Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons^™

Performance Of Bridge Decks And Girders With Lightweight Aggregate Concrete, J. A. Ramirez, J. Olek, Eric Joseph Rolle, Brian J. Manlone

JTRP Technical Reports

Structural lightweight concrete is a very versatile material and Haydite and Minergy lightweight aggregates can be utilized in the mixture development of concrete for use in girders and decks in bridges. More widespread use of lightweight aggregates (LWA) would result in savings in construction cost due to considerable dead load reduction. The materials phase of this research study evaluated the fresh concrete properties (slump, unit weight, and air content), the mechanical properties of hardened concrete (compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, static and dynamic modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s Ratio, and temperature development), and durability related parameters (air void distribution, freeze-thaw …

Providing Real-Time Traffic Advisory And Route Guidance To Manage Borman Incidents On-Line Using The Hoosier Helper Program, Srinivas Peeta, Jorge L. Ramos, Shyam Gedela

JTRP Technical Reports

This study addresses the issue of whether the message content of variable message signs (VMS) can be used as a control variable to favorably influence traffic conditions in real-time. The focus is on the level of detail of information displayed on the VMS, and not human factor issues. It implies an understanding of driver sensitivity to information content. Also, for real-time implementation, the displayed information should be consistent, timely, and reliable. A framework is developed for optimizing system performance under incidents using the VMS message content as the primary control parameter. It consists of: (i) an efficient control strategy to …

The Development Of A Speed Monitoring Program For Indiana, Darren L. Jorgenson, Kumares C. Sinha

JTRP Technical Reports

From the passage of the National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL) of 55 mph in 1974 through its repeal in 1995 speed monitoring programs have been mandated by the federal government. The speed-monitoring program was primarily intended to provide reliable data to be included as a part of the State’s annual certification in order to be approved for Federal Aid highway projects. The repeal of the NMSL in 1995 not only authorized states to set their own speed limits, it also allowed states to develop their own speed monitoring programs. The goal of this research is to provide the framework for …

Second Phase Study Of Changes In In-Service Asphalt (Vol 2: Appendices), Khaled A. Galal, Thomas D. White, Adam J. Hand

JTRP Technical Reports

In response to the need to improve asphalt pavement performance, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) was initiated in 1987. Products from SHRP included performance-based specifications for asphalt binders and performance-based mix design tests and criteria for asphalt mixtures. The superpave asphalt binder specification addresses performance of in-service pavements for given environmental and traffic conditions. During the 1985 paving season in Indiana, the original asphalt binder and HMA (truck mix samples) from a number of pavements were sampled and retained. Cores were also taken from these pavements after seven or eight years of service. Conditions surveys were performed on these …

Second Phase Study Of Changes In In-Service Asphalt (Vol 1: Main Report), Khaled A. Galal, Thomas D. White, Adam J. Hand

JTRP Technical Reports

In response to the need to improve asphalt pavement performance, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) was initiated in 1987. Products from SHRP included performance-based specifications for asphalt binders and performance-based mix design tests and criteria for asphalt mixtures. The Superpave asphalt binder specification addresses performance of in-service pavements for given environmental and traffic conditions. During the 1985 paving season in Indiana, the original asphalt binder and HMA (truck mix samples) from a number of pavements were sampled and retained. Cores were also taken from these pavements after seven or eight years of service. Condition surveys were performed on these …

Wireless Local Area Network For Its Communications Using The 220 Mhz Its Spectral Allocation, J. V. Krogmeier, Ness Shroff

JTRP Technical Reports

The objective of this project was to design a radio architecture using the ITS spectral allocations in the 220-222 MHz Land Mobile band which provides a multi-mode operation optimized for point-to-point, mobile, and multiple access communications. A radio performance goal was to achieve greater than 3 bits/second/Hz transmission efficiency for mobile applications, and greater than a 5 bits/second/Hz transmission efficiency for point-to-point applications. An additional important goal of this project was to explore potential ITS applications of the modem technology particularly as applied to an application in sensor telemetry concentration. The fixed point modem will be deployed for remote surveillance …

