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Articles 1141 - 1170 of 2023
Full-Text Articles in Structural Engineering
On The Structural Behavior Of Composite Beams Using Cold-Formed Shapes, Maximiliano Malite, Walter A. Nimir, Jose Jairo De Sales, Roberto Martins Goncalves
On The Structural Behavior Of Composite Beams Using Cold-Formed Shapes, Maximiliano Malite, Walter A. Nimir, Jose Jairo De Sales, Roberto Martins Goncalves
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed shapes have been increasingly employed in the construction of small multiple-floored buildings in Brazil, because wide flange shapes required to meet the demand are unavailable on the Brazilian market. Because existing codes fail to cover the design of composite beams constituted of cold-formed shapes, Brazilian design engineers have usually disregarded the contribution of the slab or have adopted improvised calculations that may to lead to unsafe results. The structural behavior of composite beams, constituted of cold-formed double channel shapes and connected to the concrete slab by means of shear connectors that were also cold-formed, was investigated experimentally. Simply supported …
Flexural Wrinkling Behaviour Of Lightly Profiled Sandwich Panels, Mahen Mahendran, D. Mcandrew
Flexural Wrinkling Behaviour Of Lightly Profiled Sandwich Panels, Mahen Mahendran, D. Mcandrew
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In Australia, sandwich panels are commonly made of flat or lightly profiled steel faces and expanded polystyrene foam cores. Flexural wrinkling is often the governing criterion in the design of these panels. The use of lightly profiled faces is expected to increase the flexural wrinkling stress considerably whereas the presence of joints between the polystyrene foam slabs in the transverse direction introduces a reduction to the flexural wrinkling stress. Therefore a series of full scale experiments and finite element analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of lightly profiled faces and transverse joints on the flexural wrinkling stress of panels …
Stub Column Tests On Cold-Formed Steel Angle Sections, M. Dhanalakshmi, N. E. Shanmugam
Stub Column Tests On Cold-Formed Steel Angle Sections, M. Dhanalakshmi, N. E. Shanmugam
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An investigation on the ultimate load capacity of non-perforated and perforated equal angle cold-formed steel stub columns is presented in this paper. An experimental study has been undertaken to study the behavior of such members subjected to compression. Members were tested to failure under axial or eccentric loading. A comparison of experimental and finite element failure loads, as well as the failure modes of tested specimens, shows that the finite element model is capable of predicting the ultimate load capacity and the failure modes with reasonable accuracy.
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Channels Subjected To Combined Bending And Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Experimental Investigation Of Cold-Formed Channels Subjected To Combined Bending And Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An experimental investigation of cold-formed channels subjected to combined bending and web crippling is described in this paper. A series of tests was performed on unlipped channels rolled from high strength structural steel sheets having nominal plate thickness up to 6 mm, and a maximum web slenderness value of 45. This value is considerably lower than the intended web slenderness values used in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures. In the past, the typical thickness of cold-formed steel members was less than 3 mm, and …
Web Crippling Of Cold Formed Steel C-And Z- Sections, B. Beshara, R. M. Schuster
Web Crippling Of Cold Formed Steel C-And Z- Sections, B. Beshara, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
An experimental investigation of cold formed steel stiffened C-and Z sections subjected to web crippling is presented in this paper. This study was devoted to two loading conditions according to the AISI Specification, namely End Two Flange (ETF) and Interior Two Flange (ITF) loading, with particular emphasis on large inside bend radius to thickness ratios, R, (up to 12) and the specimens being fastened to the support during testing. There is no experimental data available in the literature regarding the web crippling resistance of such members that are fastened to the support and have inside bend radius to thickness ratios …
Strength Of Bearing Stiffeners In Cold Formed C-Sections, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
Strength Of Bearing Stiffeners In Cold Formed C-Sections, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The applications of cold formed steel in residential construction have been increasing rapidly in recent years around the world. Some framing practices have been developed that are not covered by the current design specifications, such as using thin cold formed steel stud sections as web stiffeners for C-section floor joists. Earlier tests have shown that the current design methods are unconservative when applied to the types of stiffeners in common usage today. There are a number of variables that influence the capacity of these stiffeners such as stiffener type, position on the joist and connections. All parameters need to be …
Knee Joints In Cold-Formed Channel Portal Frames, Julie Mills
Knee Joints In Cold-Formed Channel Portal Frames, Julie Mills
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Light gauge cold-formed channel sections are frequently used in portal frame construction for small span agricultural and industrial sheds. A testing program at the University of South Australia has shown that the knee joint currently used in these sheds fails at bending moments well below required design values. An alternative joint construction using multiple Teks screws is being developed and is exhibiting much better performance.
