Chemical Engineering Commons^™

Boron Nitride Nanotubes Assist The Self-Assembly Of Spherical Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Shells Of Cellulose Nanocrystals In Water, Tanner L. Larson, Brandon J. Heppe, Benjamin S. Flavel, Ralph Krupke, Geyou Ao

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Spherical confinement of cholesteric liquid crystal (ChLC) droplets is emerging as an intriguing approach for achieving complex ordered structures for photonic applications and beyond. Previously, this has been achieved primarily through microfluidic assembly utilizing immiscible solvents or immiscible mesogen-solvent systems, such as oil-water or thermotropic liquid crystal-water systems, respectively. Here, we show the spontaneous assembly of spherical ChLC droplets with isotropic cores from lyotropic liquid crystals of mixed nanorods containing boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in all-aqueous environments. We show that the mixing of as low as 0.094 vol % of pectin-coated BNNTs with isotropic dispersions of …

Few-Layered Conductive Graphene Foams For Electrical Transdifferentiation Of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Into Schwann Cell-Like Phenotypes, Ekin G. Simsar, Peifu Cheng, Tugce Dogruel, Maxsam Donta, Juhyung Jung, Naomi A. Asante, Donald S. Sakaguchi, Surya K. Mallapragada, Piran R. Kidambi, Metin Uz

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

This study investigates the potential of few-layered conductive graphene foams as 3D platforms for the electrical transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into Schwann cell (SC)-like phenotypes for peripheral nerve injury (PNI) treatment. The 3D graphene foams (3D-GF) are cytocompatible with MSCs and created a favorable microenvironment for the cells to attach, grow, proliferate, and transdifferentiate. We demonstrated that MSCs cultured within 3D-GF can be transdifferentiated into SC-like phenotypes using the synergistic effects of electrical stimulation and 3D porous and conductive structure. Our immunocytochemistry and gene expression analyses showed the expression of Schwann cell markers and enhanced secretion of growth …

Atp8b1 Regulates Pip2 Localization And Cleavage Of Pyroptotic Executioner Gasdermin D, Nilam Bhandari, Ashutosh Prince, Mariam R. Khan, Alicia Traughbera, Kalash Neupane, Shuhui W. Lorkowski, Gregory Brubaker, Elif G. Ertugral, Chandrasekhar R. Kothapalli

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Mutations in ATP8B1 cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, with symptoms including pruritus, pancreatitis, fat malabsorption, intestinal inflammation, and failure to thrive. High-throughput studies showed interconnection between ATP8B1 and phosphoinositide (PIPs), but the mechanism linking ATP8B1, lipid metabolism, and inflammation remains unclear. Atp8b1G308V/G308V mouse model, unbiased RNAseq, high-resolution-stimulation emission depltion (STED)-microscopy, and Crispr-Cas9 generated ATP8B1-/- knockouts in hepatocytes/monocytes/macrophages were used to determine role of ATP8B1 in phosphatidylinositol,4-5-bisphosphate (PIP2) trafficking and inflammation. Human ATP8B1, purified from Sf9 insect cells and reconstituted in proteoliposomes, was used to test cell-free PIP2 flip. Various in-vitro techniques were used for testing direct interaction between PIP2 and …

Exploration Of Secondary Structure Directing Agents On The Formation Of Hierarchical And 2d Zeolites, Suleiman Yahaya

ETD Archive

Hierarchical and 2D zeolites address the diffusion limitation of conventional zeolites by enhancing diffusion in the mesopores. So far, the surfactant compounds, which successfully produce hierarchical zeolites, have complex molecular structures making the zeolite synthesis expensive and uncompetitive for commercialization, making cost-effective synthesis of hierarchical and 2D zeolite highly desirable. However, the development of effective synthesis protocols relies on a good understanding of the SDA's influence on crystal morphology development, which is largely unknown. Here, we explore inexpensive and readily available compounds via a dual-SDA strategy and use MFI zeolite as the model system for the research. TPAOH served as …

Influence Of Ligament Locations And Activity Profiles On Risk Of Knee Injury In Adolescents, Alexandria Mallinos

ETD Archive

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured ligament in the body. The overall goal of this project is to develop patient-specific computational pediatric knee models that can accurately predict the in vivo biomechanical environment of the ACL. The foundation of this research is broken down into three specific parts: 1) model construction, 2) model validation, and 3) model application.