Indiana Lane Merge System - Warrants For Use, Andrzej P. Tarko, Shyam Venugopal

JTRP Technical Reports

The entry to a work zone is critical for traffic smoothness and safety because of the discontinuation of one or more lanes. The Indiana Lane Merge System (ILMS) was designed to implement dynamic lane change control at work zone entries by encouraging drivers to switch lanes well upstream of the discontinuous lane taper, thereby reducing the number of aggressive lane changes at the taper. At the time of this research, the ILMS had not been implemented on a large scale at rural freeway work zones. The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) wanted to do a complete safety and capacity evaluation …

Conditions For Stripping Using Accelerated Testing, Changlin Pan, Thomas D. White

JTRP Technical Reports

A laboratory study was conducted to determine water sensitivity and rutting potential of asphalt mixtures. Two major tests were included in the study: AASHTO T-283 and a laboratory wheel tracking device (PURWheel). AASHTO T-283 has been adopted in the Superpave system for evaluating mixture stripping potential. The PURWheel device and test method was developed with the concept creating conditions associated with stripping, i.e. moisture, high temperature, and a moving wheel load. The laboratory wheel track tests can be conducted with hot/wet or hot/dry environments. The objective of the study is to determine the factors that most influence bituminous mixture stripping …

Contributions Of Pg Graded Asphalt To Low Temperature Cracking Resistance Of Pavement, Ssu-Wei Loh, J. Olek

JTRP Technical Reports

The purpose of this research was to study and evaluate the role that asphalt binders play in the resistance of asphalt pavements to low temperature cracking. As part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) new specifications for asphalt binders were developed that are based on the performance of the material. The asphalt binder graded and specified according to these new performance-based specifications is called PG binder. These new specifications are commonly referred to as Superpave (Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement) binder specifications. A section of Interstate 64 in southern Indiana was experiencing severe low temperature cracking before it was reconstructed …

Methods Of Corrosion Protection And Durability Of Concrete Bridge Decks Reinforced With Epoxy-Coated Bars - Phase I, Lisa Michele Samples, J. A. Ramirez

JTRP Technical Reports

In this study, the results of an extensive field and laboratory investigation conducted to evaluate the corrosion performance of epoxy-coated reinforcement are reported. One hundred and twenty three concrete bridge decks containing epoxy-coated reinforcement, uncoated reinforcement, and various other corrosion protection systems were included in a field investigation. An initial visual inspection of these bridge decks showed that 44% had signs of distress from corrosion of the reinforcement. Six decks, representing 5% of the total sample, were selected for a second more detailed survey. Three of the six decks had epoxy-coated reinforcement. This number represents 11% of the total sample …

Effects Of Salt And Its Trace Minerals On Aggregate In Bituminous Pavements, Terry R. West, H. J. Park, S. E. Grover

JTRP Technical Reports

Research on the effects of deicing salts and their trace minerals on bituminous highway wearing courses was prompted by early pavement deterioration of federal and state highways in Indiana. Several bituminous surface courses containing slag, slag-dolomite, or dolomite aggregates showed deterioration soon after deicing salts were first applied. Initially, a detailed literature review (Appendix A of report) was conducted. Data on eighteen dolomite sources from a previous study (Bruner, Choi and West, 1995) plus ten additional dolomite sources formed the basis for the brine freeze thaw testing program. Mercury intrusion porosimetry testing conducted on multiple specimens showed that rock texture …

Evaluation Of Strand Transfer And Development Lengths In Pretensioned Girders With Semi-Lightweight Concrete, Robert J. Peterman, J. A. Ramirez, J. Olek

JTRP Technical Reports

Indiana has been using lightweight aggregate consisting mostly of expanded shale in the production of prestressed concrete bridge girders for several projects. The lightweight aggregate has been used as partial replacement for regular gravel or crushed limestone coarse aggregate. This semi-lightweight concrete weighs around 2080 kg/m .

