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Articles 181 - 204 of 204
Full-Text Articles in Civil and Environmental Engineering
Property Analysis Of Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets Modified Asphalt Model Using Molecular Dynamics (Md) Method, Hui Yao, Qingli Dai, Zhanping You, Andreas Bick, Min Wang, Shuaicheng Guo
Property Analysis Of Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets Modified Asphalt Model Using Molecular Dynamics (Md) Method, Hui Yao, Qingli Dai, Zhanping You, Andreas Bick, Min Wang, Shuaicheng Guo
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
This Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation paper presents a physical property comparison study between exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGNP) modified and control asphalt models, including density, glass transition temperature, viscosity and thermal conductivity. The three-component control asphalt model consists of asphaltenes, aromatics, and saturates based on previous references. The xGNP asphalt model was built by incorporating an xGNP and control asphalt model and controlling mass ratios to represent the laboratory prepared samples. The Amber Cornell Extension Force Field (ACEFF) was used with assigned molecular electro-static potential (ESP) charge from NWChem analysis. After optimization and ensemble relaxation, the properties of the control and …
Developing The Greatest Blue Economy: Water Productivity, Fresh Water Depletion, And Virtual Water Trade In The Great Lakes Basin, A. L. Mayer, Stanley Mubako, Benjamin L. Ruddell
Developing The Greatest Blue Economy: Water Productivity, Fresh Water Depletion, And Virtual Water Trade In The Great Lakes Basin, A. L. Mayer, Stanley Mubako, Benjamin L. Ruddell
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
The Great Lakes basin hosts the world's most abundant surface fresh water reserve. Historically an industrial and natural resource powerhouse, the region has suffered economic stagnation in recent decades. Meanwhile, growing water resource scarcity around the world is creating pressure on water-intensive human activities. This situation creates the potential for the Great Lakes region to sustainably utilize its relative water wealth for economic benefit. We combine economic production and trade datasets with water consumption data and models of surface water depletion in the region. We find that, on average, the current economy does not create significant impacts on surface waters, …
Determination Of Specific Heat Capacity On Composite Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials And Asphalt Mixtures By Heat Exchange System, Biao Ma, Xue-Yan Zhou, Jiang Liu, Zhanping You, Kun Wei, Xiao-Feng Huang
Determination Of Specific Heat Capacity On Composite Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials And Asphalt Mixtures By Heat Exchange System, Biao Ma, Xue-Yan Zhou, Jiang Liu, Zhanping You, Kun Wei, Xiao-Feng Huang
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Previous research has shown that composite shape-stabilized phase change material (CPCM) has a remarkable capacity for thermal storage and stabilization, and it can be directly applied to highway construction without leakage. However, recent studies on temperature changing behaviors of CPCM and asphalt mixture cannot intuitively reflect the thermoregulation mechanism and efficiency of CPCM on asphalt mixture. The objective of this paper is to determine the specific heat capacity of CPCM and asphalt mixtures mixed with CPCM using the heat exchange system and the data acquisition system. Studies have shown that the temperature-rise curve of 5 °C CPCM has an obvious …
A Hybrid Strategy In Selecting Diverse Combinations Of Innovative Sustainable Materials For Asphalt Pavements, Baron Colbert, Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan, Zhanping You
A Hybrid Strategy In Selecting Diverse Combinations Of Innovative Sustainable Materials For Asphalt Pavements, Baron Colbert, Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan, Zhanping You
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
This project integrates recent innovations of recycled materials used in designing and building sustainable pavements. An increasing environmental awareness and the demand for improving economic and construction efficiencies, through measures such as construction warrantees and goals to reduce air pollution under the Kyoto Protocol, have increased the efforts to implement sustainable materials in roadways. The objective of this research is to develop a systematic approach toward selecting optimum combinations of sustainable materials for the construction of asphalt pavements. The selected materials, warm mix asphalt (WMA), recycled asphalt shingles (RAS), and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) were incorporated in this study. The …
