Structural Engineering Commons^™

Cyclic Loading Of Full-Size Steel Connections, E. P. Popov, R. M. Stephen

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

No abstract provided.

Cold-Formed Steel Structural Elements Subjected To Time-Dependent Loading, Charles G. Culver

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

This report summarizes the results obtained from a comprehensive study of the behavior of thin-walled, cold-formed members subjected to impact or shock loading. The influence of local buckling and the concept of effective width in the elastic post-buckling range on the dynamic response of these members is described. Analytical and experimental results for thin compression elements, beams and columns are discussed. Comparisons between the analytical and experimental results are presented. Application of the results obtained from this research to practical situations involving impact or shock loading of cold-formed members is also discussed.

Study Of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Made Of Thick Sheets And Plates, William M. Mckinney, Victor A. S. Liu

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

INTRODUCTION In steel design, the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members l issued by the American Iron and Steel Institute has long been used for structural members cold-formed to shape from steel sheet or strip used for load-carrying purposes in buildings and other thin walled steel structures. Even though no thickness limitation was included in previous editions of the Specification, 2,3, the thickness of material used in the cold-formed steel construction was often limited to about 1/4 inch because the maximum thickness of steels used under all ASTM Specifications listed in Section 1.2 of the AISI Specification …

Column Research Council Proceedings, Fritz Engineering Foundation

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

These Proceedings are a record of the Annual Meeting containing the abstracts of the reports presented and the transcription of our panel discussion.

Tests On Puddle And Fillet Weld Connections, A. K. Dhalla, Teoman Peköz

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

INTRODUCTION The purpose of the present investigation has been to study the behavior of symmetrically welded connections having different weld configurations. As shown in Fig. la, the specimens were fabricated by butting two plates (CP) which were connected by welding cover plates AB and CD on two sides of CP. The fabricator supplied different types of welded connection specimens, sketched in Figs. la to If. A total of 115 specimens were tested in tension under monotonically increasing static load. Basic variables considered in the design were: (a) thickness and the shape of the cover plates, and (b) weld size and …

The Analysis And Behavior Of Thin-Steel Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells, Peter Gergely, P. V. Banavalkar, J. E. Parker

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

An extensive experimental and analytical investigation of thin-steel hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) structures was carried out to provide design information. As a result of this work, empirical data is provided regarding the behavior of such structures and computer programs are presented for the analysis of thin steel hypar structures. Hyperbolic paraboloid structures possess a unique combination of structural and architectural properties; some of them are the following: 1) Due to the double curvature of the surface the internal stresses in the deck are generally low and the deflections are small. 2) Since a hypar surface can be generated by straight lines, …

Fastener Strength In Diaphragm Braced Members, Amir Simaan, George Winter, Teoman Peköz

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

SUMMARY In conjunction with research projects on diaphragm-braced members conducted at Cornell University, this investigation deals with the function of the fasteners in the braced system. In these systems, the diaphragm resists the lateral deflections of the braced members, in its plane, by virtue of its shear regidity (Qdr) and its shear strain capacity Yd (as a measure of strength). Considering the system in a slightly deformed shape, compatibility of displacements and forces between the diaphragm and the braced member at their connection locations, implies that the fasteners at these locations are subjected to the action of a system of …

Damping Capacity Of A Model Steel Structure, Dixon Rea, R. W. Clough, Jack G. Bouwkamp

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

The damping capacities of seven model steel structures, each consisting of a heavy steel platform supported on four columns, have been determined from forced vibration tests. The vibrations were produced by an eccentric-mass vibration generator, and the amplitudes ranged from small displacements up to slightly greater than yield displacement. The tests were terminated at the higher amplitudes once fatigue cracks formed in any of the joint welds in the columns. For vibration amplitudes up to a critical amplitude slightly less than yield displacement, the damping factors of the structures were constant, independent of amplitude, and ranged between .15 and .25~ …