Pull-Through Failures Of Crest-Fixed Steel Claddings Initiated By Transverse Splitting, Dhammika Mahaarachchi, Mahen Mahendran
Pull-Through Failures Of Crest-Fixed Steel Claddings Initiated By Transverse Splitting, Dhammika Mahaarachchi, Mahen Mahendran
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Crest-fixed steel claddings made of thin, high strength steel often suffer from local pull-through failures at their screw connections during high wind events such as storms and hurricanes. Currently there aren't any adequate design provisions for these cladding systems except for the expensive testing provisions. Since the local pull-through failures in the less ductile steel claddings are initiated by transverse splitting at the fastener hole, analytical studies have not been able to determine the pull-through failure loads. Analytical studies could be used if a reliable splitting criterion is available. Therefore a series of two-span cladding tests was conducted on a …
Lateral Strength Of Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-To-Track Connection, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
Lateral Strength Of Wind Load Bearing Wall Stud-To-Track Connection, R. M. Schuster, S. R. Fox
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A common application of cold formed steel in building construction is for wind load bearing steel studs (curtain walls). These wall studs are designed to carry lateral load only, and frame into horizontal steel track members at the top and bottom of the wall assembly. The stud-to-track connection consists of studs framing perpendicularly into the track and are connected with sheet metal screws. The design of the wall stud must include a check of the web crippling capacity at the end reactions. The current design expressions, however, do not apply to the type of bearing in these stud-to-track connections. Reported …
Tests And Design Of Cold-Formed Unlipped Channels Subjected To Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Tests And Design Of Cold-Formed Unlipped Channels Subjected To Web Crippling, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
A series of tests on cold-formed unlipped channels subjected to web crippling is presented in this paper. The tests were conducted under the four loading conditions specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures. The four specified loading conditions are the End-One-Flange (EOF), Interior-One-Flange (IOF), End-Two-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) loading. The loading of concentrated load or reaction forces were applied by means of bearing plates which acted across the full flange widths of the channels. The web slenderness values of the tested channel sections …
Web Crippling Behaviour Of Channels With Flanges Restrained, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
Web Crippling Behaviour Of Channels With Flanges Restrained, Ben Young, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper presents a comparison of web crippling tests of cold-formed unlipped channels with flanges restrained or unrestrained. The tests were performed under end and interior two-flange loading conditions specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 4600, 1996) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI, 1996) Specification for cold-formed steel structures, namely End-Two-Flange (ETF) and Interior-Two-Flange (ITF) loading conditions. The concentrated load was applied by a bearing plate at the top flange of the channels, and the reaction force applied by an identical bearing plate at the bottom flange of the channels. The bearing plates acted across the full …
A Theoretical And Experimental Analysis Of Cold-Formed Steel Shapes Subjected To Bending - Channel And Simple Lipped Channel, Roberto Martins Goncalves, Maximiliano Malite, Carlos Eduardo Javaroni
A Theoretical And Experimental Analysis Of Cold-Formed Steel Shapes Subjected To Bending - Channel And Simple Lipped Channel, Roberto Martins Goncalves, Maximiliano Malite, Carlos Eduardo Javaroni
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed steel shapes have been widely employed in steel construction, where they frequently offer a lower cost solution than do traditional laminated shapes. A classic application of cold-formed steel shapes is purlins in the roof panel of industrial buildings, connected to the roof panel by means of screws. The combined effect of these two elements has been the subject of investigations in some countries. Design criteria were included in the AISI Code in 1991 and 1996. This paper presents and discusses the results obtained from bending tests carried out on shapes commonly used in Brazil, i.e., the channel and the …
Finite Element Analysis Of Cold-Formed Channel Columns, Ben Young, Jintang Yan
Finite Element Analysis Of Cold-Formed Channel Columns, Ben Young, Jintang Yan
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper presents a numerical investigation into the behaviour and strengths of cold-formed plain and lipped channel columns using finite element analysis. A non-linear finite element model is developed and verified against the fixed-ended channel column tests conducted by Young and Rasmussen (1998a, 1998b and 1998c). Geometric and material non-linearities were included in the finite element model. It is demonstrated that the finite element model closely predicted the ultimate loads and the behaviour of the tested cold-formed channel columns. Hence, the model was used for an extensive parametric study of cross-section geometries. Furthermore, the results of the numerical investigation are …
