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Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

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Articles 451 - 480 of 562

Full-Text Articles in Civil and Environmental Engineering

Pc Software For Optimizing Groundwater Contaminant Plume Capture And Containment, Richard C. Peralta, Herminio H. Suguino, Alaa H. Aly Feb 1994

Pc Software For Optimizing Groundwater Contaminant Plume Capture And Containment, Richard C. Peralta, Herminio H. Suguino, Alaa H. Aly

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Simulation/optimization (S/0) models can be used to speed the process of computing desirable groundwater pumping strategies for plume management. They make the process of computing optimal strategies fairly straightforward and can help minimize the labor and cost of groundwater contaminant cleanup.

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Introducing Uncertainty Of Aquifer Parameters Into An Optimization Model, Robert L. Ward, Richard C. Peralta Jan 1994

Introducing Uncertainty Of Aquifer Parameters Into An Optimization Model, Robert L. Ward, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A stochastic analysis is made for a previously described groundwater contaminant management model {Peralta and Ward, 1988). The stochastic model is based on incorporating uncertainty of the aquifer parameters transmissivity and effective porosity into the model. This is accomplished by finding the partial derivative of drawdown with respect to each of these parameters using a Taylor series expansion approximation of the Theis equation. Input that is required for the stochastic version is the mean of the transmissivity and effective porosity, the coefficient of variation of the transmissivity and effective porosity, and a reliability level (0%-100%) . The reliability is a …

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Optimizing Irrigation Management For Pollution Control And Sustainable Crop Yield, Ghassan R. Musharrafieh, Richard C. Peralta, Ronald J. Hanks, Lynn M. Dudley Jan 1994

Optimizing Irrigation Management For Pollution Control And Sustainable Crop Yield, Ghassan R. Musharrafieh, Richard C. Peralta, Ronald J. Hanks, Lynn M. Dudley

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Irrigation strategies which maximize crop yield while maintaining target salt concentration in the root zone and/or prevent salt from leaching to the groundwater are computed using a nonlinear, one dimensional, simulation/optimization management model. The included constraint equations maintain a water volume balance and salt transport in the unsaturated zone. Utilized are implicit finite difference forms of the nonlinear, unsteady, unsaturated water flow equation (Richards's equation), and the diffusion-convection solute transport equation. Other constraints include nonlinear functions describing the hydraulic properties of the medium (hydraulic conductivity as a function of matric potential, volumetric water content as a function of matric potential, …

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Preventing Pesticide Contamination Of Groundwater While Maximizing Irrigated Crop Yield, Richard C. Peralta, M. A. Hegazy, G. Musharrafieh Jan 1994

Preventing Pesticide Contamination Of Groundwater While Maximizing Irrigated Crop Yield, Richard C. Peralta, M. A. Hegazy, G. Musharrafieh

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A simulation/optimization model is developed for maximizing irrigated crop yield while avoiding unacceptable pesticide leaching. The optimization model is designed to help managers prevent non-point source contamination of shallow groundwater aquifers. It computes optimal irrigation amounts for given soil, crop, chemical, and weather data and irrigation frequencies. It directly computes the minimum irrigated crop yield reduction needed to prevent groundwater contamination. Constraint equations used in the model maintain a layered soil moisture volume balance; describe percolation, downward unsaturated zone solute transport and pesticide degradation; and limit the amount of pesticide reaching groundwater. Constraints are linear, piecewise linear, nonlinear, and exponential. …

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Modeling Technique For Optimal Recovery Of Immiscible Light Hydrocarbons As Free Product From Contaminated Aquifer, Grant S. Cooper Jr., Richard C. Peralta, Jagath J. Kaluarachchi Dec 1993

Modeling Technique For Optimal Recovery Of Immiscible Light Hydrocarbons As Free Product From Contaminated Aquifer, Grant S. Cooper Jr., Richard C. Peralta, Jagath J. Kaluarachchi

