Chemical Engineering Commons^™

Disposal Of Cattle Feedlot Wastes By Anaerobic Digestion, Eric Bayard Rapp

Masters Theses

"Disposal of animal waste represents a severe environmental problem, particularly in areas such as cattle feedlots where livestock are concentrated. Animal waste can be converted to carbon dioxide and methane by the autocatalytic process of anaerobic fermentation. A scheme, based upon this process, for the disposal of the waste from two different size feedlots is presented. The design of this process is based on kinetic data from the literature which are fitted to a kinetic model including diffusional resistances. Economic calculations based upon available cost data are made to determine the profitability of the process. Economic evaluations indicate that this …

Relative Volatility In The System 1-Butene - N-Butane, Steven Lewis Walker

Masters Theses

"An apparatus suitable for the rapid collection of P-x data at constant T is described. Isothermal P-x data at 40, 70, 100, 130, and 160 degrees Fahrenheit at the extremes of the composition range for the 1-butene - n-butane system are presented as a demonstration of the suitability of the device for its intended purpose. Limiting values of the relative volatility for the binary are presented. The relative volatilities were calculated using limiting forms of the general coexistence equation which are given in the literature. Several recommendations are given for improvements of the equipment and experimental technique"--Abstract, page ii.

Mass Transfer Coefficients Determined By Simplex Optimization Techniques, Charles Ferris Callihan

Masters Theses

"The objective of this thesis is to develop a method for obtaining individual mass transfer coefficients in absorption columns. There are two assumptions which apply throughout the thesis. The first assumption is "plug flow." The second assumption is that the axial concentrations can be measured accurately enough.

The problem is approached by simulating data generated from a mathematical model of an absorption column. A response surface is defined which is a function of the individual mass transfer coefficients. The lowest point on the surface locates the individual mass transfer coefficients for the system in question.

The mathematical model of the …

Liquid-Liquid Extraction With First Order Reaction : A Mathematical Simulation, Alan Wayne Smith

Masters Theses

"Models for mass transfer to droplets based on film theory with first order chemical reaction are proposed and compared with experimental data. The experimental extraction data is available from the work by Andoe (1968). The physical system used was benzene as a continuous phase and water as a dispersed phase with 2-chloro-2- methyl propane the solute diffusing into and reacting in the droplet. This system had a high interfacial tension (31.0 dynes/cm) and droplet Reynolds numbers ranging from 600 to 1345.

The predicted results of this work are in the form of the dimensionless total mass transferred to the droplet …

An Application Of Residual Relaxation To Mathematical Simulation Of Petroleum Reservoirs, Grufron Achmad

Doctoral Dissertations

"Stability and convergence have long been primary concerns in the application of numerical techniques to the simulation of petroleum reservoir performance. An iterative method based on sequentially reducing the residual to zero at each grid point has been developed. It has been shown analytically that this residual relaxation method is stable, convergent, and consistent.

A three-phase areal model was developed to simulate a hypothetical homogeneous petroleum reservoir, and various computational methods were tested with this model. The residual relaxation method developed in this study (RELAX) was found to converge as rapidly as SIP, and much faster than either LSOR or …

Nucleate Boiling From Polymer Coated Surfaces., David Franklin Warner

Doctoral Dissertations

"This study consisted of an examination of both the effects of nucleate boiling on polymer coated surfaces and the effects of the polymer coated surfaces on the nucleate boiling curve. The nucleate boiling curve (the curve resulting from plotting heat transferred per unit area versus the temperature difference between the boiling surface and the liquid pool) of the polymer coated surfaces were compared with the nucleate boiling curve of gold-plated surfaces with no polymer coat and it was found that the thicker the polymer coat, the more the curve deviated from that of the metal uncoated surfaces.