In a study sponsored by the FHWA, the current AASHTO equations for the calculation of transfer and development lengths of prestressing strand were found to be unconservative in the case of lightweight concrete members with unit weight less than 1 920 kg/m3 . This finding raises a question regarding the applicability of the …

Steel Bridge Protection Policy: Main Report, Luh M. Chang, Tarek Zayed, Jon D. Fricker

JTRP Technical Reports

The study identifies various painting systems that are successfully used in Indiana’s surrounding states and other industries. The identified systems are further screened and evaluated. After prudently comparing INDOT’s inorganic zinc / vinyl system with the waterborne acrylic system, the moisture cure urethane coating system, and the 3-coat system of zinc-epoxy-urethane, the results show that the new 3-coat system fulfills INDOT’s needs with the most benefits. Therefore, the 3-coat system is recommended to replace INDOT present inorganic zinc / vinyl system. To deal with the problems facing the lead-based paint, a comparison between full-removal and over-coating alternatives is made. Results …

Steel Bridge Protection Policy: Life Cycle Cost Analysis And Maintenance Plan, Jon D. Fricker, Tarek Zayed, Luh M. Chang

JTRP Technical Reports

The study identifies various painting systems that are successfully used in Indiana's surrounding states and other industries. the identified systems are further screened and evaluated. After prudently comparing INDOT's inorgainc zinc/vinyl system with the waterborne acrylic system, the moisture cure urethane coating system and the 3-coat system of zinc-epoxy-urethane, the sresults show that thte new 3-coat system fulfills INDOT's needs with the most benefits. Therefore, the 3-coat system is recommended to replace INDOT present inorgaic zinc/vinyl system. To deal with the problems facing the lead-based paint, a comparison between full-removal and over-coating alternatives is made. Results show that over-coating might …

Flexible Pavement Drainage Monitoring, Performance, And Stability, Aiwen Feng, Jianfeng Hua, Thomas D. White

JTRP Technical Reports

The current study is a continuation of the study FHWA/IN/JTRP project HPR-2078, “Locating the Drainage Layer for Flexible Pavements”. In this previous study, three test sections were constructed in a new pavement on a by-pass around Fort Wayne, Indiana. These test sections were instrumental to record temperatures, moisture, frost penetration, rainfall and subdrainage system overflow. Collected data and Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis indicate the subdrainage systems are performing satisfactorily. However, concern developed over the stability and rutting characteristics of the open-graded drainage layers. As a continuation study, longer term environmental and subdrainage performance data was collected. Additional data was …

Landslide Remediation Using Unconventional Methods, Richard J. Deschamps, Cary B. Lange

JTRP Technical Reports

Landslides are very common within the residual soils and sedimentary rock of Southern Indiana. A substantial amount of the Indiana State budget is spent on road repair and maintenance from damage caused by landslide. The landslide remedial technique frequently applied by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is the excavation and backfill method, which in most instances is successful. However, in many cases more liberal landslide treatments may be applied that would arrest movement, provide a sufficient safety factor, and at a lower cost. The objective of this study is to propose economically feasible landslide remedial methods that may be …

Pile Design Based On Cone Penetration Test Results, Rodrigo Salgado, Junhwan Lee

JTRP Technical Reports

The bearing capacity of piles consists of both base resistance and side resistance. The side resistance of piles is in most cases fully mobilized well before the maximum base resistance is reached. As the side resistance is mobilized early in the loading process, the determination of pile base resistance is a key element of pile design. Static cone penetration is well related to the pile loading process, since it is performed quasi-statically and resembles a scaled-down pile load test. In order to take advantage of the CPT for pile design, load-settlement curves of axially loaded piles bearing in sand were …

Steel Bridge Protection Policy: Warranty Clauses For Indot Steel Bridge Paint Contracts, Luh M. Chang, Tarek Zayed, Jon D. Fricker

JTRP Technical Reports

The study identifies various painting systems that are successfully used in Indiana’s surrounding states and other industries. The identified systems are further screened and evaluated. After prudently comparing INDOT’s inorganic zinc / vinyl system with the waterborne acrylic system, the moisture cure urethane coating system, and the 3-coat system of zinc-epoxy-urethane, the results show that the new 3-coat system fulfills INDOT’s needs with the most benefits. Therefore, the 3-coat system is recommended to replace INDOT present inorganic zinc / vinyl system. To deal with the problems facing the lead-based paint, a comparison between full-removal and over-coating alternatives is made. Results …

Reconciled Platoon Accommodations At Traffic Signals, Jay Wasson, Montasir Abbas, Darcy M. Bullock, Avery Rhodes, Chong Kang Zhu

