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- CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018) (56)
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Articles 31 - 60 of 98
Full-Text Articles in Structural Engineering
Optimum Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Z-Shape Purlins Using A Genetic Algorithm, Wei Lu, Pentti Makelainen, Jyrki Kesti
Optimum Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Z-Shape Purlins Using A Genetic Algorithm, Wei Lu, Pentti Makelainen, Jyrki Kesti
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In this paper, a genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the dimensions of cold-formed Z-shape purlins continuous over two spans under gravity load. The optimization criterion is to maximize the load resistance per cross-section and the design variables are chosen from the discrete values based on the manufacturing requirements. Purlins are designed in accordance with Eurocode 3, Part 1.3. In addition, the modified Eurocode 3 method, in which the elastic local buckling stress and distortional buckling stress calculated using Finite Strip Method (FSM) are integrated into the design process, is used to determine the effective section properties. The results are …
Study Of Innovative Built-Up Cold-Formed Beams, Gianmaria Di Lorenzo, Raffaele Landolfo
Study Of Innovative Built-Up Cold-Formed Beams, Gianmaria Di Lorenzo, Raffaele Landolfo
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In the present work innovative built-up cold-formed steel beams are presented. These are obtained by combining the pressing and cold-rolling forming techniques of steel sheets, along with the use of suitable connecting systems. Firstly, the beam shape features and the possible application fields, as well as the research project devoted to the assessment of their structural behaviour, are discussed. Then, experimental results concerning the characterization of both sheet material properties and connecting system performances are shown. In particular, the study of the sheet material is carried out by using an appropriate methodology of analysis, aiming at evaluating both mechanical and …
Ultimate Failure Behaviour Of Second-Generation Sheeting Subjected To Combined Bending Moment And Concentrated Load, M. Kaspers, H. H. Snijder, Monique Bakker, H. Hofmeyer
Ultimate Failure Behaviour Of Second-Generation Sheeting Subjected To Combined Bending Moment And Concentrated Load, M. Kaspers, H. H. Snijder, Monique Bakker, H. Hofmeyer
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Second-generation sheeting is widely used for cladding and roof construction. At interior supports, it is subjected to combined bending moment and concentrated load. Unfortunately, design rules for this loading are complicated and do not provide insight in the sheeting's failure behaviour. This means there is a need for a new, insight providing design rule. For first-generation sheeting, a similar problem did exist. The Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TUE) carried out three research projects [Bakk92a,Vaes95a,Hofm00a] that provided insight in the first-generation sheeting behaviour and resulted in a new, insight providing design rule. The TUE now uses the strategy of these three research …
Bending And Web Crippling Interaction Of Cold-Formed Steel Members, Roger A. Laboube, J. A. Wallace, R. M. Schuster
Bending And Web Crippling Interaction Of Cold-Formed Steel Members, Roger A. Laboube, J. A. Wallace, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The North American Specification has recently adopted a new web crippling approach for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (NAS, 2001). This approach is similar to what is currently in the Canadian S136 Standard (CSA, 1994). The current web crippling and bending interaction equations for single-web sections in the North American Specification (NAS 2001) are based on the previous web crippling methods that are contained in the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specification (AISI, 1996). As well, the moment component of the interaction equations was based on the previous reduced web strength method instead of the stress gradient …
Design Of Channels Subjected To Concentrated Bearing Load, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Design Of Channels Subjected To Concentrated Bearing Load, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A test program on cold-formed steel channels subjected to concentrated bearing load is presented in this paper. The web slenderness values of the channel specimens ranged from comparatively stocky webs of 15.3 to relatively more slender webs of 62.7. The tests were performed under end and interior loading conditions, and the test setup was different from the one specified in the North American Specification and the Australian/New Zealand Standard for cold-formed steel structures where the loading support is assumed free to rotate in the plane of the beam. The test specimens were seated on a fixed flat solid steel base …
Web Crippling And Combined Bending And Web Crippling Of Cold-Formed Steel Box-Beam Headers, Sutton F. Stephens, Roger A. Laboube