Ethanol Based Foamed Asphalt As Potential Alternative For Low Emission Asphalt Technology, Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan, Zhanping You
Ethanol Based Foamed Asphalt As Potential Alternative For Low Emission Asphalt Technology, Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan, Zhanping You
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Foamed asphalt typically relies on water as a foaming agent because water becomes gaseous at elevated temperatures, generating numerous tiny bubbles in the asphalt and causing spontaneous foaming. In this study, ethanol was used as a potential alternative to water as a foaming agent. Ethanol is expected to be a physical blowing agent in the same manner as water, except it requires less energy to foam due to its 78 °C boiling point. This study compares the performance of water and ethanol as foaming agents through the measurements of rotational viscosity, the reduction in temperature during foaming, and volatile loss. …
The Potential For Co < Inf> 2 -Induced Acidification In Freshwater: A Great Lakes Case Study, Jennifer C. Phillips, Galen A. Mckinley, Val Bennington, Harvey A. Bootsma, Darren J. Pilcher, Robert W. Sterner, Noel Urban
The Potential For Co < Inf> 2 -Induced Acidification In Freshwater: A Great Lakes Case Study, Jennifer C. Phillips, Galen A. Mckinley, Val Bennington, Harvey A. Bootsma, Darren J. Pilcher, Robert W. Sterner, Noel Urban
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Ocean acidification will likely result in a drop of 0.3–0.4 pH units in the surface ocean by 2100, assuming anthropogenic CO2 emissions continue at the current rate. Impacts of increasing atmospheric pCO2 on pH in freshwater systems have scarcely been addressed. In this study, the Laurentian Great Lakes are used as a case study for the potential for CO2-induced acidification in freshwater systems as well as for assessment of the ability of current water quality monitoring to detect pH trends. If increasing atmospheric pCO2 is the only forcing, pH will decline in the Laurentian Great Lakes at the same rate …
Railroad Capacity Tools And Methodologies In The U.S. And Europe, Hamed Pouryousef, Pasi Lautala, Thomas White
Railroad Capacity Tools And Methodologies In The U.S. And Europe, Hamed Pouryousef, Pasi Lautala, Thomas White
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
A growing demand for passenger and freight transportation, combined with limited capital to expand the United States (U.S.) rail infrastructure, is creating pressure for a more efficient use of the current line capacity. This is further exacerbated by the fact that most passenger rail services operate on corridors that are shared with freight traffic. A capacity analysis is one alternative to address the situation and there are various approaches, tools, and methodologies available for application. As the U.S. continues to develop higher speed passenger services with similar characteristics to those in European shared-use lines, understanding the common methods and tools …
Sensitivity Analysis Of Longitudinal Cracking On Asphalt Pavement Using Mepdg In Permafrost Region, Chen Zhang, Hainian Wang, Zhanping You, Biao Ma
Sensitivity Analysis Of Longitudinal Cracking On Asphalt Pavement Using Mepdg In Permafrost Region, Chen Zhang, Hainian Wang, Zhanping You, Biao Ma
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Longitudinal cracking is one of the most important distresses of asphalt pavement in permafrost regions. The sensitivity analysis of design parameters for asphalt pavement can be used to study the influence of every parameter on longitudinal cracking, which can help optimizing the design of the pavement structure. In this study, 20 test sections of Qinghai–Tibet Highway were selected to conduct the sensitivity analysis of longitudinal cracking on material parameter based on Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) and single factorial sensitivity analysis method. Some computer aided engineering (CAE) simulation techniques, such as the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) technique and the multiple …
