Chemical Engineering Commons^™

Energy Conservation Program At Ralston Purina, George A. Bossman

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

While the food industry as a whole uses only about 5 per cent of total manufacturing energy, we at Ralston Purina Company recognize our dependence upon energy and the importance of a strong energy management program. Last year, as part of this program, we established and implemented an energy conservation program designed to identify opportunities for conservation.

The major thrust of this program has been directed at manufacturing facilities where usages can be traced, wastes detected, and appropriate action taken. These are separate from a general overall corporate effort to make employees more energy conscious in every phase of their …

Osmo - Power. Osmotic Work; Energy Production From Osmosis Of Fresh Water/Sea-Water Systems, H. H. G. Jellinek

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

It is imperative that new and ecologically acceptable energy sources are made available. Solar energy is a source which seems to be inexhaustible and free of pollution hazards. One vast source, which can be considered to be a solar energy source consists of the system fresh water/sea water. Fresh water is continually removed by the hydrological cycle where water evaporates from the ocean due to solar radiation and is eventually precipitated again in the form of fresh water feeding various rivers. Fresh water and ocean (salt) water mix when rivers flow into the oceans. The different chemical potentials are equalized …

Alternative Approaches To Energy Modeling, Alan S. Cohen, Kenneth W. Costello

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

The effects of government and private sector energy policies are varied and interrelated. Before implementing research and development programs, new technologies, environmental and price regulations, import quotas, and other energy-related policies, the consequences of these programs must be identified and quantified on a regional basis. To evaluate the regional impacts of energy policies, we need to consider production costs, transportation costs, and the location of reserves, as well as the demands for energy and nonenergy goods. Developing techniques for analyzing these factors was the objective of many previous research efforts. The strengths and weaknesses of the resulting models are discussed …

Energy Management In The Food Store, Paul Adams

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

Food store refrigeration is vital to the food distribution system and consumes much of the energy used in a supermarket. The manufacturers of food store display equipment have worked long and hard to develop new ideas in supermarket energy conservation. Hussmann's studies have uncovered a number of facts invaluable to anyone concerned with energy conservation in the supermarket.

The first fact is to realize that supermarkets are different from any other retail stores. They consume more energy each year per sq. ft. of store - or per customer - or per dollar sales than other retail stores and most commercial …

Efficiency In The Use Of Energy Has Been Effected Through Industrial Use Of Subsurface Space, Truman Stauffer Sr.

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

Our Nation, with its high standard of living made possible by industrialization, draws heavily on energy producing natural resources. Self reliance mandates the use of every measure of conservation in order to extend the yet finite supply of energy to meet our national needs. Efficiency in the use of energy has been and can increasingly be effected through industrial use of subsurface space. The use of mined rooms for industry and warehousing utilizes the natural stable underground temperature and the low coefficient of heat transfer existing naturally in the lithosperic materials of the subsurface environment. The small amount of energy …

Oil Shale R & D -- A Bureau Of Mines Program, Steve Utter

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

Energy is one of our basic natural resources. Oil constitutes an important part of this resource but domestic production is dropping while imports are rising. Today, oil represents about one-half of the total energy consumed in this country, and demand is expected to grow at the rate of about 2 percent per year during the next 10 years. Increased reliance on imports can be reduced by synthetic fuels produced from the oil shale deposits of the Green River Formation in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. These deposits are so enormous (600 billion barrels in high- grade shale alone), that any limitations …

Inexpensive Inertial Energy Storage Utilizing Homopolar Motor-Generators, W. F. Weldon, H. H. Woodson, H. G. Rylander, M. D. Driga

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

The pulsed power demands of the current generation of controlled thermonuclear fusion experiments have prompted a great interest in reliable, low cost, pulsed power systems. The Energy Storage Group at the University of Texas at Austin was created in response to this need and has worked for the past three years in developing inertial energy storage systems. 0.5 and 5 megajoule homopolar motor-generators have been designed, built and tested at the University of Texas and design studies have been completed for several systems ranging in size up to 63 gigajoules. The performance of the two laboratory machines and the potential …

Evaluating The Total Cost Of An On-Site Solar Energy System, Dennis Costello, Jerry Bradley

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

A methodology for evaluating the total or life-cycle cost of an on-site solar energy system is presented. The costs represent after-tax or effective costs realized by the owner of the energy system. The methodology addresses: (1) capital costs; (2) fuel costs; (3) maintenance and operating costs; (4) property taxes; (5) the tax benefits of depreciation; and (6) the investment tax credit. The model was developed for evaluating solar energy systems located at the point where the energy is demanded. However, the methodology also has applicability to many other types of energy systems.

Self-Consistency In Estimating Future Electrical Energy Consumption, W. D. Devine Jr., C. C. Calligan, O. D. Osborne

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

A socio economic computer simulation model for the State of Oregon is described. The Oregon State Simulation Model (OSSIM) includes a thirty-seven sector model of electrical energy consumption. Coupling between this model and the OSSIM ensures self-consistent scenarios of socio economic phenomena which underlie energy consumption. One of the purposes of this effort is to help state-level decision makers understand the determinants of electricity consumption within a context of changing economic conditions.

