Chemical Engineering Commons^™

The Effect Of Liquid Surface Tension On Wire Mesh Entrainment Separators, Herbert Franklyn Schroeder

Theses

The effect of liquid surface tension on the capacity of a wire mesh entrainment separator was studied. An air-rater system was used and, the surface tension of the water was reduced through the use of surfactants.

Five test series were run, each with a different surface tension of water. The surface tensions examined covered the range of 30 dynes/cm to 70 dynes/cm. For each test run series, the effect of liquid loading was investigated. Liquid loading rates were varied between 55 and 550 lbs/hr/ft².

Entrainment separator capacity was found to vary linearly with liquid surface tension. As surface tension decreased, …

Packed Bed Heat Transfer, Anthony William Sposaro

Theses

The use of various published correlations to determine apparent thermal conductivities was found to give results of differing ma; magnitudes. For this reason when these values were utilized in the theoretical relationships proposed by McAdams:

tw-t2/tw-t1 = 0.692e^-23.14X + 0.1312e^-121.9X + 0.0535e^-299.6X

in which X is defined as

X = (KaL/CpGoD²t)

For packed bed systems the results were found to be inconsistent.

In this investigation a dimensionless equation:

Ka/kg = 0.00105 (DpGo/εpμ)^1.32

has been developed which permits the prediction of apparent thermal conductivities to air flowing through a 1 inch tube picked with glass …

Power Consumption In Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks, John J. Schlager

Theses

The general correlation of Power Number vs. Reynolds Number for flat six blade turbines in a horizontal cylindrical tank without baffles has been determined. The correlation has been found to apply to this system and corresponds to the 4 - 10% baffle region in the vertical cylindrical tank as determined by Rushton, et. al. ⁽¹⁾

An important variable to be considered is the length of tank to impeller diameter ratio which was found to seriously affect the power consumption.

A power fall off was observed at high Reynolds Numbers and coincided with visual vortexing. This power fall off was found …

Heat Transfer Coefficients Of Non-Newtonian Slurries In Laminar Flow, Robert Frederick Roth, David B. Swanson

Theses

A total of 51 heat transfer runs were made in the first 25 runs, slurries of half micron and finer kaolin at 3.0, 5.6, 9.6 and 12.9% solids were used. Slurries of two microns and finer kaolin at 10.1, 13.7, 20.4 and 23.1% solids were used in the remaining 26 runs.

The Reynolds Numbers ranged from 0.9 to 2,020 for the 51 runs.

The data was correlated by the following equation:

H_f/C_bV_bP_b C_bR_b/K_b ^2/3 = 0.70 DV_bP_b/R_b ^-2/3

for an L/D ratio of …

Electrolytic Amalgam Reduction Of Cinnamic Acid, Alan Ira Mytelka

Theses

The use of sodium amalgam and potassium amalgam to reduce cinnamic acid to hydrocinnamic acid was accomplished in two concentrically constructed cylindrical cells.

In the outer cell, liquid amalgam was prepared electrolytically using a mercury cathode. The amalgam was moved by a rocking motion into the inner cell where the cinnamic acid dissolved in ethanol was reduced to hydrocinnamic acid. The actual percent conversion as measured by iodine numbers varied from 6.0% to 567, the percentage depending upon the number of coulombs passed into the electrolytic cell, the amalgam used, and whether or not stirring in the inner reduction cell …

Surface Area Of Small Particles, Richard Henry Ullrich

Theses

Experiments using glass beads and water were performed to obtain data to relate evaporation rates with the total surface area of a small sample of particles. The object of this work was to explore the possibility of devising a new method of determining surface areas which would be simple, rapid and non-destructive.

One gram samples of glaze beads ranging in diameter from 840 to 150 microns were wet with water and dryed to constant weight under controlled conditions. Residual water was removed by continued heating at a higher temperature. The experimental conditions were deliberately simple in keeping with the purpose …

Physical And Electrical Properties Of The Manganin-Type Alloys, Wallace William Macintosh

Theses

This thesis is a report on the physical and electrical properties of the manganin-type alloys as compiled from the published literature on the subject. The peculiarities of these alloys, as related to mechanical history, heat treatment, and composition, are discussed. Empirical formulae, by which the temperature coefficient of resistance, the temperature of maximum resistance, the temperature-resistance equation, and the thermoelectric emf of these alloys against copper may be calculated, are shown.

A comparison of the effect of elongation on the specific resistivity of several sizes of manganin wire is made on the basis of experimental results. The effect of impurities …

The Electrolytic Preparation Of Perbromates, Robert M. Casciano

Theses

Since perchlorates and periodates can be formed by the electrolytic oxidation of chlorate and iodate solutions and since bromine lies between chlorine and iodine in the periodic table, it should be possible to electrolytically prepare perbromates. As yet, however, perbromates have not been prepared by any methods.

