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Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

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Articles 3541 - 3570 of 4370

Full-Text Articles in Computer Engineering

Simulation Of Gas-Liquid Mixing Flow In A Stirred Tank With Inverted Umbrella-Type Surface Aerator, Wenli Wei, Weili Lou, Panpan Li, Yuling Liu Nov 2019

Simulation Of Gas-Liquid Mixing Flow In A Stirred Tank With Inverted Umbrella-Type Surface Aerator, Wenli Wei, Weili Lou, Panpan Li, Yuling Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The way of computational fluid dynamics with k-ε turbulence model as well as multiple reference frame method was used to simulate the hydraulic characteristics of gas-liquid mixing flow in a stirred tank installed with an inverted umbrella-type surface aerator. The inverted umbrella aerator consists of eight blades, and rotates at 5.23rad/s. The main purpose of this simulation is to study the distributions of air volume fraction and characteristics of mixing flow. The simulation results show that the distribution of the mixing flow is symmetrical; the change rules of the gas distribution at different positions along the axis direction are …

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Parameter Optimization Analysis For Double Reheat Units Based On Particle Swarm Optimization, Wenfeng Fu, Haiwen Chen, Lanjing Wang Nov 2019

Parameter Optimization Analysis For Double Reheat Units Based On Particle Swarm Optimization, Wenfeng Fu, Haiwen Chen, Lanjing Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The thermodynamic system parameter optimization was established for double reheat ultra-supercritical units. Taking a 660MW unit as an example, some vital parameters including feedwater enthalpy rise distribution, feedwater temperature, reheat steam pressure, number of feedwater heaters and main steam parameter were analyzed based on particle swarm optimization. The result shows the unit thermal efficiency can be further improved by optimizing apparatus interface parameters. The second reheat pressure has more influence on the unit thermal efficiency than the first reheat pressure. When adding the number of feedwater heaters, low pressure heater is a better choice for improving unit thermal efficiency. …

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Quantity Optimization Of Aircraft Ground Deicing Equipment Based On Flight Dynamics, Bin Chen, Liwen Wang Nov 2019

Quantity Optimization Of Aircraft Ground Deicing Equipment Based On Flight Dynamics, Bin Chen, Liwen Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Flight delays and deicing equipment parameter optimization questions were studied aiming at two kinds of typical airport. The formation mechanism of deicing flight delay queue was studied, and the flight delay queue model was proposed corresponding to the departure dynamics of triangle and parabolic shape function. An optimization model of deicing nozzle quantity demand for two typical flight departure dynamics was established aiming at minimizing the flight delay and deicing cost. The nozzle quantity demand optimization model was simulated and verified using deicing flight dynamic data of Beijing International Airport and Harbin Taiping Airport. Simulation results are close to …

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Extending Lifetime Of Sensor Networks Based On Sleep-Scheduled Routing Algorithm, Zhuojin Pan, Stuart D., Luo Zhen, Yang Hua Nov 2019

Extending Lifetime Of Sensor Networks Based On Sleep-Scheduled Routing Algorithm, Zhuojin Pan, Stuart D., Luo Zhen, Yang Hua

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to minimize energy consumption of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks, this paper presents an Energy Efficient Sleep-Scheduled Tree-Based Routing Protocol (EESSTBRP) that modifies the chain formation in PEGASIS to create a set of paired and unpaired nodes in the network based on a distance and sensing range threshold. The paired nodes switch between active and sleep modes so as to remove redundant data and save battery power. To minimize energy consumption as nodes switching between the modes, this scheme considers the transitioning to be done based on a point of near depletion of the nodes’ residual …

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Ship Speed Optimization Based On Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Algorithm, Jinfeng Zhang, Taoning Yang, Weihao Ma Nov 2019

Ship Speed Optimization Based On Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Algorithm, Jinfeng Zhang, Taoning Yang, Weihao Ma

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Ship speed optimization is an effective means to reduce operational costs in the downturn of shipping. To deal with the conflict between reducing the operating cost and reducing the ship emissions, the multi-objective ship speed optimization model is proposed based on the influence of the actual wind and wave. The MOPSO algorithm is introduced to solve the Pareto optimal solution set, and the compromise speed is an effective tradeoff based on the improved TOPSIS algorithm. The operational shipping route is selected as an example to simulate and verify the model. The results show that the operating costs and …