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Contamination sites associated with light non-aqueous phase liquids {LNAPL) are numerous and represent difficult cleanup problems. Remediation methods for cleanup of LNAPL fluids in subsurface systems are continuously evolving with the development of various technologies for pump.-and~treat, soil venting, and in-situ bioremediation. Evaluating the effectiveness of remediation techniques as well as attempting to improve their efficiency has been a focus of many researchers, These efforts have included the development of computer simulation models to predict and analyze the fluid movement, entrapment, and mobilization of three~phase systems in porous media. The capability of computer models that not only simulate but optimize …

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S/O Modeling Technique For Optimal Containment Of Light Hydrocarbons In Contaminated Unconfined Aquifers, Grant S. Cooper Jr., Jagath J. Kaluarachchi, Richard C. Peralta Nov 1993

S/O Modeling Technique For Optimal Containment Of Light Hydrocarbons In Contaminated Unconfined Aquifers, Grant S. Cooper Jr., Jagath J. Kaluarachchi, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

An innovative approach is presented to minimize pumping for immobilizing a floating plume of a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL). The best pumping strategy is determined to contain the free oil product and provide for gradient control of the water table. This approach combined detailed simulation, statistical analysis, and optimization. This modeling technique uses regression equations that describe system response to variable pumping stimuli. The regression equations were developed from analysis of systematically performed simulations of multiphase flow in an areal region of an unconfined aquifer. Simulations were performed using ARMOS, a finite element model. ARMOS can be used simulate …

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Review Of Planning Distribution Model (Pdm) Status And Application Possibilities For The Egyptian Irigation System, Robert W. Hill, Richard C. Peralta, Gary P. Merkley Sep 1993

Review Of Planning Distribution Model (Pdm) Status And Application Possibilities For The Egyptian Irigation System, Robert W. Hill, Richard C. Peralta, Gary P. Merkley

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

The comprehensive water management Planning Distribution Model, or PDM, was developed by the Biological and Irrigation Engineering Department, Utah State University (USU), under contract with the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). Most of the work was carried out in the Planning Sector, Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources (MPWWR) , in Cairo, under the Planning Studies and Models Component of the USAID funded Irrigation Management Systems Project.

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Optimal Contaminant Plume Management With Us/Wells, Alaa H. Aly, Richard C. Peralta Jul 1993

Optimal Contaminant Plume Management With Us/Wells, Alaa H. Aly, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A micro-computer based software package developed at utah State University for computing optimal pumping strategies for well systems (US/WELLS) is demonstrated. US/WELLS is used to determine the optimal time-varying sequence of extraction and injection rates when only limited data is available. The software determines the extraction/injection rates, in pre-specified locations, needed for immobilizing and/or extracting a groundwater contaminant plume. In the optimization problem, the objective function can be either to minimize the extraction/injection rates needed {linear) or to minimize the hydraulic power used for lifting water (quadratic). In either case, different weights can be assigned to emphasize any time period. …

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Optimizing Conjunctive Water Use In A Dynamic Stream Aquifer System, Getachew Belaineh, Richard C. Peralta Jul 1993

Optimizing Conjunctive Water Use In A Dynamic Stream Aquifer System, Getachew Belaineh, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Long-term water management planning models frequently use large time steps and must employ fairly crude assumptions (such as average climatic conditions, etc.). Managing stream aquifer systems during a dry season requires using finer discretization in time and space. Presented is a computer model, US/REMAX, developed by Utah State University personnel for aiding best management of stream-aquifer systems for both long and short eras. The model computes strategies for optimally allocating surface and ground water resources in time and space. For a water supply problem the model can maximize the sum of delivered surface and ground water. For an environmental protection …

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Optimizing Irrigation Management For Pollution Control And Sustainable Crop Yield, G. R. Musharrafieh, Richard C. Peralta Jul 1993

Optimizing Irrigation Management For Pollution Control And Sustainable Crop Yield, G. R. Musharrafieh, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