Analysis Of Light Gage Steel Shear Diaphragms, Albert R. Ammar, Arthur H. Nilson

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

INTRODUCTION: It has long been recognized by structural engineers, that light gage steel cladding floor and roof decking systems have a considerable stiffening and strengthening effect on building frameworks. The beneficial contribution of these diaphragm systems is most pronounced when the structure as a whole is subjected to loads which result in an in-plane shear action of the cladding. This occurs, for example, when the rigidity of a floor or roof diaphragm acting as a membrane is utilized to transmit lateral forces to stiff end walls. Another example of diaphragm action is found in pitched roof portal sheds under vertical …

Analysis Of Light Gage Steel Shear Diaphragms, Arthur H. Nilson

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

A method is presented for the elastic analysis of shear diaphragms composed of standard light gage steel panels. A finite element approach is adopted, in which the mechanical properties of the diaphragm components are incorporated in an analytical model of the assemblage, using the direct stiffness method of matrix structural analysis. Results are compared against experimental values.

The Analysis And Behavior Of Thin-Steel Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells, Peter Gergely, P. V. Banavalkar, J. E. Parker

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

An extensive experimental and analytical investigation of thin-steel hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) structures was carried out to provide design information. As a result of this work, empirical data is provided regarding the behavior of such structures and computer programs are presented for the analysis of thin steel hypar structures. Hyperbolic paraboloid structures possess a unique combination of structural and architectural properties, some of them are the following 1) Due to the double curvature of the surface the internal stresses in the deck are generally low and the deflections are small. 2) Since a hyper surface can be generated by straight lines, …

Column Research Council: Proceedings 1971, Column Research Council

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

One of the purposes of the Council is to maintain a forum where problems related to the design and behavior of columns and other compression elements in metal structures can be presented for evaluation and discussion. The Annual Technical Session provides opportunity to carry out this function. The 1971 Annual Technical Session was held on May 25 and 26 at the Pick-Rosseve1t Hotel in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Seventy-seven persons attended the Session and twenty-two papers were delivered. A panel discussion on "Fire Effects on Structural Stability" was held in the evening of May 25. In conjunction with the Technical Session, an …

Analysis Of Light Gage Steel Shear Diaphragms, Albert R. Ammar, Arthur H. Nilson

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

INTRODUCTION It has long been recognized by structural engineers, that light gage steel cladding floor and roof decking systems have a considerable stiffening and strengthening effect on building frameworks. The beneficial contribution of these diaphragm systems is most pronounced when the structure as a whole is subjected to loads which result in an in-plane shear action of the cladding. This occurs, for example, when the rigidity of a floor or roof diaphragm acting as a membrane is utilized to transmit lateral forces to stiff end walls. Another example of diaphragm action is found in pitched roof portal sheds under vertical …

Strength Of Bolted And Welded Connections In Stainless Steel, George Winter, S. J. Errera, B. M. Tang, D. W. Popowich

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

INTRODUCTION In 1968 the American Iron and Steel Institute published the first edition of the "Specification for the Design of Light Gage Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members"(1)8, , based largely on research sponsored by AISI at Cornell University. (2) That Specification covers the design of members cold-formed from six common types of austenitic stainless steel in the annealed and strain flattened condition. Additional research has been underway at Cornell on austenitic Type 301 stainless steel in the 1/4 and 1/2 hard tempers, to determine the structural behavior of these higher strength materials(3), including the behavior of structural connections. The properties …

Interior Corrosion Of Structural Steel Closed Sections, American Iron And Steel Institute

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

A survey of light poles, water-tank stanchions, orthotropic deck bridges, marine tubular catwalks, davits and welded steel columns strongly suggests, contrary to some beliefs, that interior surfaces of closed steel sections rust but little in the atmosphere, even when not fully sealed. Only light rusting occurs because amounts of oxy'gen and water in entrapped air are limited and condensation necessary for rusting is infrequent. Computations based on the oxidation reaction taking into account inside surface, volume of entrapped air, relative humidity and air changes show that the loss of iron thickness due to such rusting is negligible. Use of closed …