Purlin Design To Aisi Lrfd Using Rational Buckling Analysis, Murry J. Clarke, Gregory J. Hancock
Purlin Design To Aisi Lrfd Using Rational Buckling Analysis, Murry J. Clarke, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The latest edition of the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members was published in 1996 (AISI, 1996). Design rules are presented in both allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD) formats. The LRFD rules of the latest AISI Specification form the basis of the Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4600:1996 Cold-Formed Steel Structures (SA/SNZ, 1996), which was published in late 1996 and supersedes the corresponding Australian permissible stress Standard AS 1538-1988. One of the main applications of cold-formed steel is purlins and girts in metal roof and wall …
Racking Performance Of Long Steel-Frame Shear Walls, Alexander J. Salenikovich, Daniel J. Dolan, Samuel W. Easterling
Racking Performance Of Long Steel-Frame Shear Walls, Alexander J. Salenikovich, Daniel J. Dolan, Samuel W. Easterling
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The response of cold-formed steel-frame shear walls to lateral forces is the focus of the paper. Results are presented for monotonic and cyclic tests of sixteen full-size shear walls with and without openings. Walls of five configurations with sheathing area ratio ranging from 1.0 to 0.3 were tested. The specimens were 12-m (40-ft.) long and 2.4-m (8-ft.) high with 11-mm (7/16-in.) oriented strandboard (OSB) sheathing. One specimen had additional 13-mm (0.5-in.) gypsum wallboard sheathing. All specimens were tested in horizontal position with no dead load applied in the plane of the wall. Resistance of walls was compared with predictions of …
Yield Strength Increase Of Cold Formed Sections Due To Cold Work Of Forming, P. A. Sloof, R. M. Schuster
Yield Strength Increase Of Cold Formed Sections Due To Cold Work Of Forming, P. A. Sloof, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The design approach for predicting the increase in yield strength due to cold work of forming in the AISI 1996 Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural members is different from the approach used by the CSA Standard, CSA S136-94, Cold Formed Steel Structural Members. The AISI approach is based on the experimental work conducted by Karren and Winter, while the S136 approach is based on theoretical work by Lind and Schroff. Lind and Schroff used Karren and Winter's data to substantiate their theory. Karren and Winter conducted tests on five full sections and also collected strength data on …
Structural Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Header Beams For Residential Construction, Roger A. Laboube, Sutton F. Stephens
Structural Behavior Of Cold-Formed Steel Header Beams For Residential Construction, Roger A. Laboube, Sutton F. Stephens
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The purpose of this experimental and analytical study was to observe the structural behavior of cold-formed steel header beams subject to a combined bending and interior-one-flange loading (IOF) condition as typically occurs in residential construction. This study focussed on the IOF loading of both back-to-back (I-beam) and box-beam configurations as specified in the "Prescriptive Method for Residential Cold-Formed Steel Framing - Second Edition." Past research conducted in the area of web crippling strength, bending strength and flange buckling of cold-formed steel members was reviewed and is discussed. The data obtained from the experimental study was analyzed and evaluated to determine …
A Design Approach For Complex Stiffeners, Andrew T. Sarawit, Teoman Pekoz
A Design Approach For Complex Stiffeners, Andrew T. Sarawit, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper presents a design approach for laterally braced cold-formed steel flexural members with edge stiffened flanges other then simple lips. The design method for flexural members given by Schafer and Pekoz (1999) is used here for designing these complex stiffeners. The method integrates distortional buckling into the unified effective width approach currently used in most cold-formed steel design specifications. A finite element method was first used to investigate the post-buckling behavior and carry out initial geometric imperfection sensitivity studies for various types of stiffeners. Then parametric studies were carried out for different types of stiffeners to compare the moment …
Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Plain Channels, Fang Yiu, Teoman Pekoz
Design Of Cold-Formed Steel Plain Channels, Fang Yiu, Teoman Pekoz
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper gives an overview of the design procedures formulated for plain channels. These formulations are based on experimental and finite element studies. The scope of the work covers laterally braced beams, columns and beam-columns of cross-sections in the range of practical applications by the industry. The recommendations treat members that are made up of elements that may be in the post-buckling or post yielding range.