Web Crippling And Combined Bending And Web Crippling Of Cold-Formed Steel Box-Beam Headers, Sutton F. Stephens, Roger A. Laboube
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Box-beam headers are commonly used in walls framed with cold-formed steel studs to span openings in bearing walls. Based on the results of previous experimental studies, it has been shown that box-beam headers subjected to interior one flange (IOF) loading have been conservatively designed. This paper presents the results of an ongoing experimental study conducted at the University of Missouri-Rolla to establish the web crippling strength of box-beam headers for an IOF loading condition. Box-beam header specimens were tested as a system consisting of two C-sections together with top and bottom track sections. The header configuration used in this study …
Web Crippling Of Cold-Formed Steel Members, B. Beshara, R. M. Schuster
Web Crippling Of Cold-Formed Steel Members, B. Beshara, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (NAS 2001) has recently adopted a new web crippling approach, which is the approach contained in the Canadian S136 Standard (CSA 1994). The objective of this work was to develop new design coefficients for the web crippling strength design expression currently used in the Canadian S136 Standard (CSA 1994) and the North American Specification (NAS 2001). An extensive statistical analysis was performed using published test data up to 1999, from the United States, Canada and Australia. The resulting web crippling coefficients, calibrated resistance factors and respective factors of …
Web Crippling Strength Of Multi-Web Steel Deck Sections Subjected To End One Flange Loading, Onur Avci, Samuel W. Easterling
Web Crippling Strength Of Multi-Web Steel Deck Sections Subjected To End One Flange Loading, Onur Avci, Samuel W. Easterling
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed steel deck profiles are extensively used in building construction due to their versatility and economical considerations. Web crippling is one of the failure modes for these multi-web profiles. The 1996-AISI Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members provisions for web crippling are believed to be conservative for multi-web deck sections. They are based on unfastened specimens and are limited to the use of decks with certain geometric parameters. The unified web crippling equation of the North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (AISI 2001) is also limited to certain geometric parameters. Although it …
Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Steel Short Columns With Service Holes At Elevated Temperatures, M. Feng, Y. C. Wang, J. Michael Davies
Behaviour Of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Steel Short Columns With Service Holes At Elevated Temperatures, M. Feng, Y. C. Wang, J. Michael Davies
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation into the axial strength of cold-formed thin-walled lipped channel sections with service holes under ambient and uniform high temperature conditions. Short columns of two different thickness with service holes under different temperatures have been tested, and analysed by using a variety of design methods and a commercial finite element program ABAQUS (1998). Three design methods (the British Standard BS5950 Part 5 (1987), Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 (CEN 1996) and the American Specification AISI (1996)) have been used in this paper. In the finite element analysis, both geometrical and material …
Compression Tests Of Cold-Reduced High Strength Steel Stub Columns, Demao Yang, Gregory J. Hancock
Compression Tests Of Cold-Reduced High Strength Steel Stub Columns, Demao Yang, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes a series of compression tests performed on stub columns fabricated from cold-formed high strength steel plates with nominal yield stress of 550 MPa. (80 ksi) The steel is classified as G550 to Australia Standard AS 1397. The test results presented in this paper are the first stage of an Australian Research Council research project entitled "Compression Stability of High Strength Steel Sections with Low Strain-Hardening". The tests include lipped-square and hexagonal sections, including 94 box-shaped fix-ended stub columns. The purpose of these tests was to determine the influence of low strain hardening of G550 steel on the …
Plastic Strength Of Thin-Walled Members, Dan Dubina, Viorel Ungureanu
Plastic Strength Of Thin-Walled Members, Dan Dubina, Viorel Ungureanu
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Failure of thin-walled cold-formed members in compression is always characterized by a local plastic mechanisms, either a stub or slender column is referred. Starting from this observation, the authors suggest for the interactive local-overall buckling analysis to use instead of traditional "effective section", the sectional plastic mechanism strength. This is a new approach and for this reason it is compared with another one, namely the Direct Strength Method. Experimental results and advanced FEM simulations are used to evaluate the two methods. Comparisons with European and American relevant design codes are also presented in the paper.