Column Research Council: Proceedings 1970, Column Research Council

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

The purposes of Column Research Council are to study and discuss problems related to the stability and strength of metal compression members; to organize research in this field; to disseminate information; and to formulate design rules for consideration by specification-writing bodies. The activities of the Council in 1970 are summarized in this report. A particular feature is the Proceedings of the 1970 Annual Technical Session. As in the past, the rosters of members of the Council and the By-Laws are also included. The support and technical contributions of the members and investigators are sincerely appreciated. Those individuals and organizations that …

Effects Of Cold Work In Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, S. J. Britvec, Alexander Chajes, K. W. Warren, Jairo Uribe, George Winter

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

No abstract provided.

Influence Of Ductility On The Structural Behavior Of Light-Gage Cold-Formed Steel Members, A. K. Dhalla, George Winter, S. J. Errera

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

Ductility parameters defined in the second progress report were previously obtained by conducting tension coupon tests on specially produced A and S steels. In this report, tension coupon test results are presented for a 20 gage commercial low ductility steel, i.e. an ASTM Grade E steel, herein designated as steel B. Its behavior is compared with that of the specially rolled A and S steels to test the validity of conclusions arrived at in the second progress report. Test programs were set up to study the behavior of B steel under static tension loading, one program for single bolted connections …

Channel And Z-Sections Braced By Diaphragms, Nuri Celebi, George Winter

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

The behavior of thin-walled cold formed channel and Z-sections, braced on their upper flange by light-gage steel diaphragms under static loading is studied. The objective of the study is to obtain mathematical solutions, to verify these solutions by tests, and to derive design formulations for the bending behavior of channel and Z-section beams with various boundary conditions. This type of structural element is encountered as purlins and girts to support the roof cover and siding of metal buildings. The roof cover is connected to the upper flange of the purlins and gives rise to the case of braced compression flange …

Cold-Rolled Austenitic Stainless Steel: Materials Properties And Structural Performance, George Winter, S. T. Wang

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

The cold reduction in thickness of austenitic stainless steel sheet brings about the following significant characteristics of material properties: 1) higher strength with an increasing amount of cold working, 2) more pronounced anisotropic material properties with increasing cold working, 3) stress strain relations different in tension and compression and depending on directions, and 4) nonlinear stress strain curves with relatively low elastic limits, especially in longitudinal compression. In addition, local buckling is encountered in thin walled structural members. These are the problems associated with the structural design of stainless steel members. The purpose of this investigation is to develop the …

Aspects Of The Effects Of Cold-Forming On The Properties And Performance Of Light-Gage Structural Members, Jairo Uribe, George Winter

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

INTRODUCTION General Background Cold-Formed Steel Construction constitutes today an industry of significant importance. Its products supplement the usual hot-rolled steel structural members and can be divided into two broad categories: a) structural sections whose main purpose is to carry loads, and b) panels and decks which in addition should provide useful surfaces or serve other functions. Cold-formed steel structural members are made of hot rolled or cold reduced sheet or strip steel by any of the cold-forming methods described below. Thicknesses range in general from No. 28 Gage (0.0149 in.) to No. 10 Gage (0.1345 in.) but some formed shapes …

Three-Bolt In-Line Connections With Low Ductility Light-Gage Steel, D. W. Popowich, S. J. Errera, George Winter

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

INTRODUCTION In order to investigate the influence of ductility on the strength and behavior of bolted connections, Dhallal (1) conducted tests on single bolt lap joints using "low ductility" steels. As part of a separate investigation, Popowich (2) conducted tests on single, double, and triple bolt in-line lap joints using "high ductility" steels. The investigation reported herein was performed in order to compare the performance of 3 bolt in-line connections of high ductility steels (21 to 53% elongation in a 2 inch gage length) with that of similar 3 bolt in-line connections of low ductility steels (nominally 5 and 10% …

Fatigue Testing Of Light Gage Metal Forms, Kenneth W. Mouw

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

No abstract provided.

