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Articles 211 - 240 of 300
Full-Text Articles in Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
Electrochemical Capacitance Measurements To Study Molecular Surface Interactions, Nrutya Madduri
Electrochemical Capacitance Measurements To Study Molecular Surface Interactions, Nrutya Madduri
All Theses
The behavior of biological molecules such as proteins at the electrode/electrolyte has been of considerable interest for the development of biosensors. Several investigative techniques including Potentiometry, Voltammetry, Amperometry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy are being employed to study and analyze these molecular surface interactions. Investigative techniques such as cyclic voltammetry involve the application of a large potential to probe the electrode characteristics and capture the bulk membranous events to obtain the required measurements. This study looks to achieve two major objectives through the use of a novel technique, namely, the double layer capacitive method: 1) to analyze the electrochemical behavior of …
Development Of A Lower Extremity Mobility Assessment Methodology For Motor Vehicle Operation And Initial Validation, Justin Arnosky
Development Of A Lower Extremity Mobility Assessment Methodology For Motor Vehicle Operation And Initial Validation, Justin Arnosky
All Theses
Limited quantifiable data exists on lower extremity mobility and function during driving. To date, the most appropriate existing measures of successful driving function are assessed by a driving rehabilitation specialist during an on-road evaluation. Establishing the kinematic chain- or the order and magnitude in which joints are moved- during driving may prove to be a useful tool in lower extremity function assessment in drivers. To this end, a study was conducted instrumenting both the left and right legs of healthy licensed male drivers (18-26 years old) with a system of angle measuring goniometers (Biometrics, Ltd.) in a driving simulator (DriveSafety …
Evaluation Of A Bisphosphonate Enriched Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene For Enhanced Total Joint Replacement Bearing Surface Functionality, Cassandra Wright-Walker
Evaluation Of A Bisphosphonate Enriched Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene For Enhanced Total Joint Replacement Bearing Surface Functionality, Cassandra Wright-Walker
All Dissertations
Each year in the United States there is an increasing trend of patients receiving total joint replacement (TJR) procedures. Approximately a half million total knee replacements (TKRs) are performed annually in the United States with increasing prevalence attributed to baby-boomers, obesity, older, and younger patients. This trend is also seen for total hip replacements (THRs) as well. The use of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) inserts in TJRs results in wear particle-induced osteolysis, which is the predominant cause for prosthesis failure and revision surgery. Sub-micron size particle generation is inevitable despite the numerous efforts in improving this bearing material. …
Quantitative, Spatial Imaging Based Measurements To Assess Cellular Health And Oxygenation In A Tissue Engineered Test System, Erik Bland
All Dissertations
Three-dimensional in vitro tissue test systems are employed to examine cell behavior, test responses to drugs and vaccines, and answer basic biological questions. These systems are more physiologically relevant than two-dimensional cell cultures, and are more relevant, easier and less expensive to maintain than animal models. However, methods used to measure cell behavior and viability have been developed specifically for two-dimensional cell cultures or animal models, and are often not optimally translated to three-dimensional in vitro test systems. The purpose of this work was to aid in the development of three-dimensional, spatially controlled in vitro test systems, and to develop …
Assembly And Disassembly Of Myofibrils In Dissociated Cardiomyocytes, Honghai Liu
Assembly And Disassembly Of Myofibrils In Dissociated Cardiomyocytes, Honghai Liu
All Dissertations
Significance
1) We have developed a hybrid TPEF-SHG imaging system with an onstage incubator for long-term living-cell imaging. Using the imaging system, the assembly of myosin filaments onto the myofibrils can be investigated without fluorescently labeling the specific proteins, which enabled us to study the dynamic process of the assembly and dedifferentiation of myofibrils in living cardiomyocytes without labeling any sarcomeric proteins for long time.
2) We observed the addition of new sarcomeres during myofibrillogenesis while neonatal cardiomyocytes were spreading on the substrate for up to 10 hours under the customized TPEF-SHG imaging system. New-sarcomere addition at both the ends …
Nanopillar Based Electrochemical Biosensor For Monitoring Microfluidic Based Cell Culture, Rajan Gangadharan
Nanopillar Based Electrochemical Biosensor For Monitoring Microfluidic Based Cell Culture, Rajan Gangadharan
All Dissertations
In-vitro assays using cultured cells have been widely performed for studying many aspects of cell biology and cell physiology. These assays also form the basis of cell based sensing. Presently, analysis procedures on cell cultures are done using techniques that are not integrated with the cell culture system. This approach makes continuous and real-time in-vitro measurements difficult. It is well known that the availability of continuous online measurements for extended periods of time will help provide a better understanding and will give better insight into cell physiological events.