All surfaces were …

Numerical Simulation Of Individual Wells In A Field Simulation Model, Ali Mohammed Akbar

Doctoral Dissertations

"Conventional numerical simulation of hydrocarbon reservoirs is inadequate for the prediction of bottom-hole pressures at production wells. This problem can be overcome by using a special mathematical model which combines individual well simulation with reservoir simulation. Severe computational instability is commonly encountered in the radial models due to the relatively small grid-blocks and high fluid velocities in the vicinity of the well bore. This instability is found to be more pronounced during depletion of the reservoir when the pressure near the well bore is below bubble-point pressure. A new technique is introduced here for saturation calculations in the critical region …

Electro-Reduction Of Bromate On Mercury, Jaw-Shin Chang

Doctoral Dissertations

"The electrochemical reduction of BrO⁻₃ was studied on a stationary Hg electrode in neutral and basic solutions containing K⁺, Na⁺, and L⁺. Coulombic efficiency studies showed Br⁻ to be the predominant reduction product. The steady state kinetic parameters include Tafel slopes of ca. -0.120 V, approximate first order activity dependences for both BrO⁻₃ and the accompanying cation, and no pH dependence. A reaction scheme is proposed which involves BrO⁻₃ "bridged" to the electrode by the accompanying cation. It is suggested that the "bridging" is a result of ion-pairing in the electrical double-layer"--Abstract, page 1.

Heat Transfer Of A High Prandtl Number Oil In Laminar Flow, John Robert Lee Iii

Masters Theses

"A numerical model was developed for the purpose of studying the flow and heat transfer of a hypothetical oil in laminar flow within a horizontal pipeline. Free convection, work of compression, and axial conduction were neglected, but the fluid properties - i.e., density, specific heat, viscosity, and thermal conductivity - were allowed to vary and the effect of viscous dissipation was included in the analysis of the system.

The mathematical forms of the momentum, continuity, and energy equations require that numerical solutions be obtained with a digital computer. These numerical approximations of the partial differential equations are presented and the …

Oceanic Shear Measurements Using The Airfoil Probe, Thomas Osborn, Thomas Siddon

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Vertical profiles of salinity and temperature in the ocean reveal fluctuations with length scales as small as a few mil 1imeters. These fluctuations, called microstructure by oceanographers, are the small scale results of turbulent mixing processes. It is hoped that through the study of microstructure we can evaluate the relative importance of different sources of the turbulent energy (e.g., tides, large scale internal waves, etc.) and the mechanisms for generation of the turbulence (e.g., wave overturn, shear instability, etc.).

There is a considerable body of evidence to suggest that shear instability is an important mechanism in the generation of ocean …

Use Of The Split-Film Sensor To Measure Turbulence In Water Near A Wall, Paul H. Blinco, V. A. Sandborn

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Because of its small size and unique design, the 0.15-mm diameter split-film sensor has many significant advantages over the conventional X-configuration hot-film sensor and the yaw-wire technique for measuring turbulence near a wall. Calibration of the split- film sensor indicates that the magnitude and yaw angle of the instantaneous velocity vector is dependent only on the sum and ratio of the sensor outputs, respectively. Results of limited measurements of the longitudinal and vertical turbulence intensities and Reynolds stress for hydraulically smooth, free surface flows are presented. Digital time series of the split-film outputs revealed the following information: (1) the split-film …

Author Index, University Of Missouri--Rolla

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

No abstract provided.

Statistical Analysis Of Instantaneous Velocities In Turbulent Flow Of Dilute Viscoelastic Solutions, A. L. Rollin, F. A. Seyer

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

An experimental study, based on streak photograph determination of instantaneous velocities, was directed at determining the structure of turbulence within the boundary layer and core regions of circular pipes. The measurements lend support to the ejection phenomenon as the mechanism controlling drag reduction.

A correlation factor, defined as the ratio of the observed number of positive instantaneous radial velocities, to the observed number of negative instantaneous radial velocities, suggests acceleration in the radial direction as the elements of fluid move through the sublayer. The correlation factor also provides information about the thickening of the boundary layer for drag reducers relative …

Flow Visualization Studies On Drag-Reducing Turbulent Flows, R. H. J. Sellin

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Flow visualisation studies in a square duct of internal dimensions 44.5 x 44.5 mm are reported. The flow marker is a stream of opaque white dye, released from a downstream facing stationary tube, and it is photographed through the plexiglass wall of the duct. The point of dye release can be traversed in a direction perpendicular to the duct wall and three locations are investigated, two in the core of the flow and one in the near- wall region. By using Is exposure times photographs are obtained of a dye dispersion cone and the cone angle is measured and related …

Experiments On The Structure Of Turbulence In Fully Developed Pipe Flow, T. R. Heidrick, S. Banerjee, R. S. Azad

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

This paper describes a series of two-point measurements in fully developed pipe flow. Measurements of the phase shifts between the Fourier components of the axial velocity fluctuations at two points were made with three different orientations of the two points. In all cases the two points were close enough together that the turbulent structure remained essentially "frozen" while passing between the sensors. The phase velocities, C₁(f), and inclinations, α(f) (defined previously by Heidrick et al. (8)), of each frequency component, f, were determined from these measurements.