Design Of Industrial Storage Racks, Andrew T. Sarawit, Teoman Pekoz
Design Of Industrial Storage Racks, Andrew T. Sarawit, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Design of industrial steel storage racks is complex due to the presence of significant perforations in the columns and the semi-rigid nature of column bases and beam to column connections. Many assumptions are made in the current design provisions to simplify the design but as a result the design becomes rather conservative. Studies were conducted at both the component and global scale to address some of these assumptions. At the component level, the topics focused upon are the column bases, beam to column connections, and members. Results indicate that improvements in the current design procedures are possible and recommendations for …
Sway Stability Testing Of High Rise Rack Sub-Assemblages, Elisha Harris, Gregory J. Hancock
Sway Stability Testing Of High Rise Rack Sub-Assemblages, Elisha Harris, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The stability in the down-aisle direction of high rise storage racks is usually provided by the beam-to-column and base-plate connections. In order to evaluate the effect of the beam-to-column connections, a complex test rig has been designed and developed at the University of Sydney to test rack sub-assemblages which are the lower levels of high rise rack systems. The rig is designed to apply up to 500 kN vertical load via gravity load simulators. Pins at the top and bottom of the uprights under test remove the effect of the base-plates on the lateral stability. To apply horizontal loads, a …
The Behaviour Of Drive-In Storage Structures, M. H. R. Godley
The Behaviour Of Drive-In Storage Structures, M. H. R. Godley
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper describes the behaviour of Drive-in and Drive-thru pallet rack structures. It proposes a number of simplified two-dimensional models for the analysis of such structures. These models are shown to be conservative and take account of the non-linear behaviour of the structures. The paper makes some comparisons between the output from these and a 3-D finite element program. The effects of friction between the pallet and the supporting rail is discussed briefly.
The Design Of The Pallet Program, R. G. Beale, M. H. R. Godley
The Design Of The Pallet Program, R. G. Beale, M. H. R. Godley
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes the procedures underlying the development of the Pallet program which has been produced to design regular pallet racks according to the FEM code. The program determines the buckling load of the equivalent free sway structure and, using stability functions, calculates the axial and shear forces and the bending moments within the structure including the non-linear P - Δ effects. Twelve different combinations of load are analysed and design checks given in the FEM code applied. The paper discusses the different modes of operation of the program. Finally the accuracy of the program is discussed together with future …
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Rhs Columns, Ben Young, Yahua Liu
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Rhs Columns, Ben Young, Yahua Liu
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper describes an experimental investigation into the column strengths of cold-formed stainless steel rectangular hollow sections (RHS). A series of tests consisting of four cross-section sizes was compressed between fixed ends. The tests were performed over a range of column lengths, such that column curves were obtained for each series of tests. The failure modes of the columns involved local buckling, overall flexural buckling and interaction of local and overall buckling. The test strengths are compared with the design strengths predicted using the American, Australian/New Zealand and European specifications for cold-formed stainless steel structures. The design strengths were calculated …
Finite Element Modelling Of Stainless Steel Columns With Variation In Mechanical Properties, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes
Finite Element Modelling Of Stainless Steel Columns With Variation In Mechanical Properties, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes the results obtained from a finite element investigation into the column capacity of Type 304 stainless steel column members of lipped channel cross-section. Stress-strain curves derived from tests were incorporated into non-linear finite element analyses of eccentrically loaded stainless steel columns. The results obtained are compared with test results on stainless steel channel columns with the same properties and dimensions, and also with design code predictions.
