Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons^™

Route Fatality Risk As A Measure Of Travel Death Risk, Kopl Halperin, Jim Redman

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

The authors examine the route fatality Risk of routes in Erie County, PA and show that some pose a disproportionately high-Risk to users. They argue that transportation safety could be greatly increased by relatively small expenditures and suggest that the most cost-effective Risk amelioration is speed limit control.

Bearing Capacity Analysis Of Pavements, Tommy C. Hopkins

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

A multilayered, mathematical model for analyzing the ultimate bearing capacity of soil subgrades and asphalt pavements is presented. Theoretical considerations and mathematical derivations of limit equilibrium equations, based on plasticity principles, for analyzing the ultimate bearing capacity of soil subgrades and partially completed asphalt pavements, and the extension of these equations to the analyses of asphalt pavements composed of multiple layers, are presented. The model is unique since shear strength parameters, Φ and c, (the angle of internal friction and cohesion, respectively) are used to describe each layer of material of the pavement structure and a factor of safety against …

Automatic Meshing Of Free-Form Deformation Solids, Ssuta S. Hsu

Theses and Dissertations

Development of computer models and subsequent finite element analysis, are important aspects of modern engineering design. In this process, the geometry creation and finite element analysis software are well developed; however, the process of discretizing a geometry into a proper finite element model is time consuming and tedious. The work presented here uses the free-form deformation method to create smooth solid models, and invokes a solid subdivision and transition method to generate the hexahedron finite elements. The combination of these two techniques provides an automatic mesh generator that is easy to use, creates acceptable hexahedron elements for finite element analysis, …

Excessive Beam Deflections On The Ky-52 Bridge Over Dix River (Boyle-Garrard County Line), Theodore Hopwood Ii, Vishwas G. Oka, David Q. Hunsucker, James H. Havens

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Upon rehabilitation, beams and deck of the Ky 52 bridge over Dix River were observed to have excessive deflections. An investigation of the problem included field inspections, structural analyses, and interviews with relevant KYDOH and other personnel.

Field measurements were made of the beam deflections. Those were compared to construction field measurements and dead-load calculations.

The beam deflection problem is attributed to 1) a failure to provide for sufficient camber in the beams to accommodate for construction dead loads, and 2) pre-existing sags in the beams when placed prior to casting the deck. Part of the deck deflection problem can …

Design Of Highway Embankment On Unstable Natural Slopes, Charles S. Bishop, Donald W. Armour Jr., Tommy C. Hopkins

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Sections of the new Alexandria-Ashland (M) highway in northeastern Kentucky must be located on and through natural slopes of the Kope and Crab Orchard Formations that consist mainly of shales. Numerous highway embankment and cut slope failures have occurred In these two geologic formations In past years. The shales of these formations have very poor and undesirable engineering properties. Many stability problems encountered with the Kope and Crab Orchard shales are caused primarily by the tendency of those shales to breakdown when exposed to water and produce clays and clayey silts of relatively low shear strengths. Construction of highway embankments …

Hydraulic Design Algorithms For Upgrading And Enhancing Water Distribution Systems, Don J. Wood, William T. Gilbert

KWRRI Research Reports

The primary objective of this work was to develop algorithms for directly determining design characteristics for effectively enhancing, modifying or adding to existing water distribution systems. This is accomplished by modifying the basic hydraulic network equations to explicitly determine required design parameters to just meet specified conditions. Initially work was completed on directly determining pipeline diameters and directly determining pipeline and network resistance characteristics. This work was published in technical journals and established the feasibility of the approach but did not demonstrate the scope and versitility of the proposed approach. In this report a general approach is developed and tested …

Stability Of Embankments On Clay Foundations, Tommy C. Hopkins

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Ninety-one well-documented geotechnical failures are reviewed. The case studies involved the failure of embankments, footings and load tests, excavated slopes, and natural slopes. Seventy-five of the geotechnical failures had been analyzed using total stress analysis. Sixteen of the case failures had been analyzed using effective stress analysis. Based on a review of these case studies, there are discrepancies between predicted and actual stabilities of geotechnical structures and there is a tendency tu overestimate the factor of safety. Differences that may arise between predicted and actual performances are discussed and examined and guidelines are proposed for evaluating the potential of successfully …

Long-Term Movements Of Highway Bridge Approach Embankments And Pavements, Tommy C. Hopkins

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Long-term movements of highway bridge approach embankments and pavements are described and factors that may lead to settlement of highway bridge approach pavements are discussed. Six case histories are presented. The bridge approach sites were observed at different times during the period 1966 to 1985. At four sites, lateral movements, measured from slope inclinometers, of the approach embankments were monitored over time periods ranging from 8 to 14 years. Settlements of the highway bridge approaches were monitored some three to four years after paving. Estimated and observed settlements of the foundations at the study sites were obtained for a length …

Unstable Subgrade, I 65, Hardin County (I 65 - 5 (17) 92; Fsp 047-0065-091-0396), Tommy C. Hopkins, Gary W. Sharpe