In general, the Fourier components are inclined to the wall - the …

Measurements Of Pulsating Turbulent Water Flow In A Tube, S.-Z. Lu, R. J. Nunge, F. F. Erian, M. Mohajery

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The experimental method associated with obtaining meaningful information from the hot-film anemometer signals in fully developed pulsating turbulent flow where the pulsations are sinusoidal in time is discussed. The results of a number of experiments in water reveal the nature of the longtime and short-time average velocity and pressure. Velocity measurements between 0.95 radii and the centerline demonstrate that the long-time average velocity distribution is coincident with that for steady turbulent flow at the same Reynolds number. Also, no significant differences between the longtime average axial pressure drop in the pulsating and steady flows were noted, although this requires further …

Letters To The Editor, J. T. Mason, Orrin K. Crosser, Robert D. Gunn, C. Judson King

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

A Study Of Medium And High Internal Phase Ratio Water/Polymer Emulsions, Kenneth J. Lissant, Kenneth G. Mayhan

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Medium and high internal phase ratio water/polymer emulsions were studied utilizing scanning electron microscope techniques. Results are reported for the geometry and distribution of droplets for water/polymer ratios from 1 1 to 9 1. Electron micrographs confirm those models which predicts polyhedral droplet formation at high internal phase ratios. © 1973.

Polymers From The Hydrolysis Of Tetraethoxysilane, B. W. Peace, Kenneth G. Mayhan, J. F. Montle

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane was studied under various solvent and temperature conditions. A method was developed by which reaction rates can be measured even in the presence of alcohols other than ethanol. The structures of the resulting polymers were dependent upon the reaction conditions employed, those formed at high temperature being highly condensed materials. © 1973.

A Technique For Improving Material Balance Accuracy In Reservoir Simulation Models, A. R. Merchant, Marion D. Arnold, A. Herbert Harvey

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

One criterion for determining the precision of pressures calculated by a simulation model is the accuracy of the material balance. A high degree of precision in the calculated pressures is a necessary but not sufficient condition for elimination of significant errors in the prediction of fluid migration in the reservoir. A new procedure, called error matrix technique, has been developed for reduction of material balance errors. This reduction is accomplished by adjusting potential gradients at every grid point in the simulation model so that the material balance is accurately maintained. Performance of a hypothetical oil reservoir was simulated both by …

Stratigraphic Relations Of Members Of The Needles Range Formation At Type Localities In Southwestern Utah, M. G. Best, R. T. Shuey, C. F. Caskey, S. Kerry Grant

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Needles Range Formation is one of the most extensive of the middle Tertiary ash-flow sheets in the Great Basin of Nevada and western Utah. The original definition of the formation by Mackin (1960) named two members and mentioned three type localities. Our recent studies have shown that this published information now requires revision. To provide a firm basis for stratigraphic studies of the Needles Range Formation, this paper presents geologic maps, measured sections, and paleomagnetic data for three type localities in southwestern Utah. These include the northern Needles Range and Wah Wah Springs localities previously mentioned by Mackin, plus …

Measurement Of Unsteady Flows In Mercury With Hot-Film Anemometers, Charles A. Sleicher, G. B. Lim

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The difficulties in making turbulence measurements in liquid metals are discussed briefly. Attention is then focused on the problem of frequency response attenuation of hot-film anemometers by the thermal capacity of the thermal boundary layer near cylindrical sensors. A solution is given to the problem of heat transfer from an infinite cylinder normal to the potential flow of a fluid with a small sinusoidal velocity component. Application of the results to anemometer measurements is discussed. Some preliminary experiments on dynamic calibration are reported, and they are in reasonable agreement with the theory for Peclet numbers less than one.