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Parameter Matching Optimization Of Pure Electric Vehicle Based On Firefly Algorithm, Li Yan, Yigang He Nov 2019

Parameter Matching Optimization Of Pure Electric Vehicle Based On Firefly Algorithm, Li Yan, Yigang He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: According to the design requirements and technical index of pure electric vehicle, the parameters of motor and battery related to power and economic performance are selected based on the computing results. Based on ADVISOR, a vehicle model of pure electric vehicle is established in MATLAB environment with the corresponding parameters validating the simulation results. On this basis, the multi-objective function is established, which includes the power performance, economic performance and cost price. This function is optimized by the firefly algorithm, which makes the dynamic parameters, the dynamic performance and economy performance of pure electric vehicle be improved significantly and …

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Comparison And Analysis Of Output Performance Of Different Pv Structures Under Shadows, Yonghong Xia, Mengru Li, Jianbo Xin, Zen Fanpeng, Yunjun Yu Nov 2019

Comparison And Analysis Of Output Performance Of Different Pv Structures Under Shadows, Yonghong Xia, Mengru Li, Jianbo Xin, Zen Fanpeng, Yunjun Yu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The output power of PV array not only depends on the irradiance intensity of the partial shadows, but also on the shadows shape. For the serious power loss under partial shadows of the traditional SP (Series-Parallel) and TCT (Total-Cross-Tied) structures, an optimized TCT structure is proposed. Output capacity comparison was made based on the three structures in five shadow modes under the circumstances of the severe shadows and uneven irradiation. By using Matlab/ Simulink software, the output performance of the three structures was simulated under different shadow shapes in symmetrical and asymmetric arrays. The results show that PV array …

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Colored Petri Net Based Modeling On Warship Command And Control Information Flow, Xueguang Zhou, Weidong Lü, Zhimin Yuan Nov 2019

Colored Petri Net Based Modeling On Warship Command And Control Information Flow, Xueguang Zhou, Weidong Lü, Zhimin Yuan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the current problems of the complexity, influence of human factors, reusability and others, this paper built a warship command and control (C2) information flow model and obtained the warship C2 model with command and feedback information flow. This paper also defined standard information flow and position structure, and solved the reusing issue. The authenticity of information flow guaranteed the objectivity of this model, which met the demands of different kinds of vessels, and promoted the compactness and fitness between C2 system and warship reality on the model level.

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Identification And Prediction Of Room Temperature Delay Neural Network Model For Vav Air Conditioning, Xiuming Li, Jili Zhang, Tianyi Zhao, Tingting Chen Nov 2019

Identification And Prediction Of Room Temperature Delay Neural Network Model For Vav Air Conditioning, Xiuming Li, Jili Zhang, Tianyi Zhao, Tingting Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of mathematical description for dynamic response characteristic of indoor temperature time-delay system, the fundamental principle of neural network model identification is introduced in regulation process of variable air volume (VAV) air conditioning system. Considering the model structure of Elman neural network, this paper presents an optimal selection algorithm for layer delay coefficient in order to determine delay time between indoor temperature and regulation parameters; and a multiple-step prediction model of indoor temperature time-delay system based on Elman neural network is built. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through the simulation experiment.

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Optimum Design For Crankshaft Of Mud Pump Based On Response Surface Model, Liu Jun, Zhang Hong, Huang Hua, Chang Ping Nov 2019

Optimum Design For Crankshaft Of Mud Pump Based On Response Surface Model, Liu Jun, Zhang Hong, Huang Hua, Chang Ping

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The mud pump is the heart of an oil rig, and the crankshaft is one of the key components of the mud pump. To achieve the lightweight structural design of the mud pump, it is very important to optimize the structure of the crankshaft. The model is simplified and the structure is analyzed theoretically. The optimization module is used to optimize the parameters;and the response surface model is established. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the design; and the scheme of slotting on the crankshaft flange is put forward according to the production process. Through the simulation …