Specific Aim #1 developed anatomically accurate specimen-specific finite element representations of pediatric tibiofemoral joints. The models were able to demonstrate the ability for the Open Knee cruciate stereolithography (stl) files to be three-dimensional scaled to create subject-specific ligaments …

Autonomous Raman Hyperspectral Imaging And Analysis; Advances Towards Mapping Crystalline Character In Biologically Important Polymers, Sadeq H. Alkhalifa

ETD Archive

Poly-l-lactic acid has been of a great interest to the medical profession in recent years because of its biodegradability and biocompatibility. The biodegradation rate can be controlled by its crystallinity content. One method to modify its crystallinity content is by cold drawing. Raman spectroscopy is utilized to distinguish between the different crystalline content on the sample. However, a chemical imaging method is needed to characterize the polymer on the macro level. Chemical imaging using Raman spectroscopy is an important method of characterization that is non-invasive and non-destructive. The emphasis of my research has been to develop a method to characterize …

Lipids Affect The Diffusion Of Estradiol In Osteonal Bone, Nicholas Anthony Cimino

ETD Archive

In healthy osteonal bone, embedded osteocytes form an intercellular communication network through overlapping cell membrane extensions, possibly defining an overlooked and clinically relevant lipid-mediated transport pathway for nonpolar molecules. Previous techniques evaluating solute transport in cortical bone limit tissue analysis to microscale areas (less than 1 mm2) using tracers and assumptions that diminish clinical relevance, presenting the need for an improved method to evaluate solute diffusion in macroscale areas (greater than 1 mm2) of osteonal bone. A new diffusion system - constructed of glass and polytetrafluoroethylene - was designed and validated for this purpose, exhibiting minimal adsorption of solutes and …

Serpentine Micromixers Using Extensional Mixing Elements, George Tomaras, Chandrasekhar R. Kothapalli, Petru S. Fodor

Physics Faculty Publications

Computational fluid dynamics modeling was used to characterize the effect of the integration of constrictions defined by the vertices of hyperbolas on the flow structure in microfluidic serpentine channels. In the new topology, the Dean flows characteristic of the pressure-driven fluid motion along curved channels are combined with elongational flows and asymmetric longitudinal eddies that develop in the constriction region. The resulting complex flow structure is characterized by folding and stretching of the fluid volumes, which can promote enhanced mixing. Optimization of the geometrical parameters defining the constriction region allows for the development of an efficient micromixer topology that shows …

Small-Pore Zeolite Membranes: A Review Of Gas Separation Applications And Membrane Preparation, Zishu Cao, Ninad Anjikar, Shaowei Yang

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

There have been significant advancements in small-pore zeolite membranes in recent years. With pore size closely related to many energy- or environment-related gas molecules, small-pore zeolite membranes have demonstrated great potential for the separation of some interested gas pairs, such as CO2/CH4, CO2/N-2 and N-2/CH4. Small-pore zeolite membranes share some characteristics but also have distinctive differences depending on their framework, structure and zeolite chemistry. Through this mini review, the separation performance of different types of zeolite membranes with respect to interested gas pairs will be compared. We aim to give readers an idea of membrane separation status. A few representative …

Role Of Inflammatory Niche And Adult Cardiomyocyte Coculture On Differentiation, Matrix Synthesis, And Secretome Release By Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Jyotsna Joshi, Chandrasekhar R. Kothapalli