Reviews And Syntheses: Ocean Acidification And Its Potential Impacts On Marine Ecosystems, K. M.G. Mostofa, C. Q. Liu, W. D. Zhai, M. Minella, D. Vione, K. Gao, D. Minakata, T. Arakaki, T. Yoshioka, K. Hayakawa, E. Konohira, E. Tanoue, A. Akhand, A. Chanda, B. Wang, H. Sakugawa
Reviews And Syntheses: Ocean Acidification And Its Potential Impacts On Marine Ecosystems, K. M.G. Mostofa, C. Q. Liu, W. D. Zhai, M. Minella, D. Vione, K. Gao, D. Minakata, T. Arakaki, T. Yoshioka, K. Hayakawa, E. Konohira, E. Tanoue, A. Akhand, A. Chanda, B. Wang, H. Sakugawa
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Ocean acidification, a complex phenomenon that lowers seawater pH, is the net outcome of several contributions. They include the dissolution of increasing atmospheric CO2 that adds up with dissolved inorganic carbon (dissolved CO2, H2CO3, HCO3-, and CO32-) generated upon mineralization of primary producers (PP) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). The aquatic processes leading to inorganic carbon are substantially affected by increased DOM and nutrients via terrestrial runoff, acidic rainfall, increased PP and algal blooms, nitrification, denitrification, sulfate reduction, global warming (GW), and by atmospheric CO2 itself through enhanced photosynthesis. They are consecutively associated with enhanced ocean acidification, hypoxia in acidified …
Seasonal Variability And Long-Term Evolution Of Tropospheric Composition In The Tropics And Southern Hemisphere, K. M. Wai, S. Wu, A. Kumar, H. Liao
Seasonal Variability And Long-Term Evolution Of Tropospheric Composition In The Tropics And Southern Hemisphere, K. M. Wai, S. Wu, A. Kumar, H. Liao
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Impacts on tropospheric composition in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere from biomass burning and other emission sources are studied using a global chemical transport model, surface measurements and satellite retrievals. Seasonal variations in observed CO at remote island sites are examined. Easter Island (eastern Pacific Ocean) is impacted indirectly by the hemispheric zonal transport of CO due to the burning in southern Africa/South America, via the westerlies. An increasing trend in CO by 0.33 ppb yr-1 in the past decade at Ascension Island is attributed to the combined effects of South American/southern Africa burnings and the increases in CH4 …
Effects Of Stratospheric Ozone Recovery On Photochemistry And Ozone Air Quality In The Troposphere, H. Zhang, Shiliang Wu, Y. Huang, Y. Wang
Effects Of Stratospheric Ozone Recovery On Photochemistry And Ozone Air Quality In The Troposphere, H. Zhang, Shiliang Wu, Y. Huang, Y. Wang
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
There has been significant stratospheric ozone depletion since the late 1970s due to ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). With the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments and adjustments, stratospheric ozone is expected to recover towards its pre-1980 level in the coming decades. In this study, we examine the implications of stratospheric ozone recovery for the tropospheric chemistry and ozone air quality with a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). With a full recovery of the stratospheric ozone, the projected increases in ozone column range from 1% over the low latitudes to more than 10% over the polar regions. The sensitivity factor …
Free-Troposphere Ozone And Carbon Monoxide Over The North Atlantic For 2001-2011, Aditya Kumar, S. Wu, M. F. Weise, R. Honrath, R. C. Owen, D. Helmig, L. Kramer, M. Val Martin, Q. Li
Free-Troposphere Ozone And Carbon Monoxide Over The North Atlantic For 2001-2011, Aditya Kumar, S. Wu, M. F. Weise, R. Honrath, R. C. Owen, D. Helmig, L. Kramer, M. Val Martin, Q. Li
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
In situ measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) at the Pico Mountain Observatory (PMO) located in the Azores, Portugal, are analyzed together with results from an atmospheric chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and satellite remote sensing data (AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) for CO, and TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer) for O3) to examine the evolution of free-troposphere CO and O3 over the North Atlantic for 2001-2011. GEOS-Chem captured the seasonal cycles for CO and O3 well but significantly underestimated the mixing ratios of CO, particularly in spring. Statistically significant (using a significance level of 0.05) decreasing trends were found for …