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Design And Implementation Of Asd Children’S Cognitive Education System Based On Unity3d, Xuejing Gu, Kaifeng Zhang, Yucheng Guo, Zhiliang Wang Nov 2019

Design And Implementation Of Asd Children’S Cognitive Education System Based On Unity3d, Xuejing Gu, Kaifeng Zhang, Yucheng Guo, Zhiliang Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: ASD (autism spectrum disorder) is a broad sense of autism. In order to improve cognitive deficits of children with ASD, promote cognitive generalization in ASD children, an education system was designed using Unity3D. The built-in physical engine of Unity3D was used to create a game environment which conformed to the physical laws of the real world by simulating the effects of gravity, buoyancy and collision. The Agent technology and state machine were used to realize the representation and control of virtual scene. Camera and face detection technology were used to realize facial imitative cognitive training. The preliminary test showed …

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Optimization For Unrelated Parallel Machine Scheduling With Deteriorating Jobs, Xuan Hua, Yingying Qin, Xueyuan Wang, Bailin Zhang Nov 2019

Optimization For Unrelated Parallel Machine Scheduling With Deteriorating Jobs, Xuan Hua, Yingying Qin, Xueyuan Wang, Bailin Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem with deteriorating jobs is studied with the objective of minimizing the maximum completion time. The processing time of a job varies with its beginning time which is denoted as an increasing function of its starting time. It is assumed that each job has its own different deterioration rate on each machine. A mathematical programming model is formulated for the NP-hard problem. An improved genetic algorithm based on two segment coding and self-adaptive adjustment of genetic parameters is then designed to make job scheduling and machine allocation more reasonable. Through the simulation experiments of different …

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Design Of Adaptive Predictive Controller For Superheated Steam Temperature Control, Qian Hong, Yuqing Feng Nov 2019

Design Of Adaptive Predictive Controller For Superheated Steam Temperature Control, Qian Hong, Yuqing Feng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An adaptive model predictive controller for overheating steam temperature control of thermal power plants is designed, which is based on the control object with large delay, large inertia, nonlinearity and strong time-varying properties. Through the on-line identification and control of different models, compared with predictive controllers in a general model, in terms of adjusting the superheat steam temperature, the adjusting time can be shortened drastically, the overshoot can be reduced or even eliminated, and the dynamic performance is improved greatly when applying in adaptive model predictive controller. The results show that the adaptive model predictive controller, because of its …

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Signal Control Strategy And Simulation For Vehicles Alternatively Passing Construction Area Of Two-Lane Road, Haipeng Shao, Binbin Zheng, Linxu Long Nov 2019

Signal Control Strategy And Simulation For Vehicles Alternatively Passing Construction Area Of Two-Lane Road, Haipeng Shao, Binbin Zheng, Linxu Long

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The construction area of the two-lane roads can form the road bottlenecks easily, leading to the capacity of the road reducing. Aiming to keep the vehicle passing the construction area safely and efficiently, we added the strategy of signal control in the construction area. We built a suitable signal control model for the construction area of the two-lane road. By using the simulation software of Vissim, we established the related simulation models. By using the control variable method to change the simulation parameters and by changing the arrival traffic and speed, we got the influences and rules to the …

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Semantic Value-Driven 3d Upright Posture Figure Model Transformation, Yangfu Ren, Yuanyuan Pu, Xu Dan, Wenhua Qian Nov 2019

Semantic Value-Driven 3d Upright Posture Figure Model Transformation, Yangfu Ren, Yuanyuan Pu, Xu Dan, Wenhua Qian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In medical equipment, clothing design, film production and computer games, 3D human body model is an indispensable element, but directly obtaining it by means of scanning the human body model does not directly apply in many environments, so we need to moderate deformation model according to the environment. The operation difficulty of the model of deformation is considered, and the deformation effect is achieved. For studying the 3D human body model deformation problem, the deformation of semantic driven model is introduced. Semantic values of height, leg length and shoulder height were obtained by measuring the position of joint points …