It was desired to attempt to prepare perbromates electrolytically and to definitely show their presence or absence after electrolysis. In order to accomplish this a new method of analysis was developed.

This work has shown that perbromates cannot be prepared by the electrolytic oxidation of bromate solutions under various conditions of temperature, current …

Effect Of Elevated Temperature On Efficiency Of Corrosion Inhibitors, Walter Dzingala

Theses

An experimental program was set up to investigate the effect of temperature on the protection efficiency of various inhibitors of metal corrosion. Contrary to most studies, an appreciable amount of the work was done with the corrosive effect being determined on the metal specimens that were exposed first to the inhibitor, then to air at different temperature, and finally to the corrosive medium with no inhibitor present. The purpose being to determine whether the inhibitor treatment would provide a permanent protection for a metal surface or would it be necessary to furnish a continuous supply of the inhibitor to the …

Extrapolation Of Viscosity Data For Liquids, Julius Irwin Gnapp

Theses

The method of finite-difference recurrence relations* is here applied to viscosity-temperature data to determine whether it offers an improved means of extrapolating such data. The best of the existing parametric correlations, which is considered to be that of Andrade, was found to be subject to important departures from linearity and dependent upon the particular data points used in its formulation. The proposed method is non-parametric in that it does not require an assumption of the explicit function relating viscosity with temperature. Instead, it assumes that there is a linear relation between successive values of viscosity at equal intervals of temperature. …

Catalytic Activity Studies In Aromatic Sulfonation, William Marvin Jayne Jr.

Theses

The object of this investigation has been to determine the catalytic activity of several inorganic materials in promoting the sulfonation of aromatic organic compounds. Initial work involved sulfonation of p-nitroaniline with an excess of sulfuric acid. However, due to insufficient precision of the method of analysis, this system was abandoned. Thereafter, the study was concerned chiefly with the benzene and other aromatic compounds in nitrobenzene solution. This phase of the work proved to be successful, and the results are reported in the text of the thesis.

The author gratefully acknowledges the suggestions and counsel given throughout these investigations by Professor …

A Simplified Procedure For Diffusion Coefficients From Cation Exchange Studies, Robert Peter Lanyon

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to extend the data and to improve the procedures of previous investigators (1), (2), and (3), in the study of diffusion coefficients in aqueous media.

The main contribution of this investigation is the elimination of the tedious work of size grading, drying, weighing, and rehumidification of the Dowex 50 W - X8 resin, which is used to determine the ion exchange rates for the cations under consideration, The simplified procedure measures the resin volume by displacing a known volume of water. The method of calculating diffusion coefficients follows the procedure of (1), (2), (3), …

Binary Vapor Liquid Equilibria Isobaric Systems, Ira Lichtenstein

Theses

Oalculations of activity coefficients for thirty isobaric binary systems from vapor-liquid equilibria data were made using the Gilmont equation© An extensive literature survey showed the Gilmont equation provides an excellent means of correlating equilibrium data in most binary isothermal systems° However, the Gilmont equation’s applicability to isobaric systems had not been satisfactorily proven, and became the object of this investigation.

The Gilmont equation gave satisfactory correlation of the binary isobaric data for various systems. The correlation was found to improve as the systems approached ideal behavior. The introduction of a temperature correction to the relative volatility, term improved the correlation …

Hydraulic Characteristics Of Showerdeck Trays, Sam Gordon Marx

Theses

The hydraulic operating characteristics of the showerdeck tray were investigated. Air-water studies were made using a four plate, 11 1/4 inch I. D. plexiglas column.

Entrainment, liquid froth height, and pressure drop data were obtained at varying liquid and vapor rates.

Entrainment was found to be a function of the plate spacing, liquid height on the tray, the liquid rate and the column vapor velocity. It was found to be independent of the vapor velocity through the perforations. An equation of entrainment as a function of these variables was derived.

The liquid froth height on a tray was found to …

Fugacity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, Louis David Mazzeii

Theses

A method of Pitzer for predicting component fugacity coefficients of gases in binary mixtures is evaluated by calculating 2100 fugacity coefficients and comparing the results to experimental data.

Pitzer employed the technique of Gamson and Watson in deriving an expression for fugacity coefficients. The expression is based on a three parameter corresponding states theory set of equations, and a definition of pseudo critical properties of mixtures, both previously proposed by Pitzer.