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Myocardial infarction (MI) causes cardiomyocyte death, provokes innate immune response, and initiates tissue remodeling. The intrinsic healing process is insufficient to replace the lost cells, or regenerate and restore the functional features of the native myocardium. Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) transplantation is being explored to offer therapeutic potential after MI. Here, we cultured human BM-MSC spheroids in three-dimensional collagenous gels for 28 days under exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (+ TNFα), and coculture with adult human cardiomyocytes, or with conditioned media (CM) pooled from TNFα-stimulated adult cardiomyocytes. MSC differentiation marker (CD90, GATA4, cTnI, cTnT, Cx43, MHC, α-actin) …

Microglia Control Vascular Architecture Via A Tgfβ1 Dependent Paracrine Mechanism Linked To Tissue Mechanics, Tejasvi Dudiki, Julia Meller, Gautam Mahajan, Huan Liu, Irina Zhevlakova, Samantha Stefl, Conner Witherow, Eugene Podrez, Chandrasekhar R. Kothapalli, Tatiana V. Byzova

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

© 2020, The Author(s). Tissue microarchitecture and mechanics are important in development and pathologies of the Central Nervous System (CNS); however, their coordinating mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that during colonization of the retina, microglia contacts the deep layer of high stiffness, which coincides with microglial bipolarization, reduction in TGFβ1 signaling and termination of vascular growth. Likewise, stiff substrates induce microglial bipolarization and diminish TGFβ1 expression in hydrogels. Both microglial bipolarization in vivo and the responses to stiff substrates in vitro require intracellular adaptor Kindlin3 but not microglial integrins. Lack of Kindlin3 causes high microglial contractility, dysregulation of ERK …

Integral Mass Balance (Imb) Method For Measuring Multicomponent Gas Adsorption Equilibria In Nanoporous Materials, Darren P. Broom, Orhan Talu, Michael J. Benham

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

© 2020 American Chemical Society. To assess the performance of an adsorbent for a particular gas separation, and for process design, it is necessary to determine multicomponent gas adsorption equilibria, either experimentally or from predictions based on models or theory. The experimental techniques commonly used for this purpose, however, are time-consuming and typically require large samples. In this article, we describe a new approach, called the Integral Mass Balance (IMB) method, which combines the controlled flow of a gas mixture with in situ gravimetric measurement and gas composition analysis using quadrupole mass spectrometry. The IMB method allows very rapid equilibrium …

Mixing Optimization In Grooved Serpentine Microchannels, Tyler Rhoades, Chandrasekhar R. Kothapalli, Petru S. Fodor

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Computational fluid dynamics modeling at Reynolds numbers ranging from 10 to 100 was used to characterize the performance of a new type of micromixer employing a serpentine channel with a grooved surface. The new topology exploits the overlap between the typical Dean flows present in curved channels due to the centrifugal forces experienced by the fluids, and the helical flows induced by slanted groove-ridge patterns with respect to the direction of the flow. The resulting flows are complex, with multiple vortices and saddle points, leading to enhanced mixing across the section …

Periodic Operation Of A Dynamic Dna Origami Structure Utilizing The Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Phase‐Transition Of Stimulus‐Sensitive Polypeptides, Marisa A. Goetzfried, Kilian Vogele, Andrea Mückl, Marcus Kaiser, Nolan B. Holland, Friedrich C. Simmel, Tobias Pirzer

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Dynamic DNA nanodevices are designed to perform structure‐encoded motion actuated by a variety of different physicochemical stimuli. In this context, hybrid devices utilizing other components than DNA have the potential to considerably expand the library of functionalities. Here, the reversible reconfiguration of a DNA origami structure using the stimulus sensitivity of elastin‐like polypeptides is reported. To this end, a rectangular sheet made using the DNA origami technique is functionalized with these peptides and by applying changes in salt concentration the hydrophilic–hydrophobic phase transition of these peptides actuate the folding of the structure. The on‐demand and reversible switching of the rectangle …

Alterations In Phenotype And Gene Expression Of Adult Human Aneurysmal Smooth Muscle Cells By Exogenous Nitric Oxide, Kurt Farrell, Phillip Simmers, Gautam Mahajana, Ludovic Boytard, Andrew Camardo, Jyotsna Joshi, Anand Ramamurthi, Florence Pine, Chandrasekhar R. Kothapalli