Turbulence Measurements In Submerged Water Jets By Electromagnetic Induction Anemometry, Walter C. Mih

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

This paper describes the measurement and data analysis of the turbulence in a two-dimensional water jet discharging from a thin slot into a large body of stationary water having the same width as the slot. Tap water without additives was used as the flow medium. The electromagnetic induction method (commonly known as magnetohydrodynamics, or the MHD method) was used to sense the fluctuation velocities in the diffusion zone of the jet. A DC magnet was placed outside the flow field with the magnetic flux density of 885 Gauss perpendicular to the plane of homogeneity of the two-dimensional flow field. A …

Hydrogen-Bubble Flow-Visualization: Limitations In Drag Reducing Polymer Solutions, George L. Donohue

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Hydrogen-bubble flow-visualization experiments have demonstrated that distinct bubble pulses cannot be obtained in water solutions of polyacrylamide of high enough molecular weight to cause drag reduction at low shear stresses. Good bubble pulses were obtained in poly(ethylene oxide) and in surfactant solutions, but they did not cause drag reduction at feasible shear stresses.

Measurement Of Reynolds Stress And Turbulence In Dilute Polymer Solution By Laser Velocimeter, Samuel E. Logan

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Measurements of Reynolds stress and axial and transverse turbulence intensities have been made in turbulent pipe flow of a dilute solution of high molecular weight polymer and compared to measurements made with pure water. A laser velocimeter capable of measuring these turbulence parameters has been developed and utilized.

Axial turbulence intensities are consistent in behavior and magnitude with previous polymer results and the measurements of transverse intensity and Reynolds stress are similarly well behaved and self consistent. Sublayer thickening in drag reducing polymer solution is observed, in consonance with earlier work. New results include demonstration that the turbulent shearing stress …

Conference Proceedings Of The 3rd Biennial Symposium On Turbulence In Liquids, University Of Missouri--Rolla

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The Third Biennial Symposium on Turbulence in Liquids showed further progress in the investigator's ability to measure turbulence parameters and in the general understanding of turbulence. The most impressive advances in measurement seemed to be the ability to measure deeper into the turbulent boundary layer in order to obtain profiles over the entire turbulence production region and the rapid development of conditioned-sampling techniques for studying hypotheses for mechanisms.

Ldv Measurements In Turbulent Free Convection, R. J. Adrian

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The design and performance of a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) used in a turbulent water-overice convection experiment are described. The LDV was operated in a reference beam mode with an ultrasonic diffraction grating shifting the reference beam frequency to provide bipolar sensing of the vertical velocity, and a phase-locked loop was used to demodulate the Doppler frequency information. The maximum observed velocities in the experiment were ± 1 mm/sec, and the accuracy of instantaneous measurement was limited by Brownian motion and laser line width to ± .04 mm/sec for a 2 Hz frequency response. The practical difficulties encountered in this …

Features Of A Separating Turbulent Boundary Layer As Revealed By Laser And Hot-Film Anemometry, R. L. Simpson, J. H. Strickland, P. W. Barr

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Experiments have been performed to determine the fundamental nature of boundary layer separation produced by an adverse pressure gradient. Measurements upstream and downstream of the separation zone have been made utilizing laser and hot-film anemometry techniques.

A completely mobile backscattering laser anemometer was developed. This alone is a significant development because of the relatively long focal lengths required for measurements in a 36" wide wind tunnel. Signal processing was achieved by a digital signal sampling and storage system. Both mean and fluctuating velocities in both the unseparated and separated flow regions were measured. Experimental results are in fairly good agreement …

Turbulence Measurements With A Sampling Laser-Doppler Velocimeter, P. D. Iten

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

A novel sampling signal processor overcomes the difficulties encountered with frequency trackers in the investigation of unseeded highly turbulent flows. This sampling system consists essentially of a swept filter, e.g. a standard RF-spectrum analyzer, a digital data memory and a storage oscilloscope. It is able to determine first-order statistical averages of turbulent flows with high fluctuation frequencies and amplitudes even at very low scattering particle concentrations. Since the velocity samples are not statistically independent of the velocity, the sampled velocity data has to be corrected in order to obtain unbiased statistical averages. A theoretical analysis and experimental investigations of the …

Analysis Of A Laser Correlation Anemometer, L. Lading

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

An analysis of a laser anemometer is given. The anemometer is based on the cross correlation of the random signals generated by the scattering from -- and/or extinction of -- two parallel laser beams. The basic set-up is compared with the laser Doppler anemometer.

It is shown that the correlation function exhibits a broadening and generally also a skewness - equivalent to the broadening (transit time) and skewness (velocity gradients) of the Doppler spectrum.

The conditions for "instantaneous point" measurements are derived.

It is shown how a particle (drop/bubble) size versus particle velocity spectrum can be obtained by appropriate electronic …