Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons^™

Castrip Process Technology: Non-Grain Oriented (Ngo) Si Steels Extension And Carbide-Free Bainitic (Cfb) For Flat Products, Naram Naidu Meesala

Masters Theses

"This research explores the development of advanced steel grades manufactured through Castrip® twin-roll thin strip casting technology, with particular attention to non-grain-oriented electrical Si-Steels (NGOES) and carbide-free bainitic (CFB) steels. The Castrip® process offers a near-net-shape route for producing thin steel strips, which greatly decreases the number of processing stages, lowers energy demand, and reduces carbon dioxide emissions when compared with traditional steel production methods.

In the NGOES part of the study, several industrial Fe–Si steel compositions were cold rolled to final thicknesses ranging from 0.35 mm to 0.15 mm. These materials were then exposed to short-duration continuous annealing at …

Bond Behavior Of Full-Scale Beams Using Sustainable Self-Compacting Concrete, Hayder H. Alghazali, Atheer H.M. Algburi, John J. Myers

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Sustainable concrete is a step towards greener and more eco-friendly concrete construction practices, helping to solve global environmental problems. The present study focuses on the bond behavior between steel reinforcement and greener self-compacting concrete, specifically sustainable self-compacting concrete (SUS-SCC). Three SUS-SCC mixtures with different fly ash (FA) to cement replacement levels of [50, 60, and 70% (by mass)] were developed. Twelve full-scale SUS-SCC beams with a cross-section of (305 x 57) mm and a total length of 3048 mm were cast and tested using a four-point load test setup. The effect of longitudinal and lateral steel reinforcement ratios in the …

Nonlinear Flow Structures From The Interaction Of Internal Waves With Topography, Matthew R. Klema, S. Karan Venayagamoorthy

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents numerical simulations of the interaction of first-mode internal waves with a topographic edge at the intermediate scale, O (100) m, with a focus on the evolution of flow structures. Flow structure variation and evolution is explored through direct modifications to the amplitude of the internal wave interacting with topographic features of varying wave-topographic slope (g/s), height of the topography to the total domain depth (ht/d), and the wave Froude number (Fr = U0/cph), where g is the internal wave slope, s is the topographic slope, ht is the height of the topography, d is the simulation depth, …

Identifying Influential Assets In Higher Order Interdependent Infrastructure Networks Through Population Impact, Akshat Chulahwat, Emad M. Hassan, Mersedeh Tariverdi, Miguel Nunez-Del-Prado, Hussam Mahmoud

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A significant increase in catastrophic events worldwide has had a disastrous impact on the built environment, as these disruptive events devastate critical infrastructure lifelines, resulting in a substantial reduction of services across a community. Management of critical infrastructure assets is essential, and this can be achieved by optimal resource allocation to key assets within interconnected systems. The majority of current literature focuses on capturing the behavior of infrastructure systems individually, which presents a computational problem when dealing with complex, interdependent infrastructure systems. In this study, a comprehensive framework to evaluate a type of influence metric for ranking node and edge …

Friction And Texture Evaluation Of Asphalt-Based Binders As Alternatives To Epoxy-Based High-Friction Surface Treatments, Alireza Roshan, Magdy Abdelrahman

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

High-friction surface treatment (HFST) is a safety-focused pavement treatment that restores and maintains pavement friction to reduce road accidents. Traditional epoxy-based HFSTs, while widely used, face challenges such as high costs, potential compatibility issues with the substrate pavement, and long-term durability under specific conditions. This study investigates asphalt-based alternative HFST, which is compatible with various pavement types and cost-effective and versatile solutions for a wider range of pavement applications. Performance and friction testing, including the British pendulum test, British wheel test, and dynamic friction test, were performed to examine the coefficient of friction (COF) before and after polishing with a …

Draft Genome Sequences Of Four Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes Of The Family Burkholderiaceae Isolated From Tailings From The Former Pea Ridge Mine In Washington County, Mo, Usa, Prince Oppong Amoh, Abiodun E. Idowu, Elizabeth R. Grube, Melanie R. Mormile, Hunter W. Schroer

Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works

We present draft genome sequences of four Gram-negative phosphate-solubilizing microbes isolated from Pea Ridge Mine tailings in Missouri, USA. Belonging to the family Burkholderiaceae, these isolates exhibit a phosphate-mineral-dissolving phenotype in liquid and solid cultures. Genome sizes span 5.6–9.7 Mb, with GC contents of 61.6%–67.0%.