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3d Mesh Editing Method For Virtual Double Eyelid Surgery, Guan Tong, Juntao Ye, Guanghui Ma, Xiaopeng Zhang Nov 2019

3d Mesh Editing Method For Virtual Double Eyelid Surgery, Guan Tong, Juntao Ye, Guanghui Ma, Xiaopeng Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A virtual cosmetic surgery system involves lots of human-computer interactions,and the achieved effects rely on the skills of the operator. Virtual double-fold eyelid surgery is a function that is either missing or implemented with less accuracy in commercial software. To solve these problems, we propose an algorithm that can automatically generate virtual double-fold eyelid path taking advantage of geodesic line. In terms of algorithms, this method adopts a self-adaptive subdivision strategy to avoid losing shapes of the deformation outcomes. Results of experiments show stability, high efficiency and usability of our method.

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Thermodynamic Simulation Of Carbonitride Precipitation In Micro-Alloyed Steel, Weigang Li, Yang Wei, Liu Chao, Baokang Yan Nov 2019

Thermodynamic Simulation Of Carbonitride Precipitation In Micro-Alloyed Steel, Weigang Li, Yang Wei, Liu Chao, Baokang Yan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A mathematical model for calculating the precipitation of carbonitride in the process of hot rolling of composite micro-alloyed steel is established, and the interaction between the carbonitride and AlN is considered. In view of the difficulties of the thermodynamic model that the variables are multiple, the equations are nonlinear and the boundary conditions are determined difficultly, the Newton-Raphson numerical algorithm characterized by coupled problem is adopted. The precipitation starting temperature and precipitation sequence of carbonitride and AlN at different compositions are determined. The equilibrium composition of elements in austenite, the composition and mass fraction of carbonitride precipitates, as well …

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Application Of Constraint Force Equation Methodology In Aircraft Stage Separation Dynamics Simulation, Yongji Wang, Bangbang Li, Liu Lei Nov 2019

Application Of Constraint Force Equation Methodology In Aircraft Stage Separation Dynamics Simulation, Yongji Wang, Bangbang Li, Liu Lei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The separation process of two-stage aircraft can be divided into three periods: lock-up period, constraint period and detachment period. The guide pins have constraint on two stages, which permit only translation in X-axis direction. To avoid the complex force analysis, the guide pins can be regarded as a joint of one degree of freedom. By adding the constraint and freedom equations to traditional separation dynamics equations, a dynamics model based on constraint force equation (CFE) methodology was built. The constraint force and moment can be obtained by solving constraint force equations. The constraint force equation (CFE) methodology was …

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Facial Expression Synthesis Using Mals-Based Bilinear Factorization Model, Jiaci Guo, Shuling Dai Nov 2019

Facial Expression Synthesis Using Mals-Based Bilinear Factorization Model, Jiaci Guo, Shuling Dai

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Study on the facial expression synthesis is a constructive and creative subject in the field of virtual reality technology. The bilinear model is used for facial expression synthesis by separating the identity factor and the expression factor. The translation procedure in the bilinear model always requires a repetitive computation of matrix inverse operations to reach the identity factor and the expression factor. This computation may be instable when the observation data has the correlation or noisy information. In order to increase the stability of the bilinear model for expression synthesis, the modified iterative least square (MALS) regression is introduced …

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Encoder Fault Detection And Fault Tolerant Control Of 3d Stage Wire System Based On Fdre, Li Wei, Zhenfu Ge, Fuyuan Shen, Jianxing Gong Nov 2019

Encoder Fault Detection And Fault Tolerant Control Of 3d Stage Wire System Based On Fdre, Li Wei, Zhenfu Ge, Fuyuan Shen, Jianxing Gong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aimed at the problem of encoder fault of 3D stage wire system, combined with LADRC, two kinds of fault tolerant control strategiesare presented based on fault diagnosis reliability evaluation (FDRE) to prevent the spread of fault effects in the system and causing accidents. Based on this, the soft and hard smooth transition soft redundant switching mechanism is designed. The simulation results show that the control strategy can ensure encoder fault detection in a timely and reliable manner, and effectively improve the safety and reliability of 3D stage wire system.