With this motivation we developed a highly sensitive, selective and stable microfluidic …
Dynamic Endothelialization Of Aortic Heart Valve Scaffolds, Richard Pascal
Dynamic Endothelialization Of Aortic Heart Valve Scaffolds, Richard Pascal
All Theses
Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer worldwide affecting both the heart and blood vessels. Valvular heart disease can arise from calcification, and structural deterioration resulting in a stenotic or regurgitant valve incapable of proper function. With approximately 275,000 valve replacements performed annually worldwide, the need for replacement heart valves is well established. Currently, treatment of valvular heart disease is limited to two options (mechanical and bioprosthetic). Both replacement valves have their own drawbacks, which have driven research in the bioengineering field to focus on the development of a tissue engineered heart valve (TEHV) capable of growth and self-repair.
A …
Characterizing Mechanical Heterogeneity In Cardiovascular Cells, Sandra Deitch
Characterizing Mechanical Heterogeneity In Cardiovascular Cells, Sandra Deitch
All Dissertations
Most tissue-level mechanical models assume homogeneous mechanical properties within a single cell type. However, measurements of cellular mechanical properties show large variability in whole-cell mechanical properties between cells from a single population. This heterogeneity has been observed in many cell populations and with several measurement techniques but the sources are not yet fully understood. Cell mechanical properties are directly related to the composition and organization of the cytoskeleton, which is physically coupled to neighboring cells through adherens junctions and to underlying matrix scaffolds through focal adhesion complexes. As such, we believe that this high level of heterogeneity can be attributed …
A Computational Investigation For Potential Improvements, Angela Grujicic
A Computational Investigation For Potential Improvements, Angela Grujicic
All Theses
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), colloquially known as a concussion, is the most common injury in modern wars. This domination of mTBI is hypothesized to be due to a combination of unconventional explosives and better protection and care of the patients, increasing survivability. While the majority of the body is covered in armor, the head is left relatively unprotected. The current Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) has been designed to protect the warfighter against ballistic impacts and impacts against a hard surface, with little to no regard to blast loading. Polyureas, a class of microsegregated, elastomeric copolymers, has been shown to …
'Exploring The Potential Of Using Antimicrobial Peptides And Copper Nanoparticles In Tackling Surgical Site Infections', Sriram Sankar
'Exploring The Potential Of Using Antimicrobial Peptides And Copper Nanoparticles In Tackling Surgical Site Infections', Sriram Sankar
All Theses
Postoperative wound site infections remain a major source of illness with approximately 500,000 infections per year, among an estimated 27 million surgical procedures. Such infections account for approximately one quarter of the estimated 2 million nosocomial infections in the United States which causes about 90,000 deaths each year. More than 70% of the bacteria that causes such infections are resistant to at least one of the antibiotics and result in longer hospitalization; besides requiring second option treatments that may be less effective, more toxic and expensive. Hence, there is a frenetic search for alternatives and in this regard, antimicrobial peptides …
Electrical Coupling Between Micropatterned Cardiomyocytes And Stem Cells, Zhen Ma
Electrical Coupling Between Micropatterned Cardiomyocytes And Stem Cells, Zhen Ma
All Dissertations
To understand how stem cells functionally couple with native cardiomyocytes is crucial for cell-based therapies to restore the loss of cardiomyocytes that occurs during heart infarction and other cardiac diseases. Due to the complexity of the in vivo environment, our knowledge of cell coupling is heavily dependent on cell-culture models. However, conventional in vitro studies involve undefined cell shapes and random length of cell-cell contacts in addition to the presence of multiple homotypic and heterotypic contacts between interacting cells. Thus, it has not been feasible to study electrical coupling corresponding to isolated specific types of cell contact modes.