Industrial Innovations And Management Toward More Efficient Usage Of Electrical Energy, Tom Day

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

This paper deals with some of the industrial accomplishments in alleviating energy supply and demand problems. A survey is presented on how electrical energy in America is generated, resources used and kilowatt usage for the years 1970 to and including 1974. Conservation of electrical energy is the main theme in which three primary areas of innovation and utilization of industrial equipment are discussed; induction, lighting, heating and air conditioning. An awareness of natural gas shortages and the trend toward an "electric economy" are reviewed. The real challenge to energy management is apparent in order to handle the greatest expansion in …

Optimum Control Of Heating, Ventilating And Air Conditioning Systems, Terry R. Weaver

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

The control of HVAC systems has traditionally been performed by relatively simple field hardware. The industry appears, however, to be ready for the use of more sophisticated measures. The paper presents several approaches to the conservation of energy in this area with the use of closed-loop computer control and optimization.

Energy Conservation In Uniroyal, Inc., John C. Madigan

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

In the last year, rapid developments have led to the establishment of industry conservation goals and monitoring by the Department of Commerce and the Federal Energy Administration via the various industry associations.

Since 1972, Uniroyal has progressed more than half way toward the 1980 goal of 15% established for the rubber and chemical industries. This paper will describe details of the program with emphasis on new input, such as the computerized tracking method now in use.

Plant studies have provided an assessment of "base" loads vs. process loads, important when considering unit energy consumption. These vary, particularly with the climate …

Lean Burning Spark-Ignition Engines -- An Overview, J. A. Alic

UMR-MEC Conference on Energy / UMR-DNR Conference on Energy

Means of improving the thermal efficiency of spark-ignition internal combustion engines through fuel-lean combustion at part-load are discussed. For purposes of comparison and evaluation, lean-burning engines are classified as modified conventional engines, stratified charge engines, and engines using alternative fuels. Particular attention is given to automobile applications because of their importance for conservation of fuels.

Non-Isothermal Mercury Pipe Flow Turbulent Characteristics, T. W. Flaherty, L. L. Eyler, A. Sesonske

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The turbulence structure of fully-developed mercury pipe flow, with and without heat transfer, was studied using hot-film anemometry at Reynolds number of approximately 50,000. Single sensors and slanted multiple sensors were used to obtain the radial distribution of axial fluctuating velocity and temperature quantities. Isothermal data were generally in good agreement with comparable air data indicating similar velocity structure. Temperature intensity data agreed with other data in liquid metals.

Axial and radial turbulent heat flux results were somewhat inconclusive. Spectra and turbulence scales were developed providing a picture of the structure.

Measurement Of The Low-Wavenumber Component Of Turbulent Boundary Layer Pressure Spectral Density, P. W. Jameson

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

This paper describes an experiment in which the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) over a flat plate excites bending waves in that plate predominantly through low-wavenumber components in the pressure field having the same wavenumber as the bending waves of the plate. The plate design is such that contributions to the bending waves from the convective peak of the TBL pressure and from acoustic noise are minimal. The level of response of individual modes of the plate is used to measure the intensity of these low-wavenumber spectral components in the TBL wall pressure.

Flow Visualization Studies Of Check Valve Vibrations, D. S. Weaver, F. A. Adubi

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

A swing-type hydraulic check valve was found to vibrate continuously when a damper was applied to prevent slamming. A research program was conducted to develop an understanding of the phenomenon and thereby determine a method of alleviation. This paper describes the flow phenomena observed during flow visualization studies of a two dimensional full scale model of the valve. Such observations give insight into the mechanism of vibration.

Session Chairman Introductory Remarks, T. J. Hanratty

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

No abstract provided.

Separation Of Low Reynolds Number Flows Around A Corner, T. Matsui, M. Hiramatsu, M. Hanaki

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

It was shown experimentally that low Reynolds number flows around a sharp corner do not separate at the corner, and separation points move downstream from the corner with decrease in Reynolds number. For the flow in a channel with a backward-facing step, the experimental results showed a good agreement with those of numerical calculation for the position of separation points and the length of standing vortices.

The Separation Angle For Spheres In A Pipeline, B. Latto, A. Lai

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The results of a series of experiments on the measurement of the angle of separation for flow over steel spheres suspended in a vertical 5.18 cm ID pipeline with and without a drag reducing aqueous polymer solution are presented. Data were obtained for sphere- to-pipe diameter ratios of 0.74 and 0.925 with polymer concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 100 wppm over a Reynolds number range of 1633 to 29400 for single spheres and trains of up to three spheres rigidly connected. It was found that relatively dilute polymer solutions can considerably affect the separation angle. Furthermore, that the angle …

The Physical Background For Hot-Film Anemometry, G. Comte-Bellot

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Thin film probes have been used for more than a decade to investigate turbulence, mostly in liquids. Many improvements have been achieved in the technique. Some problems still remain, however, so that the use of hot-film anemometers is not as straightforward as would be expected at a time when numerous ready-to-use probes and associated electronic equipment are commercially available. The following points should be discussed: aerodynamic perturbation caused by the probes, direct experimental check of the frequency response of constant temperature anemometers in the case of small fluctuations, dynamic non-linear behavior of constant temperature anemometers and heat transfer from hot …