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Serious Game Human-Computer Interaction Design For Rehabilitation Training, Jiajia Wu, Liu Zhen, Huihuang Xu, Tingting Liu, Wang Jin, Yanjie Chai Nov 2019

Serious Game Human-Computer Interaction Design For Rehabilitation Training, Jiajia Wu, Liu Zhen, Huihuang Xu, Tingting Liu, Wang Jin, Yanjie Chai

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Constructing a human-computer interaction environment which can effectively enhance users’ experiences of serious game. By integrating the rehabilitation training process into an interactive game story, users can do their mental and body rehabilitation training in the community. The prototype of the game is realized by the game engine. Experimental results showed that using mouse to roam in the system is easier than other interaction method and the somatosensory interaction is convenient for exercising the limb. By designing emoji for virtual characters, it is easy for users to learn other people's emotions and the comfortable distances for others. The results …

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Sliding Mode Auto Disturbance Rejection Control Of Pmsm Without Speed Sensor, Limin Hou, Yifu Ren, Hengfei Liu, Lin Dong Nov 2019

Sliding Mode Auto Disturbance Rejection Control Of Pmsm Without Speed Sensor, Limin Hou, Yifu Ren, Hengfei Liu, Lin Dong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of parameter setting and response speed of the traditional ADRC method, a kind of novel sliding mode auto disturbance rejection speed controller is designed, and a sliding mode adaptive speed control system of PMSM without speed sensor is established. The nonlinear disturbance observer (NDOB) is used to replace the extended state observer (ESO) integrated disturbance estimation. The sliding mode control is introduced in the nonlinear state error feedback control; the sliding mode ADRC current controller and speed controller are designed; and the stability is proved by using Lyapunov theory. The rotor position and speed of …

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A New Memristor Chaotic System And Its Application In Image Encryption, Shuanghui Qu, Zhihong Yang, Xuwei Rong, Shuhua Wu Nov 2019

A New Memristor Chaotic System And Its Application In Image Encryption, Shuanghui Qu, Zhihong Yang, Xuwei Rong, Shuhua Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A new memristor chaotic system is designed by the method of bringing an ion migration memristor into the Chen system equation. The basic dynamic characteristics of the memristive system are investigated via bifurcation, Lyapunov exponent et al, which proves the validity of the new system. The new memristor system is applied in the image encryption to improve the security of the encryption key. A dual encryption algorithm is used, which makes every pixel value of plaintext influence all pixel values of ciphertext. Although there is no direct link between plaintext and ciphertext, the sensibility of ciphertext varying with …

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From Digital Twin To Digital Engineering Modeling And Simulation Entering A New Era, Zhang Bing, Li Xin, Xinxin Wan Nov 2019

From Digital Twin To Digital Engineering Modeling And Simulation Entering A New Era, Zhang Bing, Li Xin, Xinxin Wan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the digital new era, all kinds of things and even the whole world can be digitized as a model. Simulation activities are conducted for various purposes, and the results can provide intelligent support for various decision-making. Digital twin is an important form of modeling and simulation application in the digital new era; it has been widely used in intelligent manufacturing, factories, buildings, smart cities and many other fields, showing a strong vitality; and its next step in the development direction is a comprehensive digital engineering. This paper reviews the history of the development of digital twin technology, analyzes …

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Smart Design And Simulation Of Aerospace Control System Based On Digital Twin, Xiaoxiang Liu, Tang Liang, Haibo Zeng, Yubai Liu, Xinbang Zhang Nov 2019

Smart Design And Simulation Of Aerospace Control System Based On Digital Twin, Xiaoxiang Liu, Tang Liang, Haibo Zeng, Yubai Liu, Xinbang Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In accordance with the demand for intelligent development of spacecraft, and on the basis of the existing model-driven aerospace control design and simulation system, the new technological architectures using the digital twin and digital thread technique are carried out to achieve intelligent scheme design, simulation verification and in-orbit analysis. Employing the intelligent interconnection concept of cyber-physical systems, the space-ground integrated big data analysis and knowledge automation system are proposed. Based on this, the practical application scenarios are put forward through the full development flow and the entire life cycle. Not only it covers the smart application of information technology, …