To address …
Development Of A Dynamic In Vitro Model Of A Stented Blood Vessel To Evaluate The Effects Of Stent Strut Material Selection And Surface Coating On Smooth Muscle Cell Response, Bradley Winn
All Dissertations
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in The United States and Europe, accounting for approximately half of all deaths. The most common form of cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis, which is characterized by the formation of fatty atheromatous plaques that can grow to occlude the vessel lumen, thus causing ischemia distal to the occlusion. This is commonly treated using balloon angioplasty, which is usually done in conjunction with the deployment of a stent. Stent deployment helps hold the vessel open following the local injury caused by balloon inflation and prevents elastic recoil and subsequent negative remodeling. Stenting has been …
Interfacial Force Field Parameterization Using The Dual Force Field Charmm Program For The Accurate Simulation Of Peptide-Surface Interaction, Nadeem Vellore
Interfacial Force Field Parameterization Using The Dual Force Field Charmm Program For The Accurate Simulation Of Peptide-Surface Interaction, Nadeem Vellore
All Dissertations
Protein adsorption to solid material surfaces is a complex phenomenon and various factors play a role in controlling these processes. Inherent limitations to understand these biological interactions using experimental approaches alone have led to the possibility of exploring these systems using computational molecular simulation methodologies. Before confidence can be placed on these computational protocols, however, rigorous validation of the applicability of these methods to accurately represent protein adsorption processes is needed. In this research, we evaluated the use of all-atom empirical force field (FF) based simulations using the CHARMM simulation program and FF for the study of peptide adsorption processes …
Effects Of Microenvironment On Growth And Differentiation Of Human Dental Pulp Cells, Laura Datko
Effects Of Microenvironment On Growth And Differentiation Of Human Dental Pulp Cells, Laura Datko
All Theses
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have recently been described as a potential stem cell source for various regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications. They appear to be multipotent, however more characterization is necessary to determine the true potential of these cells. An important aspect of using DPSCs, or any stem cell type, tissue engineering application is the microenvironment within the construct. The microenvironment could include construct mechanical properties, construct composition, and 3D dynamic conditions in vivo. This work aims to study those specific microenvironment effects on DPSCs. To determine the effects of mechanical properties of the substrate on DPSCs, they …
Application Of Nanotechnology For Targeted Delivery Of Antibacterial Enzymes And For Enzyme-Based Coatings On Medical Devices And Implants, Rohan Satishkumar
Application Of Nanotechnology For Targeted Delivery Of Antibacterial Enzymes And For Enzyme-Based Coatings On Medical Devices And Implants, Rohan Satishkumar
All Dissertations
The frequency of S. aureus infection and subsequent biofilm formation associated with vascular catheterization has been increasing in recent years and often begins as a local colonization at the site of the catheter insertion. Antimicrobial enzymes and peptides, which are effective against a broad range of pathogens and low rates of resistance, have attracted attention as promising alternative candidates in treatment of infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria. The use of nanoparticles as carriers for enzymes, in addition to their size, charge, high surface area per volume etc. offers targeted delivery of enzymes to pathogenic bacteria. We proposed to use …
Methods Development And Force Field Evaluation For Molecular Simulations Of Interactions Between Structured Peptides And Functionalized Material Surfaces, Galen Collier
All Dissertations
The process of protein adsorption to material surfaces is highly complex and it is one of the most fundamental concepts upon which progress in the field of bioengineering is based. The strategic design of material surfaces for optimal utility in specific biological environments is absolutely dependent upon a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying protein adsorption, yet there is still a very limited understanding of these mechanisms. The primary reason for this lack of understanding is that protein adsorption is a dynamic process which occurs at the atomic and macromolecular scale, where experimental analyses provide a view that is static …
Novel Nanofiber Structures And Advanced Tissue Engineering Applications, Vince Beachley
Novel Nanofiber Structures And Advanced Tissue Engineering Applications, Vince Beachley
All Dissertations
Extracellular matrix (ECM) nanofibers such as collagen and elastin make up an important component of natural tissues. These structural components serve to impart mechanical strength and provide locations for cell attachment and biomolecule storage. Cells respond to their structural environment in a wide variety of ways beyond physical support, and it has been demonstrated that this environment directly modulates cell behaviors such as, morphology, differentiation, ECM production, attachment, and migration. ECM nanofibers also play an important role as a template for tissue formation during development, remodeling, and regeneration. Nanofiber based tissue engineering strategies aim to mimic the geometry of the …
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Response To Gold Nanoparticles, William Mcallister
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Response To Gold Nanoparticles, William Mcallister
All Theses
In this master's thesis we look at elucidating the interactions between nanoparticles and cells. Specifically, we looked at how the cell mechanics are affected, cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles, and shifts in cell phenotypes. There has been much research looking into whether nanoparticles are cytotoxic, but limited amounts looking at their effect on mechanics especially with vascular smooth muscle cells. This cell type has two distinct phenotypes of synthetic and contractile that each serve different purposes physiologically.