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

During construction of the southbound lanes of I 65, Stations 120+00 to 218+00, in Hardin County, Kentucky, near Elizabethtown, large deformations were observed when dense-graded aggregate (DGA) base courses were loaded with construction traffic. Rutting and cracking of the DGA also was noticeable. A study was performed to determine the causes of the unstable subgrade and base, recommend remedial actions, and evaluate the effectiveness of the remedial measures. The stability, or bearing capacity, of the unstable pavement was determined for different construction stages and combinations of pavement layer thicknesses using a relatively new stability model HOPK-I. The stability of the …

A Review And Analysis Of Pile Design, David L. Allen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

A review of lateral load design of piles is presented. It appears many different methods and allowable lateral loads are permitted by the states. One particular method is discussed in detail, and from that method two charts are presented that relate pile deflection to lateral load. Recommendations are given on design criteria for lateral loads.

A review of allowable axial stresses is also presented. The results of a brief finite element analysis of pile tip settlement versus load for various conditions are also presented. These results are compared to data obtained from the literature. Recommendations on maximum allowable axial stress …

Pavement Management In Kentucky, Gary W. Sharpe, Robert C. Deen, Herbert F. Southgate, Rolands L. Rizenbergs, James L. Burchett

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The principal objective of this paper is to summarize current pavement management activities in Kentucky. Early pavement management activities generally were decentralized (involving a number of transportation functions such as planning, design, construction, maintenance, and research) and involved long-term monitoring for skid resistance and ride quality (roughness).

Current pavement management activities may be categorized by evaluation, project selection, and development of recommendations for pavement rehabilitation strategies. Pavement evaluation activities at the statewide system level typically involve assessments of ride quality (ridesbility index) and estimated pavement serviceability, skid resistance, visual condition ratings, and the accumulation of traffic volumes and pavement fatigue. …

Thickness Design Curves For Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, Herbert F. Southgate, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Past experience indicates that thickness designs using portland cement concrete best agree with criterion used in the Portland Cement Association's design method for 18-kip EAL of 2 to 3 million or less. For EALs greater than 2 to 3 million, past experience best agrees with criterion developed from the AASHO Road Test. Research herein indicates the two criterion become asymptotic to each other at approximately 2.5 million EAL. For a variation in thickness and elastic moduli in portland cement concrete, dense-graded aggregate, and sub grade elastic modulus, research indicates that a general conic equation (included herein) very closely duplicates the …

Water For The 21st Century, Will It Be There?, Richard C. Peralta, Ann W. Peralta, Leslie E. Mack

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

One of Arkansas' major water management goals is to provide adequate water for agriculture, the economic mainstay of the state. Effective water management requires inputs from engineering, economics, law, administration, and environmental concern, all in a matrix of public education, participation and communications. Groundwater levels in eastern Arkansas have been dropping for decades as irrigation for rice, other row crops, and fish farming have increased substantially. Additional surface water supplies are available from the adjacent rivers but there are competition, conflict of use, and jurisdictional problems involved. A critical path sequence chart was designed to include all the research steps …

Highway Sizing, Joseph D. Crabtree, John A. Deacon

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

A critical examination is made of the conventional method for highway sizing, that is, determination of lane requirements. Ranked hourly traffic volume distributions, obtained from 1977 Kentucky volume stations are examined to test certain assumptions common to the conventional approach. Several of these distributions have no distinct "knee" and, for those which do, the knee is most frequently found outside the normally anticipated range. Of equal importance, the knee location can be arbitrarily altered simply by changing the number of highest volume hours that are examining.

The fundamental fallacy of the conventional procedure is its focus on a single design …

Overlay Recommendations For I 64: Rowan, Carter, And Boyd Counties, Gary W. Sharpe, Herbert F. Southgate

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

A method was developed in 1978 for designing asphaltic concrete overlays for flexible pavements. This procedure utilizes Kentucky's theoretical flexible pavement design curves, estimates of pavement fatigue from traffic data, estimates of subgrade strengths, and estimates of the structural capacity of the existing pavement. Overlay designs were recommended for the asphaltic concrete pavement sections of I 64 in Rowan, Carter, and Boyd Counties. Road Rater deflection data were used to estimate the subgrade strength and the effective worth of the pavement structures. Pavement rutting and roughness were also considered in determining the final overlay thicknesses.

Hydrauilc And Structural Design Of The Hydromet Station On Sinza River, E Kasenene

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

During the assessment of the manuscript, it was observed that the paper does not include an abstract. The document proceeds directry to the main content without providing a separate abstract that summarize the study's objectives, methodology, key findings and conclusions

Design System For Asphaltic Concrete Overlays, Herbert F. Southgate, Gary W. Sharpe, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

A method of designing asphaltic concrete overlays has been developed from (1) Kentucky's theoretical design curves, (2) an estimate of future traffic and the associated fatigue (five procedures are presented according to types of information available), (3) strength of subgrade on subject project (laboratory CBR tests or results of dynamic in-place tests such as the Road Rater), and (4) present condition of the existing pavement (from dynamic in-place tests, roughness measurements, or present serviceability index). Deterioration has been expressed as reduced or effective thicknesses of new-quality materials producing the same measured dynamic deflections. The total thickness required for the future …

Loads On Box Culverts Under High Embankments: Analysis And Design Considerations, David L. Allen, Rick L. Russ

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

Pressure and design analyses of five reinforced concrete box culverts are presented. Three of the culverts were constructed with the imperfect trench. Measured pressures on the culverts are compared to pressures predicted by the theories of Marston, Spangler, and Castes. Also, comparisons are made between measured pressures and calculated design pressures using AASHTO's Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 1.2.2(A). It is noted that the imperfect trench is, apparently, effective in reducing pressures on the top slab. The AASHTO design formulas underestimated the pressure on the top slab of the culverts without the imperfect trench.