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Overview Of Digital Twins Application And Safe Development, Li Xin, Liu Xiu, Xinxin Wan Nov 2019

Overview Of Digital Twins Application And Safe Development, Li Xin, Liu Xiu, Xinxin Wan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The Digital Twins simulate the whole process of the manufacture, and promote the development of smart manufacturing and other fields. In view of the rapid development and application of Digital Twins, the concept and history of Digital Twins are outlined, and its related technology system is given. The main application and development trend of Digital Twins in intelligent manufacturing as while as the main characters of Digital Twins in smart cities are combed. The cyber security problem of Digital Twins is discussed for intelligent manufacturing and smart cities. The scheme and suggestion are given for ensuring the cyber security …

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Model And Simulation Of Taxi Market With E-Hailing Application, Tian Qiong, Jingtao Zhang Nov 2019

Model And Simulation Of Taxi Market With E-Hailing Application, Tian Qiong, Jingtao Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The emergence and popularity of e-hailing applications offer a new way for taxi drivers and passengers to communicate on line, which not only changes the behaviors of passengers and reduce the idle rate of taxi, but also brings the cost of information for taxis and passengers. Referring to the classic circular city model and combining with the characteristics of new way to take taxis and the cost of information, a model of taxi market with e-hailing application is formulated, which describes the behavior of passengers waiting for idle taxis and taxis cruising for un-served passengers. We provided an algorithm …

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Spatiotemporal Characteristics Of Air Pollutants, Meteorology And Traffic During Heavy Haze Pollution In Beijing, Dongmei Hu, Jianping Wu, Kun Tian, Lüchao Liao, Yiman Du Nov 2019

Spatiotemporal Characteristics Of Air Pollutants, Meteorology And Traffic During Heavy Haze Pollution In Beijing, Dongmei Hu, Jianping Wu, Kun Tian, Lüchao Liao, Yiman Du

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: We analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of air pollutants, meteorology, and average road speed during a heavy haze pollution period; and explored the combined impacts of temporary traffic restrictions and meteorological conditions on air quality. The results showed that five pollution stages were identified with remarkable variation patterns based on the evolution of PM2.5 concentration and weather conditions; and it also showed that the southern sites experienced heavier pollution than the northern sites. Stage P3 exhibited a combined effect of meteorology and traffic restrictions with delayed functions. A good AQI was more likely with higher temperature and lower humidity. …

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Stereo Matching Based On Enhanced Message Passing For Investigation Of Traffic Accident Scenes, Jingzhou Huang, Houpan Zhou, Liliang Wang, Xiaofang Huang, Li Na Nov 2019

Stereo Matching Based On Enhanced Message Passing For Investigation Of Traffic Accident Scenes, Jingzhou Huang, Houpan Zhou, Liliang Wang, Xiaofang Huang, Li Na

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The investigation of traffic accident scenes requires restoring real scenes in a given time, and it can be implemented through binocular vision technique. For its core procedure—stereo matching, we studied the popular hierarchical belief propagation (HBP) algorithm and presented an improved approach which contained two modules: optimization in the native level and cost transmission between adjacent levels. The optimization ability is improved by enhancing the impact of message passing within and between levels for estimating disparities of unmatched points and correcting wrong disparities. Experiment results show that the optimization ability of the improved approach has been enhanced, and …

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Visual Simulation Of Dynamic Burning Scene Of Single Plant, Weilong Ding, Linfeng Luo, Zheng Lei, Fuli Wu, Lifeng Xu Nov 2019

Visual Simulation Of Dynamic Burning Scene Of Single Plant, Weilong Ding, Linfeng Luo, Zheng Lei, Fuli Wu, Lifeng Xu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: At present, the research of the interactive process between plants and the flame mainly focuses on the visual simulation of forest fire scenario, but it is lack of the study on description of the interaction of individual plants and flame in detail. Aiming at this issue, this paper proposed a visual solution to model the process of a single plant burning. We established a plant model based on the branch node relationship and used particle system to model the flame. We set up a distance temperature field around a flame by using bounding sphere, and used a collision …

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