JTRP Technical Reports

The use of microprocessor-based traffic signal controllers introduced in the 1960s has allowed for the development of many new strategies to make traffic signal systems more responsive to traffic conditions. Many efforts have focused on the development of real-time, adaptive control strategies. While some of these strategies have been shown to improve intersection performance, there are several factors that have limited their deployment. Some of these include substantial capital cost, complicated calibration procedures, and the reluctance of practicing engineers to deploy strategies radically different from those currently in use. Therefore, lower cost strategies that are compatible with existing infrastructure continue …

Steel Bridge Protection Policy: Evaluation Of Bridge Coating System For Indot Steel Bridges, Luh M. Chang, Tarek Zayed, Jon D. Fricker

JTRP Technical Reports

The study identifies various painting systems that are successfully used in Indiana’s surrounding states and other industries. The identified systems are further screened and evaluated. After prudently comparing INDOT’s inorganic zinc / vinyl system with the waterborne acrylic system, the moisture cure urethane coating system, and the 3-coat system of zinc-epoxy-urethane, the results show that the new 3-coat system fulfills INDOT’s needs with the most benefits. Therefore, the 3-coat system is recommended to replace INDOT present inorganic zinc / vinyl system. To deal with the problems facing the lead-based paint, a comparison between full-removal and over-coating alternatives is made. Results …

Steel Bridge Protection Policy: Metalization Of Steel Bridges: Research And Practice, Luh M. Chang, Tarek Zayed, Jon D. Fricker

JTRP Technical Reports

The study identifies various painting systems that are successfully used in Indiana’s surrounding states and other industries. The identified systems are further screened and evaluated. After prudently comparing INDOT’s inorganic zinc / vinyl system with the waterborne acrylic system, the moisture cure urethane coating system, and the 3-coat system of zinc-epoxy-urethane, the results show that the new 3-coat system fulfills INDOT’s needs with the most benefits. Therefore, the 3-coat system is recommended to replace INDOT present inorganic zinc / vinyl system. To deal with the problems facing the lead-based paint, a comparison between full-removal and over-coating alternatives is made. Results …

Embankment Widening Design Guidelines And Construction Procedures, Richard J. Deschamps, Christopher S. Hynes, Philippe L. Bourdeau

JTRP Technical Reports

In recent years failures have occurred in Indiana highway embankments where the embankments were widened and steepened in order to facilitate construction of longer, safer acceleration and deceleration lanes and to increase the traffic capacity and efficiency of existing thoroughfares. The objectives of this study were to investigate the cause of failure and to make recommendations for modifying the existing INDOT Standard Specifications and construction guidelines in an attempt to avoid similar failures in the future. A literature review and survey of state and federal transportation agencies was performed to collect current, available design guidelines and construction procedures for sideslope …

Assessing And Updating Indot's Traffic Monitoring System For Highways, Volume 2 - Appendices B7 And C, Samuel Labi, Jon D. Fricker

JTRP Technical Reports

This study evaluates the existing resources and procedures ofINDOT's current traffic monitoring program, with the objective of transforming this program into a comprehensive Traffic Monitoring System for Highways (TMS/H). Reliable traffic data is a valuable input for studies and decision-making at various levels and in various phases of highway management including planning and design, finance and taxation, legislation and safety. The nature and scope of the various components comprising a TMS/H for any state were identified in available literature such as the Federal Register and Traffic Monitoring Guide.

A complete inventory of the existing resources (personnel and equipment) and procedures …

An Integrated Transportation Use Modeling System For Indiana; Implementation Report And User's Manual, Andrew Ying-Ming Yen, Jon D. Fricker

JTRP Technical Reports

The principle objective of this research was to develop an integrated model to represent the interrelationships between land use and transportation, subject to the requirements of the ISTEA of 1991 and the CAAA of 1990. The integrated model includes two major parts: a land-use allocation module and a travel demand module. An interface module has also been built to transform data between these two modules. The land-use allocation module consists of a residential location model, an employment location model, a land use potential model, and a land consumption model. One unique feature of the residential and employment location models is …

