Biological Engineering Commons^™

Stereoscopic Analysis Of Trabecular Bone Orientation In Proximal Human Tibias, K. N. Bachus, M. K. Harman, R. D. Bloebaum

Cells and Materials

The three-dimensional orientation of trabeculae is a key factor in determining the load carrying capabilities of cancellous bone. Previous biomechanical studies have shown that proximal tibias resected parallel to the articulating surface are stronger and stiffer than the contralateral tibias resected perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. However, morphologic evidence was not provided to help explain the mechanical differences.

To determine the orientation of the trabeculae in the medial condyle for both parallel cut and perpendicular cut specimens, a scanning electron microscope and stereoscopic techniques were used. Data showed that tibias cut parallel to the articular surface had …

Approach To Bioremediation Of Contaminated Surface Soils, J. L. Sims, Ronald C. Sims, J. E. Matthews

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

Biological processes, including microbial degradation, have been identified as critical mechanisms for attenuating organic contaminants during transit through the vadose zone to the groundwater. On-site soil remedial measures using biological processes can reduce or eliminate groundwater contamination, thus reducing the need for extensive groundwater monitoring and treatment requirements. On-site remedial systems that utilize the soil as the treatment system accomplish treatment by using naturally occurring microorganisms to treat the contaminants. Treatment often may be enhanced by a variety of physical/chemical methods, such as fertilization, tilling, soil Ph adjustment, moisture control, etc. The development of a bioremediation program for a specific …

Human Health Effects Assays, Ronald C. Sims, J. L. Sims, R. R. Dupont

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

Environmental health risk assessments based upon animal study results, epidemiology, quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs), dose-response relationships, risk perception, and expert systems approaches, and the evaluation of mechanisms of carcinogenesis represent the focus for 1987. The term "biological risk assessment" was discussed by Clayson¹ to describe that part of risk assessment concerned with the relevance of specific animal results to the induction of human cancer. Guidelines for health assessment of suspect developmental toxicants addressed evaluation of data from animal testing studies.² Animal toxicity data on 200 chemicals and epidemiologic data on 30 chemicals was included within a data …

Biological Transformation And Detoxification Of 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene In Soil, K. Park, Ronald C. Sims, W. J. Doucette, J. E. Matthews

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

Biological transformation and detoxification of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anathracene (DMBA) were studied in a nonacclimated sandy loam soil. Parent 14C DMBA biodegraded extensively (62% to 20%), accompanying an increase of metabolite 14C fraction (4% to 53%). Incorporation of DMBA into non extractable soil residue ,4C increased from 12 to 17%, but the increase was not statistically significant. DMBA was transformed into several metabolic products in the soil system, including 4-hydroxy-, 5-hydroxy-, and 10-hydroxy-DMBA and 7,12-dihydro 12-methyl-7-methylene-benz(a)anthracene-12-ol. High polarity transformation products of DMBA demonstrated a negative mu tagenic response with the Ames mutagenicity assay, strain TA 100, for both low and neutral pH soils. …

Fate And Transport Of Organics In Soil: Model Predictions And Experimental Results, B. D. Symons, Ronald C. Sims, W. J. Grenney

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

Laboratory batch reactors were used to generate quantitative information about the fate of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA) compounds in soil systems. First-order degradation rates and equilibrium partition coefficients determined in laboratory studies were used in the Vadose Zone Interactive Processes (VIP) mathematical model to predict the fate and behavior of the PNA compounds as a function of time and soil depth. Predicted model results were compared with independent laboratory soil column studies for model validation. The VIP model provided a good approximation of the degradation and transport of the seven PNA compounds evaluated after 6 months of incubation in soil. …

A Mathematical Model For The Fate Of Hazardous Substances In Soil: Model Description And Experimental Results, W. Greeney, C. Caupp, Ronald C. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

A mathematical model (VIP) was developed and implemented for evaluating the fate of a hazardous substance in the unsaturated zone of the soil. The model simulates vadose zone processes including volatilization, degradation, adsorption/desorption, advection, and dispersion. Four physical phases in the vadose zone are considered including water, oil, soil grains, and soil-pore air (unsaturated pore space). The Vadose Zone Interactive Processes (VIP) model is appropriate for sites under RCRA and CERCLA (Superfund) categorization since site-specific soil-waste processes affecting transport of hazardous chemicals through the vadose zone are incorporated in the model. A RCRA land treatment system was chosen as the …

The Rate Of Benzo[A]Pyrene Apparent Loss In A Natural And Manure Amended Clay Loam Soil, M. P. Coover, Ronald C. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

A study was conducted to evaluate the rate of Benzo[a]pyrene apparent loss from a previously uncontaminated agricultural clay loam soil and to determine the effect of cow manure, as organic substrate amendment, on B[a]P apparent loss. Soil microcosms were spiked with 10 μg/g B[a]P and incubated at 20°C. Triplicate sets of microcosms were periodically removed from incubation and solvent extracted. Concentrations of B[a]P in the soil were determined by HPLC analysis of the extracts. Under the conditions of this study manure was an ineffective amendment for increasing the rate of B[a]P apparent loss in the Durant clay loam soil. In …