Buckling Of Cold Formed Stainless Steel Columns Under Concentric And Eccentric Loading, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald, W. Mcniff
Buckling Of Cold Formed Stainless Steel Columns Under Concentric And Eccentric Loading, J. Rhodes, M. Macdonald, W. Mcniff
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes the results obtained from a series of compression tests performed on cold formed stainless steel Type 304 columns of lipped channel cross-section. The cross-section dimensions, the column length and the eccentricity of the applied compressive load are varied to examine the effects on the buckling load capacity of the columns. The results obtained are compared to those obtained from the relevant design specifications in America and in Europe, and conclusions are drawn on the basis of the comparisons.
Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Compression Members, A. Liang, G. J. Van Den Berg, Rudolph Laubscher
Distortional Buckling Of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Compression Members, A. Liang, G. J. Van Den Berg, Rudolph Laubscher
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In this paper the critical local buckling strength of cold-formed stainless steel compression members, with special emphasis on the method developed by Lau and Hancock for distortional buckling is discussed. Cold-formed stainless steel channel and I-section members under axial compression in distortional buckling are analysed. A control experiment is carried out for comparing analytical methods with a finite element method and experimental values.
Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections For Type 304 And 3cr12 Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, P. Van Tonder, Q. C. Oliphant, G. J. Van Den Berg
Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections For Type 304 And 3cr12 Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, P. Van Tonder, Q. C. Oliphant, G. J. Van Den Berg
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
In this paper the results of a study on eccentrically loaded bolted connections in lipped channels are presented. The steels chosen for this study are AISI Type 304 and Type 3CR12 stainless steel. It is concluded in this investigation that an acceptable prediction of the strength of eccentrically loaded bolted connections of stainless steel lipped channels may be obtained through the combination between the eccentric loaded equation and the normal bolted connection equations for stainless steel.
Mechanical Properties Of Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes, G. T. Taylor
Mechanical Properties Of Stainless Steel Lipped Channels, M. Macdonald, J. Rhodes, G. T. Taylor
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
This paper describes and discusses the results obtained from a series of tensile tests performed on cold formed stainless steel Type 304 members of lipped channel cross-section. Standard tensile tests on coupons cut from the webs of the sections were carried out, as were full section tensile tests. Ramberg-Osgood type curves based on the procedure suggested in the ASCE design code were fitted to the stress-strain results and these are compared with the experimental results and Ramberg-Osgood type curves derived on an alternative basis.