Performances Evaluation Of Cecabase® Rt In Warm Mix Asphalt Technology, Shu Wei Goh, Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan, Zhanping You
Performances Evaluation Of Cecabase® Rt In Warm Mix Asphalt Technology, Shu Wei Goh, Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan, Zhanping You
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures containing different percentages of Cecabase® RT using dynamic modulus (|E*|), tensile strength ratio (TSR), four point beam fatigue, flow number and asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) rutting tests. In this study, 0.2%, 0.35% and 0.5% Cecabase® RT were incorporated in the 5E3 Superpave mixtures prepared at three different temperatures, 100 °C, 115 °C and 130 °C. A Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixture was used as the control mixture. All the mixture samples were prepared using PG 58-34 binder and compacted at 86 gyrations under different …
Rheological Evaluation Of Foamed Wma Modified With Nano Hydrated Lime, Aboelkasim Diab, Zhanping You, Hainian Wang
Rheological Evaluation Of Foamed Wma Modified With Nano Hydrated Lime, Aboelkasim Diab, Zhanping You, Hainian Wang
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Although the Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is gaining popularity very rapidly and becoming a mainstream technique for producing asphalt mixtures, there are many concerns regarding its long-term performance. Over the years, the Regular Hydrated Lime (RHL) has gained considerable recognition as a common additive to bituminous pavements. However, the Nano Hydrated Lime (NHL) (particle sizes 100 nanometer (nm) or less) has not been used as an additive to the asphalt mixtures before. The rheology properties of foamed WMA were studied since the pavement performance is primarily controlled by the rheological properties of asphalt cement. NHL materials with particle sizes of …
World Energy Balance Outlook And Opec Production Capacity: Implications For Global Oil Security, Ali Mirchi, Saeed Hadian, Kaveh Madani, Omid M. Rouhani, Azadeh M. Rouhani
World Energy Balance Outlook And Opec Production Capacity: Implications For Global Oil Security, Ali Mirchi, Saeed Hadian, Kaveh Madani, Omid M. Rouhani, Azadeh M. Rouhani
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
The imbalance between energy resource availability, demand, and production capacity, coupled with inherent economic and environmental uncertainties make strategic energy resources planning, management, and decision-making a challenging process. In this paper, a descriptive approach has been taken to synthesize the world’s energy portfolio and the global energy balance outlook in order to provide insights into the role of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in maintaining “stability” and “balance” of the world’s energy market. This synthesis illustrates that in the absence of stringent policies, i.e., if historical trends of the global energy production and consumption hold into the future, it …
Micrometeorological Measurement Of Hexachlorobenzene And Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compound Air-Water Gas Exchange In Lake Superior And Comparison To Model Predictions, M. D. Rowe, J A Perlinger
Micrometeorological Measurement Of Hexachlorobenzene And Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compound Air-Water Gas Exchange In Lake Superior And Comparison To Model Predictions, M. D. Rowe, J A Perlinger
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Air-water exchange fluxes of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substances are frequently estimated using the Whitman two-film (W2F) method, but micrometeorological flux measurements of these compounds over water are rarely attempted. We measured air-water exchange fluxes of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on 14 July 2006 in Lake Superior using the modified Bowen ratio (MBR) method. Measured fluxes were compared to estimates using the W2F method, and to estimates from an Internal Boundary Layer Transport and Exchange (IBLTE) model that implements the NOAA COARE bulk flux algorithm and gas transfer model. We reveal an inaccuracy in the estimate of …
Impacts Of Changes In Land Use And Land Cover On Atmospheric Chemistry And Air Quality Over The 21st Century, S. Wu, L. J. Mickley, J. O. Kaplan, D. J. Jacob
Impacts Of Changes In Land Use And Land Cover On Atmospheric Chemistry And Air Quality Over The 21st Century, S. Wu, L. J. Mickley, J. O. Kaplan, D. J. Jacob