Investigating The Correlation And Synergy Of Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Construction Technologies, And Their Key Benefits, Fareed Salih, Islam H. El-Adaway

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Despite its reputation as one of the least digitized sectors, the construction industry increasingly adopts artificial intelligence (AI) and construction technologies. However, previous research has not adequately explored the benefits of AI techniques and construction technologies nor the correlations between them. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap. To this end, the authors used a multistep research methodology. First, a systematic literature review of studies published between 1985 and 2022 was conducted to identify AI techniques and construction technologies. Second, content and frequency analysis were performed to determine the benefits associated with AI and technology adoption. Finally, a survey …

Enhancing Management Of Transportation Projects: Integration Factors For Using Smart Contracts, Mariam Elazhary, Islam H. El-Adaway

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The US Department of Transportation (USDOT) delivers a wide range of infrastructure projects, backed by a fiscal year 2023 budget exceeding $100 billion. These projects face mounting pressures to meet performance, accountability, and delivery standards, driven by their dependence on public funding and their operational complexity. Transportation infrastructure presents sector-specific challenges - such as time-sensitive user disruptions, multiparty coordination, and asset intersection risks - that demand more robust, automated, and transparent project delivery mechanisms. Blockchain-enabled smart contracts have emerged as a promising solution to address these operational pain points through real-time automation, immutable data records, and decentralized transaction processing. However, …

The Equity Implications Of Pecuniary Externalities On An Electric Grid, Charles Sims, Gasser G. Ali, J. Scott Holladay, Tim Roberson, Chien Fei Chen, Islam H. El-Adaway

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The adoption of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems can create upward pressure on retail electricity rates as utilities are forced to spread their fixed costs of generation and transmission across a smaller customer base. Since high-income households are more likely to purchase PV systems, low-income households may be disproportionately impacted by these rate increases. Using a novel combination of agent-based computational economic modeling and a choice experiment of rooftop solar adoption, we show how this pecuniary externality between low- and high-income customers increases low-income electricity bills by 10% in an area with some of the highest poverty rates in the United …

Evaluating Crumb Rubber Modified (Crm) Asphalt As A Sustainable Binder Alternative For High-Friction Surface Treatments, Abdallah Aboelela, Alireza Roshan, Magdy Abdelrahman

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

High-friction surface treatments (HFSTs) are widely applied to improve pavement safety by enhancing long-term skid resistance. Although epoxy resins are commonly used due to their strength and durability, their high cost, susceptibility to delamination, incompatibility with substrates of flexible pavements, and adverse environmental concerns limit their long-term performance. This study presents crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt as a sustainable alternative binder for HFST applications. CRM binders offer high performance and compatibility with existing pavement surfaces, cost effectiveness and reduced environmental impacts as compared to epoxy binders. In addition, the binder development utilizes enhanced recycling technologies for interacting with used tire …

Data Driven Design Of Ultra High Performance Concrete Prospects And Application, Bryan K. Aylas-Paredes, Taihao Han, Advaith Neithalath, Jie Huang, Ashutosh Goel, Aditya Kumar, Narayanan Neithalath

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a specialized class of cementitious composites that is increasingly used in various applications, including bridge decks, connections between precast components, piers, columns, overlays, and the repair and strengthening of bridge elements. The mechanical and durability properties of UHPC are significantly influenced by factors such as low water-to-binder ratios, the inclusion of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and fiber reinforcement. Machine learning (ML) has been employed to predict the performance of UHPC and optimize its mixture designs by using various raw materials. This study first provides a comprehensive review of ML applications in UHPC, focusing on predicting workability, …

Comparative Study Of Interfacial Bond Strength Of Steel H-Pile With Ultra-High Performance And Polymer Concrete Jacket, Binod Shrestha, Mohanad M. Abdulazeez, Mohamed A. Elgawady

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This study investigates the bond behavior of steel H-pile encased in concrete jackets under push-out loading, considering the effects of concrete type and embedment length. Nine full-scale specimens were tested using three concrete types: ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), Methyl Methacrylate Polymer Concrete (MMA-PC), and conventional concrete (CC), with embedment lengths of 63.5 mm, 127 mm, and 190.5 mm. The experimental results revealed that MMA-PC jacket demonstrated the highest bond strength, though gains were marginal beyond 127 mm. UHPC exhibited superior tensile strength and ductility, preventing splitting failure. UHPC also displayed the highest interfacial fracture energy of 9.63 N/mm, exceeding MMA-PC and …

Treatment Intensification Of Digester Dewatering Sidestreams Via Pilot- And Demonstration-Scale Revolving Algal Biofilms At Municipal Water Resource Recovery Facilities, Audrey E. Kocher, Hunter W. Schroer, Christopher A. Marks, Craig L. Just