We developed a simulation-optimization model which maximizes crop yield while maintaining target salt concentration in the root zone, and/ or preventing salt from leaching to the groundwater. The model performs nonlinear optimization and simulation. Implicit finite difference forms of the nonlinear, transient, unsaturated water flow equation, and the convection-diffusion equation are embedded as constraints. Other constraints include nonlinear functions describing the hydraulic properties of the medium. The objectives of the management model is to develop irrigation strategies which prevent salt leaching to the groundwater when salty irrigation water is used. Five different irrigation strategies are developed for Huntington Research Farm, …

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Practical Optimization Modeling For Contaminant Plume Management, Richard C. Peralta, Alaa H. Aly May 1993

Practical Optimization Modeling For Contaminant Plume Management, Richard C. Peralta, Alaa H. Aly

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Simulation/optimization (S/0) models can be used to greatly speed the process of computing desirable groundwater pumping strategies for plume management. They make the process of computing optimal strategies fairly straightforward and can help minimize the labor and cost of groundwater contaminant clean-up.

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Candi (Chemical And Irrigation Management) Users Manual, Vs 2.0., A. H. Aly, Richard C. Peralta Jan 1993

Candi (Chemical And Irrigation Management) Users Manual, Vs 2.0., A. H. Aly, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

This manual describes an interactive computer model, CANOl. CANOl is a decision support tool designed to aid in on-farm pesticides and irrigation management. CANOl simulates downward chemical movement through the soil in response to different irrigation practices. CANOl estimates the relative amount of a non-polar organic chemical which remains in the soil profile by the time it reaches a specified depth. Future releases of CANOl will involve the management of different types of chemicals. CANOl is also able to delineate the wellhead protection areas for domestic wells. For this purpose, CANOl involves USEPA's model (MWCAP). Different versions of CANOl handle …

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Best Management Of Pesticide And Irrigation Application Systems: Background And Candi Software, Alaa H. Aly, Richard C. Peralta, Howard M. Deer Jan 1993

Best Management Of Pesticide And Irrigation Application Systems: Background And Candi Software, Alaa H. Aly, Richard C. Peralta, Howard M. Deer

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

In this chapter, we discuss a commonly-used volume balance approach for simulating the movement of water through the root zone. We then show how this approach can be coupled with pesticide leaching prediction. Finally we show how information about irrigation system design can be used with the previous processes. The result is an integrated approach for estimating the environmental consequences of irrigation and pesticide management.

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Ground-Water Policy-Making Support: Usem Optimization Modelling Plus Gis And Graphics, Richard C. Peralta, Christopher M. U. Neale, Ali Gharbi, Mazibur Khan, Oscar Daza, Douglas Ramsey, Kurt Vest Aug 1992

Ground-Water Policy-Making Support: Usem Optimization Modelling Plus Gis And Graphics, Richard C. Peralta, Christopher M. U. Neale, Ali Gharbi, Mazibur Khan, Oscar Daza, Douglas Ramsey, Kurt Vest

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A support tool for ground-water management decision making involves integration of a multiobjective optimization model, GIS and graphics software. Two results are improved consideration of spatial data within the optimization model and improved conversion of optimal strategies to real-world application. Another result is improved visualization of the trade-offs involved between conflicting management goals.

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Us/Wells Vs. 1.05 User's Manual, Alaa H. Aly, Richard C. Peralta Aug 1992

Us/Wells Vs. 1.05 User's Manual, Alaa H. Aly, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Presented is a computer program, US/WELLS, that is designed to solve several types of groundwater management problems. The acronym US/WELLS stands for Utah State WELL System. This decision-support tool is usable by persons slightly familiar with groundwater hydraulics. It can be valuable for practical management of groundwater systems that satisfy certain criteria.