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are characterized by matrix remodeling, elastin degradation, absence of nitric oxide (NO) signaling, and inflammation, influencing smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype and gene expression. Little is known about the biomolecular release and intrinsic biomechanics of human AAA-SMCs. NO delivery could be an attractive therapeutic strategy to restore lost functionality of AAA-SMCs by inhibiting inflammation and cell stiffening. We aim to establish the differences in phenotype and gene expression of adult human AAA-SMCs from healthy SMCs. Based on our previous study which showed benefits of optimal NO dosage delivered via S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) to healthy aortic SMCs, we …

Adsorption Induced Solid Phase Transition Of Mil-53(Al), Rushik G. Bandodkar

ETD Archive

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are nano-porous solids with potential applications in a wide range of fields including gas separation and catalysis. A number of metal organic frameworks show structural transformation and exceptional flexibility on changing the temperature, pressure and adsorption of certain guest molecules. On the contrary, most of the porous solids like zeolites and activated carbon used in applications are rigid. The structural flexibility makes MOF materials very interesting to study and show promise in applications such as sensors, actuators, membrane separation and adsorptive separation. In this study, we examine the chemical potential difference (Δμ) of MIL-53 (Al), a …

Catalytic Waste Gasification: Water-Gas Shift & Selectivity Of Oxidation For Polyethylene, Mason J. Lang

ETD Archive

As landfills approach capacity and take up valuable land space, metropolitan areas have realized the need for waste disposal alternatives. Thus, there has been a widespread use of waste incinerators in Europe and the United States [1]; [2]. Although newer technology has made incinerators more efficient, there is an increasing interest in formulating `greener’ alternatives to incinerators. Gasification converts organic and carbonaceous materials into a combination of gaseous products known as “syngas,” or synthetic gas. This process greatly reduces the amount of hazardous emissions. The syngas produced by gasifiers has a wide range of uses, including their conversion into diesel, …

Measurement Of Red Blood Cell Oxygenation State By Magnetophoresis, Nina A. Smith

ETD Archive

Magnetophoresis of red blood cells (RBCs) at varying partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) is hypothesized to rejuvenate stored blood to be utilized beyond the FDA regulated 42-day storage time. Magnetophoresis is a particle or cells motion induced by an applied magnetic field in a viscous media. The average magnetophoretic mobility of an oxygenated RBC is -0.126x10-6 mm3-s/kg, and a deoxygenated RBC is 3.66x10-6 mm3-s/kg, presenting magnetophoresis as a resource for RBC rejuvenation in hopes of storing it longer than 42 days. The main objective of this paper was to determine if controlling the pO2 within an RBC suspension, can singly- …

Primary Dendrite Trunk Diameter In Al-7wt% Si Alloy Directionally Solidified Aboard The International Space Station, S. R. Upadhyay, Surendra N. Tewari, M. Ghodes, R. N. Grugel, D. R. Poirier, M. Lauer

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Under a NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Agency)-ESA (European Space Agency) collaborative research project, MICAST (Microstructure formation in casting of technical alloys under a diffusive and magnetically controlled convection conditions), three Al-7wt% Si samples (MICAST-6, MICAST-7 and MICAST2-12) were directionally solidified at growth speeds varying from 10 to 50 µm s^-1 aboard the International Space Station to determine the effect of mitigating convection on the primary dendrite array. The observed primary dendrite trunk diameters during steady-state growth of MICAST samples show a good agreement with predictions from a coarsening based model developed by the authors. The trunk diameters in …

Charged Nanoparticles Quench The Propulsion Of Active Janus Colloids, Marola W. Issa, Nicky R. Baumgartner, Mohammed A. Kalil, Shawn D. Ryan, Christopher L. Wirth