A further comparison with values calculated by similar methods of Edmister and Ruby, and Redlich et al (which previously were established as the most accurate general methods) indicates Pitzer's …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Hydrazine, Michael Perlswieg

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of hydrazine have been evaluated for the saturated region and for the superheated vapor. The superheated vapor properties were determined for temperatures up to 2200°F and pressures to 3000 psia. Enthalpy, entropy, and specific volume are reported for the saturated vapor and liquid and the superheated vapor. Results are reported in the form of tables.

Enthalpy values are relative to the saturated liquid at 32°F. Entropy values are absolute. The thermodynamic properties have been based on experimental data where possible. Due to the lack of experimental pressure-volume-temperature data, however, the generalized correlations of Lydersen, Greenkorn, and Hougen …

Viscosity Correlations Of Saturated Fatty Acids And Their Esters, Thomas Joseph Redling

Theses

Several correlations have been developed which permit calculation of the viscosities of the n-paraffin fatty acids and esters, beginning with formic and including stearic acid.

The correlations were obtained by interrelating the Log u and the Log P_v at the same temperature, where u is the viscosity in centipoise and P_v is the vapor pressure in millimeters Hg. A single line relationship represents all the fatty acids from propionic acid to and including stearic acid, while formic acid and acetic acid each have their own line. Methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl formate can be represented by a single …

The Electrolytic Oxidation Of Para-Nitrotoluene, Mustafa Darwish Shamy

Theses

The factors affecting the electrolytic oxidation of p-nitrotoluene to p-nitrobenzoic acid have been studied, and optimum conditions determined for obtaining the best overall yield of 65.7 per cent. These Anode:lead sheetCathode:lead sheetAnolyte:250 cc of 50 per cent sulfuric acid
10 grams of p-nitrotoluene
5 grams of chromic trioxideCatholyte:250 cc of 50 per cent sulfuric acidVoltage:4.5 ± .5 voltsCurrent density:3.0 amperes per square decimeter.Temperatures65 ± 3°CReaction time:fifty per cent of the theoretical time required

It was observed that high potentials and prolonged reaction periods are detrimental to the yield.

A mechanism for the electrolytic oxidation process is suggested, based on experimental …

The Kinetics Of Hydrogen Reduction Of Chromic Oxide, Kurt Strater

Theses

The hydrogen reduction of Cr₂O₃ to chromium metal was found to be feasible at very low water vapor concentrations, approximately -38° to -24°C, over a temperature range of 1130° to 1490°C. Hydrogen reduction under these conditions was predicted by the calculated equilibrium curves which also indicated that Cr₂O₃ is reduced directly to chromium without forming the intermediate oxide, CrO. This reduction path was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.

The percent reduction of Cr₂O₃ at each reaction temperature was constant with time suggesting an inhibiting effect of the gaseous reaction product, water …

Attrition In A Fluidized Bed, Andrew Joseph Welter

Theses

The object of this thesis is to study attrition in a fluidized bed in an attempt to find a reliable method for predicting attrition rate when fluid flow rates and particle sizes are varied.

The system studied consisted of air as the fluidizing median with bauxite and fuller's earth as the solids in suspension. Fluid flow rates were changed while all other variables were held constant. Systems with both large and small particles were studied for each material.

It was found that the attrition rate of the material when the bed is maintained at a constant mass flow rate is …

Investigation Of The Stability And Response Of A Reboiler Under Condensate Control, Francis Arthur Winter

Theses

Control of heat flux by condensate throttling was investigated theoretically by frequency response analysis and experimentally on a simulated reboiler control system.

Transfer functions were derived for each component and ware used to describe the response of the experi- mental system. Experimental controller settings were in reasonable agreement with the calculated results. However, general overall control was poor because of dead time and cyclic disturbances. Experiments showed that the process contained dead time in the order of three to seven times the ultimate period (0.5 - 1.0 minutes). Several sources of disturbances prevented an accurate evaluation of stability at low …

Effect Of Cleaning Methods Upon Electrochemical Behavior Of High-Carbon Steel Cathodes In A Chromic Acid Electrolyte, George Chaplenko

Theses

The quality of electrodeposited coatings is to a great ex- tent determined by cleaning or surface-conditioning methods employed in preparing the basis metal for plating. Cleaning pro- cedures are usually established empirically, by trial and error. Little or no experimental work was devoted to a quantitative stu- dy of measurable parameters that are influenced by the relative effectiveness of individual cleaning processes. The present ex- periment was designed in an attempt to establish a correlation between one such parameter (namely, the single-electrode poten- tial of polarized cathode) and the quality of subsequent plating.

High-carbon steel cathodes, -a material that is …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Formaldehyde, Raymond H. Koo

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated formaldehyde were evaluated at ten degree temperature intervals from -19°C. to 400°C. and at various pressures up to 150 atmospheres.