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Sprinkler Irrigation-Pesticide Best Management Systems, A. Y. Ranjha, Richard C. Peralta, Robert W. Hill, A. M. Requena, Howard M. Deer, M. Ehteshami May 1992

Sprinkler Irrigation-Pesticide Best Management Systems, A. Y. Ranjha, Richard C. Peralta, Robert W. Hill, A. M. Requena, Howard M. Deer, M. Ehteshami

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

The relative reduction in potential groundwater contamination due to pesticides at several sites in Utah was determined by comparing alternative irrigation system designs, water management practices, and pesticides. Alternative sprinkler irrigation distribution coefficients were used to estimate irrigation application depths. The movement of pesticides through soils following sprinkler irrigations was simulated with a one-dimensional model. Pesticide contamination of groundwater can be reduced by careful selection of pesticides, using properly designed irrigation systems, and improved water management techniques. Procedures for selecting an appropriate sprinkler system design and pesticide are presented. KEYWORDS. Pesticides, Leaching, Sprinkler irrigation, Irrigation depth, Irrigation system design, Soil, …

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Maximizing Sustainable Ground-Water Withdrawals: Comparing Accuracy And Computational Requirements For Steady-State And Transient Digital Modeling Approaches, Richard C. Peralta, R. R.A. Cantiller, Gary L. Mahon Jan 1992

Maximizing Sustainable Ground-Water Withdrawals: Comparing Accuracy And Computational Requirements For Steady-State And Transient Digital Modeling Approaches, Richard C. Peralta, R. R.A. Cantiller, Gary L. Mahon

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Rigorous models for maximizing sustainable groundwater withdrawals may require more computer memory for their constraint set than is available. In some situations, alternative constraint formulations yield similar or identical answers resulting in great saving in computer memory requirements. In order to evaluate the efficiency of using alternative constraints1 maximum ground-water withdrawal pumping strategies were computed by three digital models for a hypothetical area for a five-decade period. Model A maximized steady ground-water withdrawal. Model B maximized unsteady ground-water mining. Model C maximized unsteady ground-water mining subject to a constraint that final pumping be sustainable after the end of the 50-year …

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Optimal Linear/Nonlinear, Quantity/Quality Management Of Complex Multilayer Aquifers By Embedding, Ali Gharbi, Richard C. Peralta Jan 1992

Optimal Linear/Nonlinear, Quantity/Quality Management Of Complex Multilayer Aquifers By Embedding, Ali Gharbi, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

The embedding optimization modelling approach is adapted to aid long-term groundwater quality and quantity management of complex nonlinear multilayer aquifers. Implicit block-centered finite-difference approximations of the quasi-three-dimensional unsteady flow equation, and Galerkin finite-element approximations of the twodimensional advection-dispersion transport equation are embedded as constraints in the model. Other hydrological processes are also included as constraints. Cyclical linear differencing permits representation of nonlinear transport, even when contaminant is extracted by unsteady pumping (a decision variable). Also used are nonlinear (discontinuous derivative) constraints describing drainage, stream-aquifer interflow and evapotranspiration. The use of both linear and nonlinear formulations of the entire flow and …

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Fate And Transport Of Tce-Petroleum Hydrocarbon Mixture At Uttr, G. Nash Quashiga, Richard C. Peralta Jan 1992

Fate And Transport Of Tce-Petroleum Hydrocarbon Mixture At Uttr, G. Nash Quashiga, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

In 1988 a preliminary assessment (PA) study was conducted at Chemical Disposal Pit No. 4 to address several concerns of Hill Air Force Base (HAFB), the facility operators. The objectives of the PA were; i) to assess the potential for organic chemical releases to the subsurface environment, and ii) to determine the need for any immediate control measures, if the subsurface environment were threatened.

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Optimizing Perennial Groundwater Yield Planning For Nonlinear Systems: Approach Comparison, Shu Takahashi, Richard C. Peralta Jan 1992

Optimizing Perennial Groundwater Yield Planning For Nonlinear Systems: Approach Comparison, Shu Takahashi, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Four alternative simulation/optimization models useful for computing optimal sustained-yield (steady-state) groundwater pumping strategies are compared in terms of formulation, solution procedure, accuracy, and computational efficiency. The different models require different computer processing time and memory. For the aquifer tested system, if more than 10% of the cells have pumping as a decision variable, a fully linearized embedding model will require less computer memory than any other model. All the models address linear and nonlinear steady-state flow in multilayer, unconfined/confined aquifers. They also address several types of nonsmooth external flows. Newly presented are a response matrix model solving external flows described …