The Development Of An Australian Standard For Stainless Steel Structures, Kim J. R. Rasmussen
The Development Of An Australian Standard For Stainless Steel Structures, Kim J. R. Rasmussen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper describes the recent development of an Australian standard for the design of cold-formed stainless steel structures. The standard is based on the ANSI/ASCE-8 (1991) Specification for the Design of Cold-formed Stainless Steel Structural Members but augmented to provide rules for cold-formed hollow section members and welded connections. Explicit design rules for the flexural buckling of compression members are also implemented. Further, mechanical properties are included for weldable chromium steels and austenitic-ferritic (duplex) alloys, which are in addition to the alloys included in the ANSII ASCE-8 Specification. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the new rules and …
Calibration Of Cold Formed Steel Shear Equations, B. Craig, R. M. Schuster
Calibration Of Cold Formed Steel Shear Equations, B. Craig, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
There is a difference in the shear design criteria between the Canadian cold formed steel design Standard, CSA S136-94 (from here on referred to as S136) and the American Iron and Steel Institute Specification for the design of cold formed steel structures, AISI-96 (from here on referred to as AISI). The focus of this paper was to carry out the appropriate calibrations for the factor of safety, Ω, and the resistance factor, Ï•, using the current design approaches of both countries. In the case of the S136 Standard, only the resistance factor was determined. It was assumed at the outset …
Spatial Buckling Behavior Of High-Rise Rack Frames, Lip H. Teh, Gregory J. Hancock, Murray J. Clarke
Spatial Buckling Behavior Of High-Rise Rack Frames, Lip H. Teh, Gregory J. Hancock, Murray J. Clarke
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
The paper investigates the global elastic buckling behavior of a high-rise adjustable pallet rack frame composed of thin-walled open sections. It is concluded that the simple element used in many commercial programs for 3D frame analysis is not sufficiently refined for accurate linear buckling analyses of high-rise rack frames.
Structural Stability Of Braced Scaffolding And Formwork With Spigot Joints, John Enright, Robert Harriss, Gregory J. Hancock
Structural Stability Of Braced Scaffolding And Formwork With Spigot Joints, John Enright, Robert Harriss, Gregory J. Hancock
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Steel Scaffolding systems are often constructed from cold-formed circular hollow sections. The beams of this system are normally called "ledgers" and the columns are normally called "standards". To allow the system to be quickly erected on site, "spigot joints" are inserted in the standards. The spigot joints consist of smaller diameter tubes which slide into the larger diameter tubes to provide a safe connection under gravity load. However, the spigot joints may have a lack of fit, and when located midway between the ledgers, they can cause significant out-of-straightness in a standard. This PΔ effect may weaken the standard as …
Automated Design Of Steel Trusses, B. Mobasher, S. D. Rajan, S. Y. Chen
Automated Design Of Steel Trusses, B. Mobasher, S. D. Rajan, S. Y. Chen
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Designing an automated procedure for the optimal design of any structural system poses special challenges. Converting this methodology into a practical tool is even more challenging. In this research, a point-and-click software system is developed for the optimal design of roof truss systems. The starting point is a roof template containing minimal user input - outline of the truss, truss spacing, load information, and cost figures. A ground structure is constructed as the starting point of the design iterations. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used as the optimization tool to drive the design changes. Using the database of available sections, …
Dynamic Behaviour Of Floors With Cold-Formed Steel Joists, L. Xu, Z. Ling, W. C. Xie, R. M. Schuster
Dynamic Behaviour Of Floors With Cold-Formed Steel Joists, L. Xu, Z. Ling, W. C. Xie, R. M. Schuster
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Presented in this paper are the results of a recent study carried out at the University of Waterloo on the performance of residential floors supported by cold-formed steel C-section floor joists. Both static and dynamic tests were conducted on steel floors with different span lengths based on different design criteria. The purpose of the static tests was to evaluate the stiffuess and load sharing among the joists, and the purpose of the dynamic tests was to evaluate the dynamic characteristics such as frequencies of the floor systems. To identify the critical parameters that contribute to the control of floor vibration, …
L-Header Testing, Evaluation And Design Methodology, Roger A. Laboube, N. R. Elhajj
L-Header Testing, Evaluation And Design Methodology, Roger A. Laboube, N. R. Elhajj
CCFSS Proceedings of International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (1971 - 2018)
Cold-formed steel L-shaped headers have gained popularity over the past few years due to their simplicity and cost effectiveness. While cold-formed steel conventional headers are widely used and can be designed for most applications, often it is necessary to reduce cost by using less material and labor hours. The L-shaped header provides both, a fast and economical solution to safely transfer applied loads to other structural elements in a building. As the name suggests, the main components of an L-shaped header is a piece of cold-formed steel formed into a shape resembling the letter L. An L-header assembly consists of …