A Study On The Flexural Strength Capacity Of Wall Stud Assembly, Jun-Yeup Song, Hyun Suk Chung, Gap Deuk Kim, Young Bonb Kwon
A Study On The Flexural Strength Capacity Of Wall Stud Assembly, Jun-Yeup Song, Hyun Suk Chung, Gap Deuk Kim, Young Bonb Kwon
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An investigation on the ultimate and service load capacity of cold-formed steel lipped C-section studs for the wall system is presented. An experimental research has been carried out to study the structural behavior of stud assembly subjected to lateral loads. Each test specimen consisted of three or four lipped C-section studs and two C-section tracks which restrain both ends of wall studs from rotation. The effects of main parameters, such as perforation on the web, space of bridge channel and special clip to fix the bridge channel and to sustain the distance between lips, were studied in the experimental work. …
An Experimental Study On The Load Carrying Capacity Of Cold-Formed Steel Studs And Panels, J. Wang, Y. S. Tian, T. J. Lu, C. Y. Barlow
An Experimental Study On The Load Carrying Capacity Of Cold-Formed Steel Studs And Panels, J. Wang, Y. S. Tian, T. J. Lu, C. Y. Barlow
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A full-scale experimental study on the structural performance of load-bearing wall panels made of cold-formed steel frames and boards is presented. Six different types of C-channel stud, a total of 20 panels with one middle stud and 10 panels with two middle studs were tested under vertical compression until failure. For panels, the main variables considered are screw spacing (300 mm, 400 mm, or 600 mm) in the middle stud, board type (oriented strand board - OSB, cement particle board - CPB, or calcium silicate board - CSB), board number (no sheathing, one-side sheathing, or two-side sheathing), and loading type …
Analysis Of Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel Wall Studs, Benjamin W. Schafer, Badri Hiriyur
Analysis Of Sheathed Cold-Formed Steel Wall Studs, Benjamin W. Schafer, Badri Hiriyur
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The strength of sheathed wall systems is substantially greater than unsheathed walls with the same studs. Testing on studs sheathed on both sides with dry gypsum board demonstrate strength increases as large as 70% over unsheathed studs (Miller and Pekoz 1993, Miller and Pekoz 1994). The current AISI Specification for sheathed wall stud systems are complicated, only apply when the sheathing is identical on both sides, have several onerous prescriptive requirements, and the mechanical model employed has been questioned when compared to experimental results. This paper summarizes the deficiencies of, and arguments against, current models and suggests avenues of research …
Preliminary R-Values For Seismic Design Of Steel Stud Shear Walls, Y. Zhao, Colin A. Rogers
Preliminary R-Values For Seismic Design Of Steel Stud Shear Walls, Y. Zhao, Colin A. Rogers
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Design codes recognize the ability of some structures to undergo significant inelastic deformation during a seismic event without reaching the point of collapse. In consideration of this behaviour, building codes provide force modification factors (R-values) to determine the reduced lateral loads that engineers may use in design. This paper presents an overview of the seismic requirements for various design standards and an explanation of how R-values may be determined from test results. The findings of an evaluation of existing steel stud shear wall test data, in addition to preliminary force modification factors for use in seismic design, are presented.
Seismic Performance Of Wall-Stud Shear Walls, Ludovic A. Fulop, Dan Dubina
Seismic Performance Of Wall-Stud Shear Walls, Ludovic A. Fulop, Dan Dubina
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The ever-increasing need for housing generated the search for new and innovative building methods to increase speed, efficiency and enhance quality, one direction being the use of light steel profiles as load bearing elements and different materials for cladding. Wind and seismic behavior of these structures is influenced by the hysteretic characteristics of the shear wall panels. In this paper a review of actual research in the field and results of a full-scale shear test program on wall panels are presented. Based on tests, a numerical equivalent model for hysteretic behavior of wall panels working in shear was built to …
Stress/Strain Distributions And Role Of Sheathing In Partition Wall Panels Subjected To Compression, J. Evans, J. Evans, Y. S. Tian, C. Y. Barlow
Stress/Strain Distributions And Role Of Sheathing In Partition Wall Panels Subjected To Compression, J. Evans, J. Evans, Y. S. Tian, C. Y. Barlow
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Built upon a companion study [1] on the load carrying capacity of cold-formed steel wall panels, the stress/strain distributions in each constituent of a panel - middle and side studs, top and bottom tracks, boards, and screws - are examined in detail with extensive use of strain gauges. These are subsequently synthesized to analyse the structural performance of the panel as a whole. Panels with 1-side sheathing and one middle stud were tested under vertical compressive loading. The main variables considered are screw spacing (300 mm, 400 rnm, or 600 mm) in the middle stud, board type (oriented strand board …
Direct Strength Method For The Design Of Purlins, Luis Quispe, Gregory J. Hancock