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
The effects of future land use and land cover change on the chemical composition of the atmosphere and air quality are largely unknown. To investigate the potential effects associated with future changes in vegetation driven by atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, climate, and anthropogenic land use over the 21st century, we performed a series of model experiments combining a general circulation model with a dynamic global vegetation model and an atmospheric chemical-transport model. Our results indicate that climate-and CO 2-induced changes in vegetation composition and density between 2100 and 2000 could lead to decreases in summer afternoon surface ozone of up …
The Influence Of Boreal Biomass Burning Emissions On The Distribution Of Tropospheric Ozone Over North America And The North Atlantic During 2010, M. Parrington, P. I. Palmer, D. K. Henze, D. W. Tarasick, E. J. Hyer, R. C. Owen, D. Helmig, C. Clerbaux, K. W. Bowman, M. N. Deeter, E. M. Barratt, P. F. Coheur, D. Hurtmans, Z. Jiang, M. George, J. R. Worden
The Influence Of Boreal Biomass Burning Emissions On The Distribution Of Tropospheric Ozone Over North America And The North Atlantic During 2010, M. Parrington, P. I. Palmer, D. K. Henze, D. W. Tarasick, E. J. Hyer, R. C. Owen, D. Helmig, C. Clerbaux, K. W. Bowman, M. N. Deeter, E. M. Barratt, P. F. Coheur, D. Hurtmans, Z. Jiang, M. George, J. R. Worden
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
We have analysed the sensitivity of the tropospheric ozone distribution over North America and the North Atlantic to boreal biomass burning emissions during the summer of 2010 using the GEOS-Chem 3-D global tropospheric chemical transport model and observations from in situ and satellite instruments. We show that the model ozone distribution is consistent with observations from the Pico Mountain Observatory in the Azores, ozonesondes across Canada, and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Instrument (IASI) satellite instruments. Mean biases between the model and observed ozone mixing ratio in the free troposphere were less than 10 ppbv. We …
Chemical Sensor Resolution Requirements For Near-Surface Measurements Of Turbulent Fluxes, M. D. Rowe, C. W. Fairall, J. A. Perlinger, J. A. Perlinger
Chemical Sensor Resolution Requirements For Near-Surface Measurements Of Turbulent Fluxes, M. D. Rowe, C. W. Fairall, J. A. Perlinger, J. A. Perlinger
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Businger and Delany (1990) presented an approach to estimate the sensor resolution required to limit the contribution of the uncertainty in the chemical concentration measurement to uncertainty in the flux measurement to 10 % for eddy covariance, gradient, and relaxed eddy accumulation flux measurement methods. We describe an improvement to their approach to estimate required sensor resolution for the covariance method, and include disjunct eddy covariance. In addition, we provide data to support selection of a form for the dimensionless scalar standard deviation similarity function based on observations of the variance of water vapor fluctuations from recent field experiments. We …
Impacts Of Future Climate Change And Effects Of Biogenic Emissions On Surface Ozone And Particulate Matter Concentrations In The United States, Y. F. Lam, J. S. Fu, S. Wu, L. J. Mickley
Impacts Of Future Climate Change And Effects Of Biogenic Emissions On Surface Ozone And Particulate Matter Concentrations In The United States, Y. F. Lam, J. S. Fu, S. Wu, L. J. Mickley
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Simulations of present and future average regional ozone and PM 2.5 concentrations over the United States were performed to investigate the potential impacts of global climate change and emissions on regional air quality using CMAQ. Various emissions and climate conditions with different biogenic emissions and domain resolutions were implemented to study the sensitivity of future air quality trends from the impacts of changing biogenic emissions. A comparison of GEOS-Chem and CMAQ was performed to investigate the effect of downscaling on the prediction of future air quality trends. For ozone, the impacts of global climate change are relatively smaller when compared …
Source Attribution And Interannual Variability Of Arctic Pollution In Spring Constrained By Aircraft (Arctas, Arcpac) And Satellite (Airs) Observations Of Carbon Monoxide, J. A. Fisher, D. J. Jacob, M. T. Purdy, M. Kopacz, P. Le Sager, Shiliang Wu, Et. Al.