Design And Operating Criteria For Rural Water Systems, James E. Garton, Gary L. Goodwin, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Rural homesites in the United States require the availability of high quality water. One means of meeting this need is with the rural water district, a system composed of tank storage and a pipe network serving a number of homes. The tanks are filled by pumping during periods of minimal water use and serve as the immediate water source for homes.

Optimum design requires consideration of not only immediate needs and economic factors but also the possibility of expansion at some future date. Accurate prediction of monthly usage rates is sometimes necessary to set contractural needs. Daily water use per …

Poultry Breeds Must Be Conserved : An Ideal Small Unit, R H. Morris

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

The Department of Agriculture is concerned at the rapid disapearance of some poultry breeds and strains over recent years. This trend has resulted from the disposal of flocks previously held by commercial poultry breeders and fanciers.

One way to stop the trend of disappearance of poultry breeds is for interested people to maintain a breeding flock of pure-bred poultry, making the progeny available to others.

This article describes a small unit suitable for housing breeding fowls. The unit is based on designs developed by the Department of Agriculture.

Design Standards For Farm Surface Water Supplies, J L. Frith

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Design is usually concerned with getting adequate return from limited recources. Farm dams which dry up represent dam failure. Less seriously, so too do dams which, although not drying out, never fill; they waste a recource.

Effects Of Water On Slope Stability, Tommy C. Hopkins, David L. Allen, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

A brief state-of-the-art review of the effects of water on slope stability and the techniques for analysis is presented. The effective stress principle and basic considerations of slope stability, including design factors of safety, are discussed briefly. The derivations and effects of seepage forces and rapid drawdown on effective stress are also presented. Various conditions of external loading produce changes in effective stress. These changes are discussed and limiting conditions which should be analyzed are mentioned.

Limitations of total stress analyses are discussed in detail. It appears that, for soils having a liquidity index of 0.36 or greater (normally consolidated), …

Design Criteria For Usu Stilling Basin Pipe Flow To Open Channels, Chi-Yuan Wei

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Criterion have been developed in this study for designing a stilling basin to serve as a transition from pipe flow to open channel flow. The purpose of the structure is to prevent erosion in an open channel. The unsteadiness, or smoothness, of the water surface in the model basin was used as the criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the structure for energy dissipation.

The introduction of a short-pipe energy dissipater in the stilling basin has proven effective in dissipating energy. The stilling basin was designed for a fully submerged pipe outlet. The inflow pipe and the dissipator pipe were …

A Method For The Design Of Foundations Supporting Highway Signs, Robert C. Deen

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

With the increased mileage of highways being built to high standards, the resulting high-speed travel requires that more and larger signs be installed to relay to the motoring public information they require. It would be desirable to have a method of design which will result in a foundation involving rather simple construction procedures. It was decided that a cylindrical, non-reinforced concrete foundation with an uniform diameter would be the most advantageous for construction purposes. It should be realized, however, tha(the most efficient shape theoretically is one that has increased diameters at the top and the bottom.

The resistance of a …

Let's Look At Herringbone Dairies, R A. Bettenay, F. Fielder

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

THE first of the modern type herringbone dairies in Western Australia was constructed by Mr. F. Tucker of Ruabon, in 1957.

Since then there has been strong interest in this system, and there are now at least six such sheds operating in the district between Ludlow and Augusta. Many more are being constructed.

Discussion Of The Kentucky Criteria For Design Of Flexible Pavement Thicknesses, Kentucky Highway Materials Research Laboratory

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

The Kentucky Department of Highways, in 1946, sought a more systematic criteria and basis for designing the thickness of bituminous concrete pavements. The Research Division was authorized to pursue this work and to develop the criterion. These efforts were embodied in a report (1) to the Department, which offered a system of design based upon CBR's and EWL's. EWL's were computed originally for a 10-year period but this practice was revised in 1954 to encompass 20-year traffic (more realistic with respect to average road life). Then, in 1957, the Department requested a re-evaluation of the criteria from the standpoint of …

Shearing Shed Design, W L. Mcgarry, D. A. Young, M. Butler

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

PLANNING the layout of a shearing shed requires a good deal of thought to ensure its maximum working efficiency.

If the contemplated structure is to serve the dual purpose of storage-shearing shed, it is better to plan a shearing shed that can be used for storage, rather than a storage shed with a view to its utilisation as a shearing shed.