Lydersen's correlations were used to estimate the critical constants.

Vapor pressure data were calculated using Riedel's method.

The generalized thermodynamic correlations of Hougen, Lydersen,'and Greenkorn were employed to obtain values of the thermodynamic properties in the saturated and superheated regions.

The values for temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy for saturated and super-heated formaldehyde are presented in the form of tables and graphs.

Hiding Power Of White Pigments : Theory And Measurement, Parker Bovaird Mitton, Lawrence Vejnoska

Theses

Optical properties of pigmented films such as hiding power, scattering coefficient, and absorption coefficient were measured at three bands of wavelength of light (blue, green, red) for ten white pigments at seven pigment concentrations in a paint. These pigments range from the highest index of refraction (rutile) to the very low index of an extender pigment (CaC031); they range from a fine particle size (average 0.2 microns) to a relatively coarse size (average 2.2 microns).

Among the findings presented below the first two confirm the general observations of pigment behavior found by others; the rest of the findings are new. …

Prediction Of Binary-Liquid System Viscosity From Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Data, Eugene Henry Okrent

Theses

This paper reviews the proposed methods for prediction of binary mixture viscosity. A calculation method is developed which predicts the binary liquid mixture viscosity of non-ideal systems of organic materials. The calculation method is an extension of the statistical mechanically derived equation:

η_m = Nh/V exp[χ₁Δ_G1⁺⁺ + χ₂ΔG₂⁺⁺ -ΔG^?/κ vap]/RT

A method has been developed for establishing the value of (ΔG^E/RT)vap from the constants of the Margules equation, which is an improvement over previous methods. The proposed equation is:

Log η_m = χ₁ log η …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Carbon Tetrachloride, Benzene, Methyl Cellosolve, Frederick Ormande Fisher

Theses

An Othmer still was used to determine the vapor-liquid equilibria for the ternary system: carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), benzene (C₆H₆), and methyl cellosolve (C₃H₈O₂). The solutions were assayed by refractive index and density measurements. The data were correlated to theoretical considerations by the use of the Margules 3-suffix ternary equationso

In the course of the investigation of the ternary system, vapor-liquid equilibria were determined for each of the three binary systems. The CCl₄-C₆H₆ system is well known and data are presented in the International …

Evaluation Of Heat Transfer Coefficients For Annular Spaces, Jacob Levine, Allan Mornenberg

Theses

The object of this thesis is to find the best approach for evaluating the heat transfer coefficients in annular spaces.

The system studied consisted of air in turbulent flow through steam heated annuli. Twelve pipe ratios were tested, with a pipe diameter ration range (D₂/D₁) of 7.0 to 1.3.

It WAS found, contrary to most literature, that at constant values of W/A μ, the heat transfer coefficient decreases as the standard equivalent diameter decreases (D_e=D₂-D₁). Because of this observation, the use of a Reynold’s number based on an equivalent diameter …

Correlation Of Pressure Drop And Holdup In A Packed Distillation Column, Nello Del Gobbo

Theses

Reed and Fenske have proposed a relationship that correlates the variables of packing dimensions, operating conditions, and fluid properties involved in countercurrent flow through packed distillation columns. Pressure drop and holdup data, obtained by atmosphere is distillation in columns packed with wire helices, was applied to the correlation by Reed and Fenske with good results. At reduced pressures limited data indicated the possibility of variations in the correlation as a function of the molecular weight of the material distilled.

Cummins investigated the effect of reduced pressure and holdup in distillation for several liquids using protruded packing. An attempt to correlate …

Particle-Liquid Flow In Vertical Tubes, Frederick John Rowe

Theses

It was the purpose of this investigation to develop an experimental Procedure which would allow the prediction of the variation of fraction void with varying liquid and solid rates from a minimum number of experiments carried out in simple apparatus. This procedure should allow prediction for both smooth and rough particles, and should be valid for several different shapes. The data collected can be plotted on a single chart showing the relation between fraction void, solids throughput, and liquid throughput for all vertical particle fluid systems. Such a method was suggested by Mertes and Rhodes1 in their work developing a …

Heat Transfer Coefficients In Nucleate Boiling, Gerald Burt Fefferman

Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate some new approaches to the problem of correlating heat transfer coefficients in nucleate boiling, A survey of previous work done in this field reveals much inconsistency in recorded data relating the heat transfer coefficient to other properties of the observed system, but general agreement has been reached, however, concerning the important influence of the temperature difference between the heating element surface and the boiling liquid. As this temperature difference is increased, the surface coefficient of heat transfer rises until a critical point is reached, marking the end of nucleate boiling and the …