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

As water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) pursue decarbonization, the treatment of concentrated side streams from anaerobic digestion offers a critical opportunity to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluated the intensification potential of revolving algal biofilms (RAB) for side stream nutrient removal via partial nitrification at pilot- and demonstration-scales. RAB systems were deployed at municipal WRRFs in Boulder and Iowa City, treating real dewatering side streams across a range of ammonium (NH4⁺–N) surface area loading rates (SALR) reaching up to 196 g N m^–2d^–2. The results demonstrated that RAB systems can …

Elucidating The Effects Of Water Activity On The Hydration Kinetics And Thermodynamics Of Ye’Elimite–Calcium Sulfate Hydrate Systems, Godwin I. Ogbuehi, Rupack R. Halder, Aditya Kumar, Gaurav Sant, Monday U. Okoronkwo

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Relative humidity and water activity (aH) reductions have been known to suppress the hydration of anhydrous cement clinker phases. However, the relationship between ye'elimite (C4A3$) hydration kinetics and water activity remain unclear. This study employs experimental and thermodynamic modeling approaches to investigate the influence of water activity on ye'elimite hydration in the "C4A3$ + water", and "C4A3$ + gypsum + water" systems. Experimental findings indicate that as water activity decreases, C4A3$ hydration diminishes until the reaction is brought to a halt at a threshold aH. The critical aHand corresponding solubility constant of C4A3$ (KC4A3S¯) estimated from thermodynamic analysis are 0.46 …

Atomistic Insights Into Dual Mechanisms For Nacl-Driven Dissolution And Polymerization Of Tricalcium Silicate, Wei Zhang, Jia Sun, Juntao Dang, Bo Tao Huang, Biqin Dong, Hongyan Ma, Dongshuai Hou

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this study, experimental characterization and reactive molecular dynamics simulations were integrated to reveal the effects of NaCl on the early hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S). The results demonstrate that NaCl significantly accelerates the early hydration of C3S by promoting Ca dissolution and silicate tetrahedra polymerization. Specifically, Cl^–ions coordinate with surface Ca, weakening the Ca–O bonds in C3S and reducing the energy barrier for Ca dissolution. Meanwhile, Na⁺ions compete with Ca²⁺for the O atoms, creating localized charge imbalance and attracting protons, which destabilize Si–O bonds and facilitate the polymerization of silicate tetrahedra. These effects …

Co2-Induced Changes In Rheology, Structural Evolution, And Particle Characteristics Of Cement Paste, Seongho Han, Tae Yong Shin, Seung Mo Kim, Jae Hong Kim, Kamal H. Khayat

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The injection of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into cementitious systems has emerged as a promising approach to enhancing sustainability in concrete production. This study explores the impact of CO₂ injection on the rheological behavior, structural build-up, and particle size evolution of cement paste by systematically varying the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) (0.35, 0.4, and 0.5) and CO₂ concentration (0.06, 0.28, and 0.84 mol). Rheological analysis revealed a significant increase in initial yield stress with CO₂ injection. Using the Modified Bingham model, yield stress increased by 72 % and 150 % for 0.28- and 0.84-mol CO₂, …

Carbonated High-Al Steel Slag As Supplementary Cementitious Material: Synergy Of Carbonation At Elevated Temperature And Addition Of Gypsum, Nannan Zhang, Gao Deng, Wenyu Liao, Chuanlin Hu, Lingyu Chi, Hongyan Ma

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

High-Al steel slags, such as ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF) slag, substantially retard the early hydration of cement when incorporated into cement pastes, primarily due to the high mayenite content. In this study, carbonation of slag at elevated temperatures of 60°C and 80°C, combined with gypsum addition, was proposed to synergistically mitigate the retardation effect and enhance the early-age strength of cement pastes. The physical and chemical properties of slags carbonated at various temperatures were analyzed to elucidate their impact on cement performance as a supplementary cementitious material. The results indicate that higher temperatures enhance carbonation reactivity, accelerating the carbonation of …

Magnesium Sulfate Attack Of Alite Paste And Mitigation By Surface Carbonation: Monitoring And Comparison Using Novel Portable Fiber-Optic Raman Probe, Bohong Zhang, Gao Deng, Hongyan Ma, Jie Huang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Sulfate attack on cement matrix is still a "confused world" especially when magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) is the sulfate source. Accurate assessment of sulfate attack is essential for evaluating the structural integrity and durability of concrete in relevant environments. This study presents a portable fiber-optic Raman probe approach with 125 μm spatial resolution, designed for depth-resolved sulfate ingress monitoring in tricalcium silicate (C₃S, Alite) pastes. The probe is also used to evaluate the effectiveness of surface carbonation in mitigating sulfate attack. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between sulfate penetration depth and Raman spectral intensity ratios of sulfate-related vibrational …