Direct Strength Method For The Design Of Purlins, Luis Quispe, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The Direct Strength Method (DSM) has recently been developed by Schafer and Pekoz for the design of cold-formed steel structural members. What is now required is the calibration of the method against existing design methodologies for common structural systems such as roof and wall systems. The paper firstly explains the application of the DSM for the design of simply supported and continuous purlins. Some generalizations, such as how to handle combined bending and shear at the ends of laps, have had to be made to implement the method for continuous purlin systems. The method is then applied to study a …
Numerical And Experimental Studies Of An Innovative Cold-Formed Steel Building System, Greg Darcy, Mahen Mahendran
Numerical And Experimental Studies Of An Innovative Cold-Formed Steel Building System, Greg Darcy, Mahen Mahendran
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents the details of a new innovative cold-formed steel building system that has no conventional frames, purlins or girts. As this building system uses a new structural system, the load paths and structural behaviour are unknown, therefore, full-scale testing is essential. A series of full-scale tests of a 5.4 m x 5.4 m cold-formed steel building subjected to simulated wind loads was conducted. The results have shown that in its present state, this new building system is not adequate for its intended purpose and optimisation is required. To achieve this optimisation, analytical modelling will be used. To date, …
On The Computation Of The Cross-Section Properties Of Arbitrary Thin-Walled Structures, Chunting Xiang, Paul A. Seaburg, Robert Crain, Albert C. J. Lou
On The Computation Of The Cross-Section Properties Of Arbitrary Thin-Walled Structures, Chunting Xiang, Paul A. Seaburg, Robert Crain, Albert C. J. Lou
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In this paper, a generalized computational algorithm based on the line chain and tree models is developed for the cross section properties of arbitrarily configuration struts without closed loops. The two C++ programs for such models are developed. However, the two models cannot apply to struts with any cross-section possessing closed loops. Therefore, the further investigation should be completed.
Progress On The Direct Strength Method, Benjamin W. Schager
Progress On The Direct Strength Method, Benjamin W. Schager
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The Direct Strength method is a new design procedure for cold-formed steel members. The method employs elastic buckling solutions for the cross-section, instead of the element-by-element plate buckling solutions used in traditional design. The use of cross-section elastic buckling solutions insures inter-element compatibility and equilibrium. The Direct Strength method uses strength formulas on the gross section, similar to conventional column curves, for capacity prediction in local and distortional buckling. This avoids effective section calculations altogether. The reliability of the Direct Strength method is demonstrated for a broad selection of beams and columns by comparison with existing test data. Extension of …
Variables Affecting The Shear-Bond Resistance Of Composite Floor Deck Systems, R. Tremlay, P. Gignac, G. Degrange, Colin A. Rogers
Variables Affecting The Shear-Bond Resistance Of Composite Floor Deck Systems, R. Tremlay, P. Gignac, G. Degrange, Colin A. Rogers
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The 1 1/2" composite deck section is among the more popular floor systems used in the construction of steel buildings in North America. The shear-bond between the steel deck and the concrete normally controls the capacity of a composite floor slab. Shear-bond can, for the most part, be attributed to the presence of mechanical interlock that results from the use of embossments formed in the deck webs during the rolling process. However, the extent of shear resistance between the concrete and the steel can also vary depending on the deck profile, steel thickness and grade, coating, as well as the …
Vibration Characteristics Of Lightweight Floors Using Cold-Formed Steel Joist, L. Xu, F. M. Tangorra, W. C. Xie
Vibration Characteristics Of Lightweight Floors Using Cold-Formed Steel Joist, L. Xu, F. M. Tangorra, W. C. Xie
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Presented in this paper are the results of a recent study carried out at the University of Waterloo on vibration characteristics of cold-formed steel-supported residential floor systems and different design criteria available for the evaluation of lightweight floor systems. Laboratory tests were conducted for the floors with different spans and assemblies. Both static and dynamic tests were carried out on the floor systems. The static tests were used to evaluate the stiffness and the load sharing among the joists, while the dynamic tests were used to evaluate the relevant dynamic characteristics, such as natural frequencies and damping ratios, of the …
Standard Test Method For Determining The Web Crippling Strength Of Cold-Formed Steel Members, R. M. Schuster, Roger A. Laboube
Standard Test Method For Determining The Web Crippling Strength Of Cold-Formed Steel Members, R. M. Schuster, Roger A. Laboube
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications, Standards, Manuals and Research Reports (1946 - present)
No abstract provided.