Source Attribution And Interannual Variability Of Arctic Pollution In Spring Constrained By Aircraft (Arctas, Arcpac) And Satellite (Airs) Observations Of Carbon Monoxide, J. A. Fisher, D. J. Jacob, M. T. Purdy, M. Kopacz, P. Le Sager, Shiliang Wu, Et. Al.
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
We use aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the NASA ARCTAS and NOAA ARCPAC campaigns in April 2008 together with multiyear (2003–2008) CO satellite data from the AIRS instrument and a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to better understand the sources, transport, and interannual variability of pollution in the Arctic in spring. Model simulation of the aircraft data gives best estimates of CO emissions in April 2008 of 26 Tg month−1 for Asian anthropogenic, 9.4 for European anthropogenic, 4.1 for North American anthropogenic, 15 for Russian biomass burning (anomalously large that year), and 23 for Southeast Asian biomass burning. …
Technical Note: A New Method For The Lagrangian Tracking Of Pollution Plumes From Source To Receptor Using Gridded Model Output, R. C. Owen, R. E. Honrath
Technical Note: A New Method For The Lagrangian Tracking Of Pollution Plumes From Source To Receptor Using Gridded Model Output, R. C. Owen, R. E. Honrath
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Lagrangian particle dispersion models (LPDMs) are powerful and popular tools used for the analysis of atmospheric trace gas measurements. However, it can be difficult to determine the transport pathway of emissions from their source to a receptor using the standard gridded model output, particularly during complex meteorological scenarios. In this paper we present a method to clearly and easily identify the pathway taken by only those emissions that arrive at a receptor at a particular time, by combining the standard gridded output from forward (e.g., concentration) and backward (e.g., residence time) LPDM simulations. By comparing the pathway determined from this …
An Overview Of Snow Photochemistry: Evidence, Mechanisms And Impacts, A. M. Grannas, A. E. Jones, J. Dibb, M. Ammann, C. Anastasio, H. J. Beine, M. Bergin, J. Bottenheim, C. S. Boxe, G. Carver, G. Chen, J. H. Crawford, F. Dominé, R. E. Honrath, Et. Al.
An Overview Of Snow Photochemistry: Evidence, Mechanisms And Impacts, A. M. Grannas, A. E. Jones, J. Dibb, M. Ammann, C. Anastasio, H. J. Beine, M. Bergin, J. Bottenheim, C. S. Boxe, G. Carver, G. Chen, J. H. Crawford, F. Dominé, R. E. Honrath, Et. Al.
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
It has been shown that sunlit snow and ice plays an important role in processing atmospheric species. Photochemical production of a variety of chemicals has recently been reported to occur in snow/ice and the release of these photochemically generated species may significantly impact the chemistry of the overlying atmosphere. Nitrogen oxide and oxidant precursor fluxes have been measured in a number of snow covered environments, where in some cases the emissions significantly impact the overlying boundary layer. For example, photochemical ozone production (such as that occurring in polluted mid-latitudes) of 3-4 ppbv/day has been observed at South Pole, due to …
Evaluation Of Artificial Intelligence Based Models For Chemical Biodegradability Prediction, James R. Baker, Dragan Gamberger, James R. Mihelcic, Aleksandar Sabljic
Evaluation Of Artificial Intelligence Based Models For Chemical Biodegradability Prediction, James R. Baker, Dragan Gamberger, James R. Mihelcic, Aleksandar Sabljic
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
This study presents a review of biodegradability modeling efforts including a detailed assessment of two models developed using an artificial intelligence based methodology. Validation results for these models using an independent, quality reviewed database, demonstrate that the models perform well when compared to another commonly used biodegradability model, against the same data. The ability of models induced by an artificial intelligence methodology to accommodate complex interactions in detailed systems, and the demonstrated reliability of the approach evaluated by this study, indicate that the methodology may have application in broadening the scope of biodegradability models. Given adequate data for biodegradability of …