An Integrated Transportation Use Modeling System For Indiana, Andrew Ying-Ming Yen, Jon D. Fricker

JTRP Technical Reports

The principle objective of this research was to develop an integrated model to represent the interrelationships between land use and transportation, subject to the requirements of the ISTEA of 1991 and the CAAA of 1990. The integrated model includes two major parts: a land-use allocation module and a travel demand module. An interface module has also been built to transform data between these two modules. The land-use allocation module consists of a residential location model, an employment location model, a land use potential model, and a land consumption model. One unique feature of the residential and employment location models is …

Assessing And Updating Indot's Traffic Monitoring System For Highways (2 Volumes), Samuel Labi, Jon Fricker

JTRP Technical Reports

This study evaluates the existing resources and procedures of INDOT’s current traffic monitoring program, with the objective of transforming this program into a comprehensive Traffic Monitoring System for Highways (TMS/H). Reliable traffic data is a valuable input for studies and decision-making at various levels and in various phases of highway management including planning and design, finance and taxation, legislation and safety. The nature and scope of the various components comprising a TMS/H for any state were identified in available literature such as the Federal Register and Traffic Monitoring Guide. A complete inventory of the existing resources (personnel and equipment) and …

Automation And Standardization Of Measuring Moisture Content And Density Of Soil Using The Technique Of Time Domain Reflectometry, Wei Feng, Chih-Ping Lin, Richard J. Deschamps, Vincent P. Drnevich

JTRP Technical Reports

The methodology developed by Siddiqui and Drnevich (1995) for measuring soil water content and density using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) was extended for routine use in the quality control testing of compacted soils. The objectives of the study were to develop computer software to automate data interpretation and data reduction, develop prototype equipment for field use, compare the results of the TDR method with the sand cone and nuclear density methods on actual construction sites and develop draft specifications for ASTM and AASHTO. New prototype equipment was developed for compaction quality control testing. Waveform interpretation and data reduction were automated …

Implementation Of Subgrade Resilient Modulus For Pavement (2 Volumes), A. G. Altschaeffl, Ross A. Duckworth, M. K. Clough

JTRP Technical Reports

This Implementation Project had two purposes: 1) to update the INDOT Division of Materials and Tests’ laboratory equipment and train personnel to properly conduct the testing for subgrade resilient modulus in accordance with new AASHTO testing protocol (AASHTO T0294-94(; 2) to educate and train the geotechnical engineering section in the procedures for determining the design resilient modulus with minimum required testing, while using the database of the previous report on this subject, FHWA/IN/JHRP-92/23, “Subgrade Resilient Modulus for Pavement Design and Evaluation,” Part I of the Final Report, the detailed “Laboratory Procedures Manual,” has been written for use by laboratory technicians …

Implementation Of Subgrade Resilient Modulus For Pavement: Laboratory Procedures Manual (2 Volumes), A. G. Altschaeffl, Ross A. Duckworth, M. K. Clough

JTRP Technical Reports

This Implementation Project had two purposes: 1) to update the INDOT Division of Materials and Tests’ laboratory equipment and train personnel to properly conduct the testing for subgrade resilient modulus in accordance with new AASHTO testing protocol (AASHTO T0294-94(; 2) to educate and train the geotechnical engineering section in the procedures for determining the design resilient modulus with minimum required testing, while using the database of the previous report on this subject, FHWA/IN/JHRP-92/23, “Subgrade Resilient Modulus for Pavement Design and Evaluation,” Part I of the Final Report, the detailed “Laboratory Procedures Manual,” has been written for use by laboratory technicians …

Geotechnical Performance Of Highway Embankment Constructed Using Waste Foundry Sand, Patrick J. Fox, David G. Mast

JTRP Technical Reports

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of waste foundry sand (WFS) as a highway embankment material in a fullscale field demonstration project. This evaluation included geotechnical concerns, such as deformation, strength, hydraulic conductivity, and ease of construction. The report presents an introduction and previous research concerning WFS use in highway construction. A geotechnical laboratory testing program characterized the WFS used in the project, which was a waste product of Auburn Foundry, Inc., located in Auburn, Indiana. This study was also a part of the FHWA Priorities Technology Program. The project site was a 275 m section …