requires the determination of the reactive current components that are going to be supplied into the system. In this study, the determination of the active and reactive current components is achieved via the use of the nonactive power theory and a microcontroller-based control system. The control system has been implemented with low-cost 16-bit microcontrollers. This system was used to control a 3-phase, 12-pulse laboratory-size prototype of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) with the structure of a voltage source converter. …
Multiobjective Differential Evolution-Based Performance Optimization For Switched Reluctance Motor Drives, Hedi Yahia, Noureddine Liouane, Rachid Dhifaoui
Multiobjective Differential Evolution-Based Performance Optimization For Switched Reluctance Motor Drives, Hedi Yahia, Noureddine Liouane, Rachid Dhifaoui
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
The simple structure, low manufacturing cost, rugged behavior, high torque per unit volume, and wide torque-speed range make a switched reluctance motor (SRM) very attractive for industrial applications. However, these advantages are overshadowed by its inherent high torque ripple, acoustic noise, and difficulty to control. The controlled parameters in SRM drives can be selected as the turn-on angle, the turn-off angle, and the current reference. This paper investigates the problem of optimal control parameters considering the maximum average torque, minimum copper losses, and minimum torque ripple as the main objectives in SRM drives. The use of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to …
Implementation Of An Ac Model For Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Reliability Constraints, Amin Mahmoudabad, Masoud Rashidinejad, Majid Zeinaddini-Meymand, Mohsen Rahmani
Implementation Of An Ac Model For Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Reliability Constraints, Amin Mahmoudabad, Masoud Rashidinejad, Majid Zeinaddini-Meymand, Mohsen Rahmani
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
In this paper, a hybrid heuristic methodology that employs fuzzy logic for solving the AC transmission network expansion planning (AC-TEP) problem is presented. An enhanced constructive heuristic algorithm aimed at obtaining a significant quality solution for such complicated problems considering contingency is proposed. In order to indicate the severity of the contingency, 2 performance indices, namely the line flow performance index and voltage performance index, are calculated. An interior point method is applied as a nonlinear programming solver to handle such nonconvex optimization problems, while the objective function includes the costs of the new transmission lines as well as the …