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications

Active colloidal particles regularly interact with surfaces in applications ranging from microfluidics to sensing. Recent work has revealed the complex nature of these surface interactions for active particles. Herein, we summarize experiments and simulations that show the impact of charged nanoparticles on the propulsion of an active colloid near a boundary. Adding charged nanoparticles not only decreased the average separation distance of a passive colloid because of depletion attraction as expected but also decreased the apparent propulsion of a Janus colloid to near zero. Complementary agentbased simulations considering the impact of hydrodynamics for active Janus colloids were conducted in the …

Effect Of Cross-Section-Change Induced Advective Flow On The Primary Dendrite Array Morphology Of Hypoeutectic Pb-Sb Alloys During Directional Solidification, K. Pandit, S. R. Upadhyay, Surendra N. Tewari

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

The morphology and distribution of primary dendrites have been examined in Pb-2.2, 5.8 and 10.8 wt. pct. Sb alloy samples directionally solidified (DSed) in ampoules shaped like an hour-glass to examine the influence of cross-section change induced advective flow on the cellular/dendritic interface. This sample design increases the advective flow of the melt towards the array tips, as the liquid-solid interface enters the neck of the ampoule, and then decreases it as the interface exits the neck. The warm solute-rich melt flowing towards the growth front suppresses the extent of side-branching, decreases the primary dendrite spacing, and increases the primary …

Combined Effect Of Oxidative Treatment And Residual Alcohol On The Mechanics Of A Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Laden Interface, William Ivancic, Christopher L. Wirth

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

Single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT & MWCNT) have been investigated over the past three decades because of their excellent properties, including their mechanical strength and large electrical and thermal conductivities. Incorporating CNTs into consumer and industrial products is challenging because of strong attractive interactions, heterogeneity, and lack of separation techniques for these nanomaterials. Further challenges include those associated with CNT interaction and adsorption to interfaces. In the present work, the properties of an air/water interface laden with industrial grade MWCNTs with systematically varied oxidative treatment in nitric acid were measured. The duration of treatment was varied and the surface …

A Reference High-Pressure Co2 Adsorption Isotherm For Ammonium Zsm-5 Zeolite: Results Of An Interlaboratory Study, H. G.T. Nguyen, L. Espinal, R. D. Van Zee, M. Thommes, B. Toman, M. S.L. Hudson, E. Mangano, S. Brandani, D. P. Broom, M. J. Benham, K. Cychosz, P. Bertier, F. Yang, B. M. Krooss, R. L. Siegelman, M. Hakuman, K. Nakai, A. D. Ebner, L. Erden, J. A. Ritter, A. Moran, Orhan Talu, Y. Huang, K. S. Walton, P. Billemont, G. De Weireld

Chemical & Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications

© 2018, The Author(s). This paper reports the results of an international interlaboratory study led by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on the measurement of high-pressure surface excess carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms on NIST Reference Material RM 8852 (ammonium ZSM-5 zeolite), at 293.15 K (20 °C) from 1 kPa up to 4.5 MPa. Eleven laboratories participated in this exercise and, for the first time, high-pressure adsorption reference data are reported using a reference material. An empirical reference equation nex=d(1+exp[(-ln(P)+a)/b])c, [nex-surface excess uptake (mmol/g), P-equilibrium pressure (MPa), a = −6.22, b = 1.97, c = 4.73, and d …

Treatment Of Dye Wastewater Using Dehydrated Peanut Hull, Nikitha Shamirpet

ETD Archive

The release of dye waste water into environment causes harm to aquatic life when they reach drains or other water sources. They pollute the soil and causes change in cycles of plant and animal life through bio-accumulation and nutrient cycle. Dyes which form residue or precipitate causes mutations or changes in the DNA of living organisms in and around the area of release of the dye into atmosphere. In this thesis, several runs were attempted to treat the synthetically prepared dye waste water using dehydrated peanut hull. The initial dye waste water samples were all collected and checked for absorbance, …

Kinetics And Ensemble Dynamics Of Colloidal Ellipsoids Near An Ac Electrode, Jiarui Yan