Behavior Of Steel Building Connections Subjected To Inelastic Strain Reversals, E. P. Popov, R. B. Pinkney

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

Inelastic design of steel structures to withstand seismic forces requires a knowledge of the behavior of connections when subjected to cyclically reversed loading. This report contains a description of the design and testing of selected steel beam-to-column connection specimens. The motivations for the choice of connection types and overall geometry of the specimens are discussed, relating them to full-size prototypes used in actual building frames. The characteristics of the test installation are described, including means of loading, type of lateral support provided, etc. The programs of cycling of all tests are presented in terms of the deflection of the tip …

Behavior Of Steel Building Connections Subjected To Inelastic Strain Reversals Experimental Data, E. P. Popov, R. B. Pinkney

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

No abstract provided.

Design Recommendations For Diaphragm-Braced Beams, Columns And Wall-Studs, T. V. S. R. Apparao, George Winter, S. J. Errera

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

INTRODUCTION Light gage steel panels are often used as wall sheathing, roof decking or floor covering in steel framed buildings. These panels carry loads normal to their plane by virtue of their bending strength. Also, diaphragms formed by interconnecting such panels can resist shear deformation in their plane. Because of this shear resisting capacity, diaphragms can be very effective in bracing columns and beams of a steel frame against lateral buckling and, thus, increase the load carrying capacity of these members. For wall columns, such diaphragm bracing may be either directly attached or connected to girts which in turn are …

Investigation Of Torsional-Flexural Buckling Of Thin-Walled Open Sections With Unequal End Eccentricities, Nuri Celebi, George Winter

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

INTRODUCTION Compression members of thin walled open sections may buckle in the torsional-flexural mode at loads lower than the Euler buckling load, because of their low torsional rigidity. Doubly symmetric sections, loaded eccentrically in the plane of symmetry, buckle in the torsional-flexural mode when sufficient strength against flexural yielding is provided in the plane of loading. In singly symmetric sections, the shear center and centroid do not coincide. When such sections are loaded in the plane of symmetry, flexural buckling out of the plane of loading is possible only if the load acts at the shear center. Otherwise, torsional flexural …

Problems In Structural Diaphragm Bracing 1. Beams Continuously Braced By Diaphragms 2. I-Section Columns Braced By Girts And A Diaphragm, T. V. S. R. Apparao, S. J. Errera, Gordon P. Fisher

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

Shear-resistant light-gage metal diaphragms can be very effective in increasing the load carrying capacity of beams continuously braced by diaphragms, or of columns braced by girts which in turn are braced by diaphragms, if proper connections are made between the individual elements. In this thesis, behavior of diaphragm-braced I-beams, channel beams, and Z-beams under uniform moments, and the behavior of axially loaded I-section columns braced by girts which in turn are braced by diaphragms are investigated.

Load-deflection relationships of diaphragm-braced beams are obtained taking into consideration the initial imperfections of the beams and using the equilibrium method. Critical moments of …

The Dynamic Behavior Of Steel Frame And Truss Buildings, Dixon Rea, Jack G. Bouwkamp, R. W. Clough

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

This report describes experimental and analytical studies of the dynamic behavior of the East Building of the University of California's new Medical Center at San Francisco, California. It also describes experimental tests conducted on the East Building's mechanical service tower and on an adjacent elevator tower. Experimental tests on the East Building were conducted in the summers of 1964 and 1965. Vibrations were produced by eccentric-masstype vibration generators. Frequency responses, time responses, and mode shapes were observed. In the summer 1964 tests, the first mode east-west had 2% of critical damping and the first mode north-south had 1.8%; the values …

Structural Behavior Of Small-Scale Steel Models, William A. Litle, David C. Foster, Duke Oakes, Philip A. Falcone, Richard B. Reimer

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

No abstract provided.