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Optimizing Ground Water Planning And Management, Richard C. Peralta, L. S. Willardson Jan 1992

Optimizing Ground Water Planning And Management, Richard C. Peralta, L. S. Willardson

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Simulation/optimization (S/0) models can be used to speed the process of computing long term groundwater pumping strategies. These combined models can also greatly ease the planning tasks of water management agencies. They make the process of computing optimal perennial yield groundwater management strategies fairly straightforward. S/0 models dramatically improve conjunctive water management and can help minimize the cost of groundwater contaminant clean-up. The differences between S/0 models and the simulation (S) models currently used by over 98 % of practitioners are illustrated with recent applications of S/0 models in regional planning.

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Best Management Practices (Bmps) To Minimize Nitrate Leaching From Irrigated Potatoes, Ahmad Yar Ranjha, Richard C. Peralta, Robert W. Hill Jan 1992

Best Management Practices (Bmps) To Minimize Nitrate Leaching From Irrigated Potatoes, Ahmad Yar Ranjha, Richard C. Peralta, Robert W. Hill

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Numerous preliminary simulations are again performed to determine the smallest fertilizer amount, applied througii sprinkler irrigations (chemigation), that should still yield 15.3 tons of potatoes per acre. Applying only 68 lbs/ac of ammonium nitrate fertilizer in the first irrigation on June 28, should be sufficient. Again, total crop N uptake equals potential crop N uptake throughout the growing season. Except for the net income and applied fertilizer N uptake efficiency, all the other results computed by NLEAP (Figure 4 and Table 1) are very similar to results of scenario II. Applied fertilizer N uptake efficiency is the highest (91%) in …

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Optimal Groundwater Quantity/Quality Planning For Salt Lake Valley, Ali Gharbi, Richard C. Peralta Jan 1992

Optimal Groundwater Quantity/Quality Planning For Salt Lake Valley, Ali Gharbi, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Generally, the embedding technique for optimizing groundwater management has been limited to small scale or steady-state groundwater flow management cases. The embedding approach causes sparse, highly structured constraint matrices which have been sometimes difficult to solve. Embedding applications have been limited by lack of: optimization algorithms able to easily address such matrices for large scale problems, and efficient methods for addressing common nonlinearities and converging to a solution. Computer software, USUEM, addresses these issues by: creation of alternative linear, nonlinear, combined and partitioned formulations of the same problem, implemention of an efficient cycling procedure, and good selection of optimization algorithm …

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Pluman, Decision Support System For Groundwater Contaminant Plume Simulation/Optimization Management Model, Herminio H. Suguino, Richard C. Peralta Jan 1992

Pluman, Decision Support System For Groundwater Contaminant Plume Simulation/Optimization Management Model, Herminio H. Suguino, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Optimal Management Of Irrigation And Vadose Zone Pesticide Transport, M. A. Hegazy, Richard C. Peralta Jan 1992

Optimal Management Of Irrigation And Vadose Zone Pesticide Transport, M. A. Hegazy, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A management model is developed for maximizing crop yield while avoiding unacceptable pesticide leaching. Utilized constraint equations: maintain a soil moisture volume balance, describe downward pesticide transport, and limit the amount of pesticide reaching groundwater. The reported optimization model is the first which includes unsaturated zone pesticide transport. It is designed to help prevent nonpoint-source contamination of shallow groundwater aquifers. The model computes optimal irrigation amounts for given soil, crop, chemical, and climate data and irrigation frequencies. The model is tested for different irrigation scenarios. The modeling approach is promising as a tool to aid developing environmentally sound agricultural production …

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Optimal Perennial Groundwater Yield Planning For The East Shore Area, Utah, Shu Takahashi, Richard C. Peralta Jan 1992