Microstructure Densification In Cement Pastes Enabled By Novel Graphene Types, Sahil Surehali, Taihao Han, Ranjith Divigalpitiya, Aditya Kumar, Narayanan Neithalath

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The primary barriers hindering graphene's widespread adoption as a performance-enhancing additive in cement-based systems have traditionally been its prohibitive cost and the sustainability concerns associated with conventional manufacturing processes. However, these impediments have recently been mitigated by advancements in detonation synthesis techniques, enabling scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally favorable production of novel graphene types—specifically fractal graphene (FG) and reactive graphene (RG). This paper explores the influence of ultra-low dosages of FG and RG (≤ 0.04 % by mass of cement, which results in ∼20 % increase in compressive strengths) on the pore-structure features of cement pastes. Compared to the control paste, …

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An Improved Method To Calculate Stripping Inflection Point (Sip) And Its Application In Evaluating Moisture Susceptibility Of Asphalt Mixtures, Ping Jiang, Bo Lin, Yizhuang David Wang, Jenny Liu, Seyed Alireza Ghanoon

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Accurately assessing asphalt mixtures' moisture susceptibility is critical because moisture damage can significantly reduce pavement durability, leading to premature failure and structural integrity of the pavement. The stripping inflection point (SIP), a moisture susceptibility index derived from the Hamburg Wheel Track (HWT) test, has practical merits in evaluating moisture susceptibility. However, current methods for determining the SIP showed low accuracy and high variability due to poor regression quality. Hence, this study aims to propose an improved method for calculating the SIP by modifying existing approaches to better capture the characteristics of rutting curves. Typical asphalt mixtures were used to conduct …

Experimental And Theoretical Studies Of Novel Resilient Smart Shear Keys For Speedy Functional Recovery Of Highway Bridges After Extreme Events, Xinzhe Yuan, Jun Han, Jian Zhong, Haibin Zhang, Genda Chen

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Sacrificial shear keys in small-to-medium-span highway bridges mainly provide lateral support to the bridge superstructure under extreme events such as earthquake and/or tsunami. However, such support could lead to irreparable harm to important bridge elements like abutments and bent caps (base), delaying the functional recovery of bridges in the aftermath. In addition, existing designs of the shear key primarily emphasize resistant capacity but overlook resilience. This study introduces a new sliding, modular, adaptive, replaceable, and two-dimensional (SMART) shear key designed to enhance the resilience of I-girder highway bridges. The SMART shear key has three primary goals: 1) enabling the rapid …

Positive Effects Of Sulfates On Performance Of Cement Paste Incorporating Low-Grade, High-Aluminum Steel Slag, Nannan Zhang, Gao Deng, Wenyu Liao, Chuanlin Hu, Hongyan Ma

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Steel slag with high aluminum (Al) content significantly delays the early hydration of cement when used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). To address this challenge, this study investigates the effects of gypsum (Gy) and sodium sulfate (SS) additions on the performance of cement pastes with 30 % high-Al ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF) slag. The mechanical properties, hydration kinetics, phase evolution, as well as the early-age hydration mechanism were explored. The results indicate that C3S hydration is substantially inhibited under high-Al conditions, mainly attributed to the rapid dissolution and reaction of reactive aluminates (particularly mayenite) in the slag. Both Gy …

Risk Allocation Model For Price Escalations In Construction Projects: Integrating Bargaining Game Theory And Probabilistic Bayesian Modeling, Yasser Jezzini, Rayan H. Assaad, Islam H. El-Adaway

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Economic market uncertainties, like those witnessed during pandemics and supply chain-related challenges, introduce complexity in ascertaining precise price estimates for construction materials. Despite some studies on risk allocation in construction projects utilizing quantitative and qualitative approaches, these studies fail to explain the underlying process of risk allocation due to a lack of theoretical support, indicating a need for a more structured and theoretically grounded approach to understanding risk allocation, specifically under volatile market conditions. To bridge this knowledge gap, this study proposes a novel game-theoretical model integrating Bayesian statistics and bargaining game theory dynamics, offering a robust framework for optimal …

Development Of A Balanced Mix Design Approach For Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures, Bo Lin, Yizhuang David Wang, Jenny Liu

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) has been widely used as a durable, high-quality mixture for primary roads. With the growing interest in incorporating innovative materials into SMA designs, developing effective and reliable mix design methodologies has become essential to ensure durability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. While performance tests have gained national acceptance for asphalt mix design and balanced mix design (BMD) methods have been adopted in many states for hot mix asphalt (HMA), SMA has not been fully considered with the BMD implementation. This study aimed to develop a BMD approach for SMA, incorporating both SMA-specific volumetric parameters and performance requirements. To …