The first experiments we did were cytotoxicity assays to see if the cells could survive the treatment with nanoparticles. If the cells died within …
In Vitro Validation Of Finite Element Analysis Of Blood Flow In Deformable Models, Ethan Kung, Andrea S. Les, C. Alberto Figueroa, Francisco Medina, Karina Arcaute, Ryan B. Wicker, Michael V. Mcconnell, Charles A. Taylor
In Vitro Validation Of Finite Element Analysis Of Blood Flow In Deformable Models, Ethan Kung, Andrea S. Les, C. Alberto Figueroa, Francisco Medina, Karina Arcaute, Ryan B. Wicker, Michael V. Mcconnell, Charles A. Taylor
Publications
The purpose of this article is to validate numerical simulations of flow and pressure incorporating deformable walls using in vitro flow phantoms under physiological flow and pressure conditions. We constructed two deformable flow phantoms mimicking a normal and a restricted thoracic aorta, and used a Windkessel model at the outlet boundary. We acquired flow and pressure data in the phantom while it operated under physiological conditions. Next, in silico numerical simulations were performed, and velocities, flows, and pressures in the in silico simulations were compared to those measured in the in vitro phantoms. The experimental measurements and simulated results of …
In Vitro Validation Of Finite-Element Model Of Aaa Hemodynamics Incorporating Realistic Outlet Boundary Conditions, Ethan Kung, Andrea S. Les, Francisco Medina, Ryan B. Wicker, Michael V. Mcconnell, Charles A. Taylor
In Vitro Validation Of Finite-Element Model Of Aaa Hemodynamics Incorporating Realistic Outlet Boundary Conditions, Ethan Kung, Andrea S. Les, Francisco Medina, Ryan B. Wicker, Michael V. Mcconnell, Charles A. Taylor
Publications
The purpose of this study is to validate numerical simulations of flow and pressure in an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PCMRI) and an in vitro phantom under physiological flow and pressure conditions. We constructed a two-outlet physical flow phantom based on patient imaging data of an AAA and developed a physical Windkessel model to use as outlet boundary conditions. We then acquired PCMRI data in the phantom while it operated under conditions mimicking a resting and a light exercise physiological state. Next, we performed in silico numerical simulations and compared experimentally measured velocities, flows, and …
Exploring The Potential Of Inkjet Printing For The Fabrication Of Tissue Test Systems, Vidya Seshadri
Exploring The Potential Of Inkjet Printing For The Fabrication Of Tissue Test Systems, Vidya Seshadri
All Theses
Animal models and two-dimensional assays involved in drug testing, vaccine development and basic scientific discovery are not an accurate representation of the human body; hence there is a need to develop new bench top methodologies which are better suited to yield information about in vivo behavior. There is a paucity of reliable in vitro-derived information regarding the reasons for the cause and progression of diseases. These concerns have lead to the development of three-dimensional systems which can facilitate improved understanding of disease etiology and also can bridge the path to the clinic.
The long term goal, beyond the scope of …
Neomycin-Enhanced Carbodiimide Cross-Linking For Glycosaminoglycan Stability In Bioprosthetic Heart Valves, Joshua Leong
Neomycin-Enhanced Carbodiimide Cross-Linking For Glycosaminoglycan Stability In Bioprosthetic Heart Valves, Joshua Leong
All Theses
Valvular heart diseases lead to over 290,000 heart valve replacements worldwide each year, and approximately half of these involve replacement with a bioprosthetic heart valve (BHV) [1]. BHVs exhibit excellent hemocompatibility, but suffer from inadequate long-term durability with most adult implanted valves failing within 12 to 15 years after implantation [2]. Although this may be adequate for some individuals, BHV implantation may be contraindicated in younger individuals to avoid reoperation. Even in elder recipients, valve dysfunction can still cause death or reoperation that could be avoided with increased BHV durability. Therefore, investigation into methods of increasing BHV durability can not …
Characterization And Evaluation Of A Novel Tissue Engineered Aortic Heart Valve Construct, Mary Tedder
Characterization And Evaluation Of A Novel Tissue Engineered Aortic Heart Valve Construct, Mary Tedder
All Dissertations
Tissue engineering holds great promise for treatment of valvular diseases. Scaffolds for engineered heart valves must function immediately after implantation, but must also permit repopulation with autologous host cells and facilitate gradual remodeling.