The Effect Of Temperature On Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Persistence In An Unacclimated Agricultural Soil, M. P. Coover, Ronald C. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature on the persistence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) incubated in an unacclimated agricultural sandy loam soil. Soil microcosms were spiked with 16 priority pollutant PAHs and placed in incubation chambers at 10, 20, and 30°C. Triplicate sets of microcosms at each temperature were periodically removed from incubation over the 240 day study period and solvent extracted. Concentrations of PAHs in the soil were determined by HPLC analysis of the extracts. Substantial loss of three-ring compounds was observed at all temperatures whereas there was very little apparent loss of five …

Review And Evaluation Of Current Design And Management Practices For Land Treatment Units Receiving Petroleum Wastes, J. P. Martin, Ronald C. Sims, J. Matthews

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

Land treatment is categorized in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) as one of the land disposal options for managing hazardous wastes. Land treatment relies on detoxification, degradation, and immobilization of hazardous waste constituents within the defined treatment zone to ensure protection of surface water, groundwater, and air. Under the authority of Subtitle C of RCRA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has promulgated regulations governing the treatment of hazardous wastes in land treatment units (40 CRF, Part 264, Subpart M, July, 1982).

This paper describes the land treatment practices used by petroleum waste land treatment facilities in …

The Application And Effectiveness Of Slow Sand Filtration In The United States, L. A. Slezak, Ronald C. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

A survey of 27 slow sand filtration plants in the United States indicated that most of these plants are currently serving communities of fewer than 10 000 persons, are more than 50 years old, and are effective and inexpensive to operate. A slow sand filtration research facility in Logan, Utah, was compared with the operating plants to determine if locally available, unsieved sand achieved similar results. The 75‐m³/d research facility performed well in removing turbidity, coliform bacteria, and particles of a size representative of Giardia cysts.

Bioassays- Procedures And Results, A. F. Maciorowski, L. W. Little, L. F. Raynor, Ronald C. Sims, J. L. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

Bioassay procedures to describe, evaluate, and predict the potential hazard of toxic materials to organisms and ecosystems, and the health-related aspects of polluted waters continue to receive widespread attention. Symposium proceedings and books pertinent to toxic substances management and test procedures have appeared, as have several literature reviews pertinent to specific pollutants. The proceedings of the fifth annual ASTM symposium on aquatic toxicology presented a collection of papers directed to research needs in aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, new concepts in aquatic toxicology, biological availability and sediment toxicity, and hazard assessment and water quality criteria.¹ A state-of-the-art overview pertinent …

Bioassays- Procedures And Results, A. F. Maciorowski, L. W. Little, Ronald C. Sims, J. L. Sims

Biological Engineering Faculty Publications

Bioassay procedures to describe, evaluate, and predict potential hazard of toxic materials to organisms, ecosystems, and health-related aspects of polluted waters continue to receive widespread attention. However, synthesizing these diverse theoretical, methodological, and procedural entities into an integrated multidisciplinary approach to evaluate environ mental hazards of toxic substances remains difficult. Symposia proceedings pertinent to the toxic substances management in ecosystems have appeared¹ and provide an overview of major problems and emerging solutions, including chapters on new bioassay protocols development, and multiple exposure toxicity paradigms. Conclusions and recommendations resulting from a toxicity testing workshop² discussed current state-of-the-art, identified needed …

Effects Of Fertilizers On Cultured Salt Marsh Plants, Ruppia And Chara, Scott Marshall Stenquist

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Widgeongrass (Ruppia maritima), muskgrass (Chara Sp.), and midge larvae (family Chironomidae) were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions using a solution of Logan tap water, 3000 ppm. sodium chloride, and an algicide-fungicide inhibiter. Soil, vegetation, and invertebrates came from a spring-fed marsh in western Utah. Ammonium sulfate, treble superphosphate, and sewage sludge fertilizers were applied to the plants at 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 300 pounds per acre equivalents of ammonium sulfate; 5, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 300 pounds per acre equivalents of treble superphsophate; and 5, 25, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500,700, and …

A Study Of Flooded And Rain Infiltration Relations With Surface Ponding, Yehia Z. El-Shafei

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The non-linear partial differential equation (combination of Darcy's law and continuity equation) has been used in this investigation to predict the flooded infiltration through soils possessing appreciable amount of clay and initially drier than its field capacity. One of the most important assumptions made in solving the differential equation is that the capillary conductivity-moisture content relationship is unique for each initial moisture content computation due to the different reaction of clay minerals with different initial moisture contents.

Mathematical equations were also derived to predict:

1. The rate of the wetting front advance, prior to the occurrence of surface ponding, taking into …

A Study Of Evaporation And Evapotranspiration In Peru, Fernando Chanduvi-Acuña

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Twenty-four equations for estimating evaporation and/or evapotranspiration were compared with measured Piche evaporation. At least 1728 months of records from 12 Peruvian stations were analyzed in this study.

Computer programs were developed to work this study and the results were compared by plotting.