Amorphous Sio2-Stabilized High-Valent Iron-Oxo Complexes Derived From Fe- And Si-Rich Solid Wastes For Efficient Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation, Cuirong Yan, Hongyan Ma, Xiunan Cai, Zhongqiu Luo, Jinyu Shi, Wenhao Li, Xintao Zhou

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

High-valent iron-oxo complexes show promise as green oxidants for water remediation but suffer from critical limitations in stability and pH adaptability. Herein, we report a facile method to synthesize amorphous SiO₂-stabilized high-valent iron-oxo complexes via Na⁺ diffusion activation of iron/silicon-rich copper smelting slag. In the complex, the synergistic coexistence of two distinct silica‑oxygen tetrahedral configurations-basic Na₂SiO₃ and acidic SiO2 oxides establishes a self-regulating pH buffering system that stabilizes solution neutrality. This unique structural design ensures sustained oxidative activity of the complex, representing a significant advancement over conventional silica-supported catalysts due to its intrinsic acid-base …

Interfacial Shear Transfer Between Steel H-Piles And Concrete Encased In Cfrp, Mohanad M. Abdulazeez, Binod Shrestha, Mohamed A. Elgawady

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Numerous in-service steel H-piles, a common structural element in the bridge industry, suffer severe corrosion. One of the adopted solutions is to use concrete jackets to encase the corroded sections. Therefore, interfacial shear strength between the uncorroded section and the jacket is crucial. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the interfacial shear stresses of 18 full-scale H-piles encased in concrete jackets and subjected to push-out static testing. The concrete jackets are confined using different carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) confinement ratios. Different cross-sectional areas and distributions of shear studs are investigated. The average and maximum bond stresses are evaluated and …

Price Adjustment Clauses: Enhanced Price Volatility Forecasting For Construction Materials, Ahmed Shiha, Mariam Elazhary, Islam H. El-Adaway

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Price adjustment clauses (PACs) are used by state departments of transportation (DOTs) to share the risk of material price fluctuations. Existing models that depict the price fluctuations of materials forecast a mean within a horizon while relying on the assumption of a constant volatility throughout that horizon. However, none of them examine whether the prices of construction material exhibit similar volatility following a sudden price surge or a price drop. The prospect of PACs and their associated trigger values is hindered in the absence of empirical assessments of their capacity to capture the volatilities in material prices. This paper fills …

Understanding The Relationship Between Structural Failure And Fatalities In Tornadoes: A Quantitative Investigation Of The 2021 Midwest Tornado Outbreak, Yi Zhao, Ruwen Qin, John W. Van De Lindt, Justin Sharpe, Grace Yan

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

During 1950-2011, the number of fatalities caused by tornadoes in the U.S. significantly exceeded the fatalities caused by both hurricanes and earthquakes. To reduce tornado induced fatalities, it is essential to understand how structures/building failures correlate with fatalities and who are more vulnerable to tornadoes. Insights from this study are intended to help provide information to decision-makers on where to allocate limited resources for enhancing tornado resilience. By examining both the fatality data and structural damage data in the 2021 Midwest Tornado Outbreak, the objective of this study is to examine the occurrence of fatalities during tornadoes across various types …

Synergetic Adsorptive Mechanisms, Reusability And Cost Evaluations Of Green Fabricated Hybrid Barium Cobalt Nanocomposites For Methylene Blue And Lead Removal From Wastewater, Titus Chinedu Egbosiuba, Chibuike Christogonus Njoku, Ijeoma Jacinta Ani, Godwin Ifeanyi Ogbuehi, Abdulkareem Omeiza Yusuf, Abiodun Azeez Saka, Ugochukwu Ewuzie, Ebuka Emmanuel Ezennajiego, Blessing Onyinye Okafor, Walter Chibuike Anene, Cecilia Chika Unegbu, Florence Acha, Monday Uchenna Okoronkwo

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Barium nanoparticles (BaNPs), cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs), and hybrid barium-cobalt nanocomposites (BaCoNCs) were synthesized using an eco-friendly green technique with Anacardium occidentale leaf extract for sequestration of methylene blue (MB) dye and lead (Pb (II)) ions from industrial wastewater. The nanoparticles and nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis to assess their functional groups, crystalline structure, morphology, and surface properties, confirming successful synthesis. Batch adsorption studies showed that optimal pollutant removal occurred at pH values of 8 for MB and 5 for Pb(II), with a contact time …