ETD Archive

The manipulation of colloidal particles via applying electric fields has been studied over the past 30 years due to the unique properties associated with the fabricated colloidal crystals. Most works in this field focused on utilizing an alternating current (AC) electric field with spherical particles. However, utilizing spherical colloidal particles as building blocks for complex microstructures has been challenging. Consequently, more recent work has shifted to employing complex colloids (anisotropic in nature) as building blocks for advanced materials. In our work, the phase diagram and the kinetics of assembling colloidal polystyrene ellipsoids under an AC electric field at low frequencies …

Modeling Liver Diseases Using Hepatic Cell Microarrays, Alexander David Roth

ETD Archive

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an invasive and aggressive cancer of the liver that arises due to chronic cirrhosis. Research into understanding HCC has focused on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) technologies to simulate the liver microenvironment and use animal models to model how HCC affects the rest of the body. 3D hydrogel models are desired because they can mimic the transport behavior observed in vivo by structurally mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) without the ethical concerns of animal models. However, hydrogels can be toxic to cells and require optimal procedures for appropriate handling. In this study, we created 3D models …

Implementation Of A Reverse Staggered-Herringbone Microfluidic Mixer For High-Throughput Polymeric Nanoparticles Synthesis, Alexa Roberts

Undergraduate Research Posters 2018

The goal of this research is to implement and optimize the operating conditions of a microfluidic mixer to synthesize polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) in a high-throughput fashion. Using a reverse staggered-herringbone microfluidic mixer that we recently designed, the effects of experimental conditions such as flowrate and reactant composition on NP characteristics were investigated and optimized. The device design allowed for physical contact between two streams of fluids – one containing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid; PLGA) in acetonitrile and the other deionized water, to allow for efficient mixing and NP precipitation to occur. The resulting NPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and …

Prediction Of Metabolism-Induced Neurotoxicity On A 384pillarplate, Rushabh Patel, Pranav Joshi, Soo-Yeon Kang, Stephen Hong, Parnian Bigdelou

Undergraduate Research Posters 2018

Metabolism of compounds including neurotoxins primarily occurs in the liver by a variety of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) followed by a series of downstream responses. Unmodified (or parent) neurotoxins are transported into human hepatocytes through several influx transporters or via passive diffusion and undergo Phase I and Phase II biotransformation by DMEs before they are cleared. Neurotoxins and their metabolites generated from human hepatocytes could potentially lead to the toxic effects on neural stem cells (NSCs) as the reactive metabolites have potential for producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to irreversible oxidative damage to NSCs via lipid peroxidation, DNA, …

Dendrite Morphology Of Pb-5.8 Sb Alloy: Gradient Freeze Ds With Cross-Section Area Change, Michael Shannon

Undergraduate Research Posters 2018

Directional solidification (DS) is the process of solidifying a metal alloy from one end to another resulting in aligned primary dendrites which are branched tree like features. Alignment of primary dendrites along [100] direction and their uniformity and distribution along the DS length determines the mechanical properties. These properties are especially important for single crystal turbine blade applications in modern gas turbine engines. Convection during solidification plays an important role in formation of detrimental defects, such as, misaligned grains, non-uniformity of dendrites and composition inhomogeneity. In this study the microstructural evolution during “Gradient Freeze DS process”, involving an abrupt cross-section …

A 3d Cancer Cell Migration Assay On A 384-Pillar Plate With Sidewalls, Nicholas Lesh, Alexander Roth, Stephen Hong, Oju Jeon, Eben Alsberg

Undergraduate Research Posters 2018

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive liver cancer where prognosis is heavily tied to metastasis progression. Researchers look to determine the triggers for metastasis to control its spread. The goal of this project is to determine these triggers by quantifying Hep3B cell migration on a high-throughput platform. We infected Hep3B cells with lentiviruses containing mCherry to produce stable fluorescent cells. Next, we determined the stability of growth factors in oxidized, methacrylated alginate (OMA) hydrogel by binding growth factors with methacrylated heparin sulfate (MHS) before encapsulating in OMA, printing onto the 384-pillar plate with sidewalls, and quantifying growth factor release via …