It has been found that the equation that best fits the Piche evaporation in the low elevation stations in Peru is Christiansen's formula (ET2) which was used as a base for his formula for Class A pan evaporation (EVC).

Study Of Sheltered Evaporation In Colombia, Guillermo Pardo-Bonilla

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Equations, tables, and graphs for estimating evaporation from sheltered evaporimeters were developed, based on data from 20 stations in Colombia.

Computer programs and plottings were the basic tools to work out the equations. The form of the simplified final equation is

Ev = kC_VPDC_T

in which

• Ev is the evaporation in millimeters per day
• K is a constant
• C_VPD is the vapor pressure deficit coefficient
• C_T is the temperature coefficient

Statistical parameters were determined to compare the measured evaporation with the Christiansen-Guillen formula and the newly developed formulas.

Evaporation And Evapotransipration In Venezuela, Hidalgo Guillén Echeverría

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Equations and tables for estimating Fuess evaporation from climatological data were developed. Ten years of average records from 22 stations in Venezuela were analyzed in order to develop the equations.

Mathematical regression analysis, and plotting and computer programs were used to work out the equations. The form of the final expression for estimating Fuess evaporation is as follows:
Ev = K C_RC_TC_WC_HC_DTC_SC_M
Pan evaporation was computed using the Christiansen, Mathison, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves, Penman, and Kohler formulas. The computed pan evaporation from these formulas, measured Fuess evaporation, and …

Development Of A Drainage Function For The Transient Case, And A Two-Dimensional Ground-Water Mound Study To Evaluate Aquifer Parameters, Seid Abdollah Jenab

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A drainage function, D (u_n), is developed to describe the rate of fall and the shape of the water table between drains for an infinite series of parallel drains. The drainage function is evaluated and presented graphically for design purposes. The solution of the drainage function is compared with the solution of Glover's transient state drainage equation. The two equations agreed very well, but the agreement was not as good for very high values of √(4αt)/ L.

The drainage function, D (u_n ), was solved for the point midway between drains and the solution was presented graphically …

Estimation Of Pan Evaporation And Potential Evapotranspiration Of Rice In The Central Plain Of Thailand By Using Various Formulas Based On Climatological Data, Paitoon Palayasoot

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Water has become one of major national concerns, and it is the limiting factor in the expansion of an irrigated agriculture. Irrigation development is rapidly growing all over the world. New lands are being brought under irrigation and older irrigation lands are being improved. In the planning and operation of an irrigation project, the estimation of water requirements and evapotranspiration, or consumptive use, requires careful consideration. A knowledge of evapotranspiration is playing an increasingly important part in irrigation science. It is the best index of water requirements which represent the amount of water that should be applied by irrigation for …

A Study Of Sprinkler Uniformity Evaluation Methods, Baha Dabbous

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The use of water in homes, on farms, by factories, and for recreational purposes has been increasing rapidly. Water use has doubled in the last three decades. By 1980, water use is expected to be double the current use. In arid and semi-arid regions, the practice of successful profit-yielding agriculture often depends on irrigation. Irrigation is, in turn, dependent upon a water supply which is limited. The highest possible efficiency should be maintained if maximum utilization of the available water resources for irrigation is desired. Sprinkler irrigation allows, among other things, high water application efficiencies with good distribution uniformities.

Drainage Of Land Overlying An Artesian Aquifer: Logan-Cache Airport, John Paul Riley

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Drainage problem Logan-Cache Airport is situated approximately 4 miles northwest of Logan, Utah, in sections 8, 9, 16, and 17, Township 12 north, Range 1 east, of Salt Lake Base and Meridian. The area of approximately 200 acres is a part of what is known as cache County Drainage District No.2. This district in itself contains more than 8,400 acres of waterlogged lands. Drainage of the se lands has, for many years, been a baffling and unsolved problem, complicated by 3 factors: (a) The whole of the valley in this area is underlain by an artesian ground-water reservoir. (b) The …

Canal Seepage Loss Investigations In The Lewiston Area, Utah, Robert V. Thurmond

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

With population, industry, and irrigation ever increasing in the arid west, there arises new and greater demands for water. Much of the water now urgently needed is lost as seepage from the many miles of canals in the western states.

Rohwer and Stout (18) have estimated that in the western states from one-third to one-half of the water diverted for irrigation is lost before it reaches the farmers' fields. Of these losses, seepage probably accounts for the greatest loss. It is reported by the Bureau of Reclamation (14) that, of the 14,600,000 acre feet of water diverted on 36 projects …

Irrigation Expansion On The Sevier River, Utah, With Special Reference To The Piute Project, O. W. Monson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

On January 16, 1908, the State Board of Land Commissioners, on behalf of the State of Utah, undertook to build a reclamation project in the Sevier River Valley, intended to reclaim between 25,000 to 35,000 acres of the virgin lands lying on the west side of Sevier River in Sevier and San Pete Counties. From January, 1908 to January, 1914, the State expended nearly $1,000,000 for the construction of the reservior dm and the canal leading from it. Since that time nearly $200,000 has been spent for supplementary construction. This money was supplied by the State Reservior Land Grant Fund, …