Optimal Perennial Groundwater Yield Planning For The East Shore Area, Utah, Shu Takahashi, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Computer models are developed for computing optimal perennial groundwater withdrawal strategies for the East Shore Area of Utah's Great Salt Lake. The underlying aquifer has three confined or unconfined layers. Both embedding and response matrix (RM) approaches are tested and compared. Historically, it has been difficult to incorporate simulation of an unconfined aquifer and many external flow equations described by nonsmooth functions within linear programming models. RM models normally assume system linearity. The presented RM model overcomes this difficulty using cycling and influence coefficients generated with a modified MODFLOW model. In this groundwater flow simulation model, the above nonlinear terms …

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Comparing Simulated And Experimental Hysteretic Two-Phase Transient Fluid Flow Phenomena, R. J. Lenhard, J. C. Parker, Jagath J. Kaluarachchi Aug 1991

Comparing Simulated And Experimental Hysteretic Two-Phase Transient Fluid Flow Phenomena, R. J. Lenhard, J. C. Parker, Jagath J. Kaluarachchi

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

A hysteretic model for two-phase permeability (k)-saturation (S)-pressure (P) relations is outlined that accounts for effects of nonwetting fluid entrapment. The model can be employed in unsaturated fluid flow computer codes to predict temporal and spatial fluid distributions. Consideration is given to hysteresis in S-P relations caused by contact angle, irregular pore geometry, and nonwetting fluid entrapment effects and to hysteresis in k-Srelations caused by nonwetting fluid entrapment effects. An air-water flow experiment is conducted with a 72-cm vertical soil column where the water table is fluctuated to generate scanning S-P paths. Water contents are measured via a gamma radiation …

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Optimal Aquifer Planning With Salt Water Boundary, Richard C. Peralta, Shu Takahashi Jul 1991

Optimal Aquifer Planning With Salt Water Boundary, Richard C. Peralta, Shu Takahashi

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Optimal sustained-yield pumping strategies were developed for the irrigated and industrialized eastern shore of the Great Salt Lake. The combined optimization and simulation model, in which steady-state, finite difference, quasi-three-dimensional ground water flow equations were embedded as constraints, computes the optima,! distribution for sustainable annual ground water pumping rates for alternative scenarios. 1. The model deals with management of a large, multilayer, confined/unconfined (linear/nonlinear) aquifer system. 2. The research can help manage water in the study area where· the demand for water of sufficient quality and quantity is increasing due to urbanization.

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Optimal Sustained-Yield Groundwater Pumping Strategy For The East Shore Area, Utah, Shu Takahashi, Richard C. Peralta Jun 1991

Optimal Sustained-Yield Groundwater Pumping Strategy For The East Shore Area, Utah, Shu Takahashi, Richard C. Peralta

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

Optimal sustained-yield pumping strategies were developed for the irrigated and industrialized eastern shore of the Great Salt Lake. The combined optimization and simulation model contains steady-state, finite difference, quasi-three-dimensional, groundwater flow equations embedded as constraints. The model computes the optimal spatial distribution of sustainable annual groundwater pumping rates for alternative scenarios. The addressed aquifer is a multilayer and confined/unconfined (linear/nonlinear) system. The research can help manage water in the study area, where the demand for water of sufficient quality and quantity is increasing due to urbanization.

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Effects Of Alternative Sprinkler Irrigation Parameters On Pesticide Movement, Ahmad Yar Ranjha, Richard C. Peralta, Robert W. Hill, Antonio Maria Requena, Howard M. Deer, Majid Ehteshami May 1991

Effects Of Alternative Sprinkler Irrigation Parameters On Pesticide Movement, Ahmad Yar Ranjha, Richard C. Peralta, Robert W. Hill, Antonio Maria Requena, Howard M. Deer, Majid Ehteshami

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

The relative reduction in potential ground-water contamination due to pesticides at several sites in Utah was determined by comparing alternative irrigation system designs, water management practices and pesticides. Alternative sprinkler irrigation distribution coefficients were used to estimate infiltration depths. The movement of pesticides through soils following sprinkler irrigations was simulated with one-dimensional model. Pesticide contamination of ground water can be reduced by careful selection of pesticides, properly designed irrigation systems and improved water management techniques. Procedures for selecting an appropriate sprinkler design and pesticide are presented.

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