Turbulent Pressure Spectrum Measurements On A Compliant Surface, R. N. Brown

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Experimental results obtained by measuring the drag, wall pressure fluctuations, and radiated sound from a compliantly coated cylinder, 21 inches in diameter, and rotating in water are described. The compliant layer was a 1/4-inch thick closed cell, air-filled neoprene which was mounted on the 3/8-inch thick aluminum cylinder walls. Results are presented for four speed conditions; one condition is below the speed where a sudden increase in drag is obtained, and the other speed conditions are at and above this critical speed. In general, the results indicate a surface which becomes increasingly more roughened as the critical speed is exceeded.

Elucidation Of Burst Phenomena In Turbulent Boundary Layers Through Coherent Structure, W. W. Willmarth

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The present knowledge of the turbulent structure of boundary layers is reviewed and summarized. The work of several primary investigators of the bursting phenomenon is discussed. Models for the coherent structure are proposed based on the results of these investigations.

Compliant Wall Surface Motion And Its Effect On The Structure Of A Turbulent Boundary Layer, R. L. Ash, D. M. Bushnell, L. M. Weinstein, R. Balasubramanian

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The status of the continuing compliant wall drag reduction research at NASA-Langley Research Center is discussed. Preliminary surface motion calculations are reported along with compliant surface design concepts and their numerical models. A compliant drag reduction theory based on stabilizing the turbulent substructure is proposed and previous experiments have been examined relative to that theory. Results of recent low speed compliant surface experiments have been reported which include initial attempts to measure local compliant surface motion.

Structure Of The Viscous Sublayer In Drag Reducing Channel Flows, W. G. Tiederman, A. J. Smith, D. K. Oldaker

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The objective of this study was to experimentally determine the effect of dilute, long-chain, polymer solutions upon the flow processes in a fully developed, two-dimensional turbulent channel flow. This was accomplished by making motion pictures of dye seeped through a slot into the viscous sublayer. The motion pictures were analyzed to determine the span-wise spacing and the bursting rate of the low-speed streaks that are characteristic of the sublayer structure

Front Matter, University Of Missouri--Rolla

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

No abstract provided.

Simultaneous Measurement Of Longitudinal Velocity And Temperature Fluctuations With A Single Wire In Non-Isothermal Flow, P. J. Mcconachie, K. J. Bullock

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

A method for measuring longitudinal velocity and temperature fluctuations with a single wire probe is presented and the principles of operation verified by an analog computer solution of the finite hot wire, anemometer control and signal processor equations. Examination of the basic equations reveals that such a probe is best suited to the study of turbulent water flows, thus allowing high Reynolds numbers to be attained without limitations on frequency response. Inherent sources of error are investigated and the method shown to be reliant mainly on the initial accuracy of wire calibration.

Energy Spectrum And Turbulent Scales In A Plane Air Jet, V. W. Goldschmidt, M. F. Young

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The energy spectra and longitudinal length scales measured in a free plane jet are presented. The actual convective velocity was used in determining the scales. The results show a universal spectral distribution along the axis but no obvious similarity in the large scale motion off the axis. The results are limited to x/D < 60. The measured scales suggest a noticeable increase of the microscale along the lateral coordinate but an essentially constant value along the axis. However the macroscales, increasing linearly along the axis do not show any similarity off the axis.

Two-Point, Two Component, Velocity Measurements In Turbulent Pipe Flow, J. S. Cintra Jr., B. G. Jones

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

An experimental study of the turbulent velocity field structure was performed in a pipe flow. The primary objective of this study was to provide a detailed velocity field structure, under isothermal conditions, for use as a reference condition for later investigations of the interactions between fluctuating velocity and temperature fields, under non-isothermal conditions, in turbulent pipe flow.

Two-point, two-component (u₁ and u₂) velocity correlation measurements were made with hot-film ('x' probes) anemometers separated in the radial direction as well as two-point axial component correlation measurements with axial separation.

The fluctuating signals were analyzed digitally and both space …

The Influence Of Suction On Energy Distribution In Fully Established Turbulent Pipe Flow, M. Schildknecht, J. A. Miller, G. E. A. Meier

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The influence of suction on the structure of turbulence in fully established pipe flow has been experimentally investigated. Extensive hot-wire measurements indicate major alterations in the turbulent energy distribution, particularly in the wall layers result from mild suction rates, less than 5 percent of the mean mass flow.

Unidimensional Turbulence In A Sheet Flow Under Rainfall - A Stochastic Analysis, H. L. Shahabian, A. Giorgini, J. W. Delleur, A. R. Rao

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Probability distributions of longitudinal velocity fluctuations are presented for cases with and without rainfall. They deviate from the normal distribution. These velocity fluctuations are fitted by an autoregressive - moving average process. The process explains adequately the variance of the series.