Native aortic heart valves are composed of three layers, i.e. two strong external fibrous layers (ventricularis and fibrosa) separated by a central, highly hydrated spongiosa. The fibrous layers provide strength and resilience while the spongiosa layer facilitates shearing of the external layers. Our working hypothesis is that partially cross-linked collagen scaffolds that closely mimic the layered histo-architecture of the native valve would fulfill these requirements. To test …
Novel Vascular Grafts Based On Polyphenol-Stabilized Acellular Tissue Scaffolds, Ting-Hsien Chuang
Novel Vascular Grafts Based On Polyphenol-Stabilized Acellular Tissue Scaffolds, Ting-Hsien Chuang
All Dissertations
The Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The most common form of CVDs is occlusion of blood flow thus limiting blood supply to specific tissues or organs. Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of coronary heart disease and stroke, which were responsible for more than 25% of deaths in 2004.
The demand for vascular graft is huge. In United States alone, approximately 500,000 coronary artery bypass graft surgeries are performed annually. Synthetic polymers such as Dacron and ePTFE have been successfully applied in large diameter blood vessel prosthesis; however, for small diameter (inner …
Evaluation Of Factors That Modulate Cellular Adipogenesis For Breast Tissue Engineering Strategies, Cheryl Gomillion
Evaluation Of Factors That Modulate Cellular Adipogenesis For Breast Tissue Engineering Strategies, Cheryl Gomillion
All Dissertations
It is estimated that this year more than 200,000 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer. Treatment for most occurrences of breast cancer will often include surgical removal of the tumorigenic tissue, resulting in a soft tissue defect within the subcutaneous tissue of the skin. Post-surgical reconstruction methods are often sought by patients to restore the aesthetic function of the breast via cellular or non-cellular methods; however, because of complications associated with currently used methods for breast reconstruction, researchers are investigating tissue engineering methods to produce viable autologous adipose tissue for breast reconstruction.
Previous research in …
Characterization Of Anti-Proteolytic And Anti-Proliferative Activities Of Pentagalloylglucose; Its Potential Application As A Therapeutic Agent In Vascular Diseases, Chaitra Cheluvaraju
Characterization Of Anti-Proteolytic And Anti-Proliferative Activities Of Pentagalloylglucose; Its Potential Application As A Therapeutic Agent In Vascular Diseases, Chaitra Cheluvaraju
All Dissertations
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality in the United States and will cost around $500 billion this year alone. Elevated proteolytic activity, increased proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells are hallmarks of atherosclerosis, stenosis and aortic aneurysms. These diseases often manifest the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like cells followed by deposition of hydroxyapatite–like mineral in the arterial walls.
Currently, there are no standard treatments available for vascular calcification or aneurysms. Atherosclerosis treatment options are limited to statins while balloon angioplasty and stenting – surgical procedures for stenosis, often end in restenosis. Therefore, we …
Modulated Properties Of Fully Absorbable Bicomponent Meshes, Shawn Peniston
Modulated Properties Of Fully Absorbable Bicomponent Meshes, Shawn Peniston
All Dissertations
Current meshes used for soft-tissue repair are mostly composed of single component, nonabsorbable yarn constructions, limiting the ability to modulate their properties. This situation has left the majority of soft tissue repair load-bearing applications to suffer distinctly from undesirable features associated, in part, with mesh inability to (1) possess short-term stiffness to facilitate tissue stability during the development of wound strength; (2) gradually transfer the perceived mechanical load as the wound builds mechanical integrity; and (3) provide compliance with load transfer to the remodeling and maturing mesh/tissue complex. The likelihood of long-term complications is reduced for fully absorbable systems with …
Influence Of Topography Of Endovascular Stent Material On Smooth Muscle Cell Response, Vipul Taneja
Influence Of Topography Of Endovascular Stent Material On Smooth Muscle Cell Response, Vipul Taneja
All Theses
Although implantation of endovascular stents for the treatment of coronary and peripheral artery diseases has been one of the most rapidly used medical interventions, significant limitations in terms of a restenosis rate of 10-30% still persists. Neointimal hyperplasia characterized by a phenotypic shift of smooth muscle cells from contractile to synthetic type, has been deemed to be the predominant cause of restenosis. A number of stent surface parameters, including topography, have been attributed to play an important role in stent performance. Although endothelial cell and thrombotic response to surface roughness have been well evaluated, the effect of topography of the …
Vena Cava As An Alternative To Pericardium In Bioprosthetic Percutaneous Heart Valves, Amy Munnelly
Vena Cava As An Alternative To Pericardium In Bioprosthetic Percutaneous Heart Valves, Amy Munnelly
All Theses
Valve disease is a specialized form of cardiovascular disease that specifically affects the heart valves. Heart valves serve the vital function of maintaining unidirectional blood flow through the chambers of the heart during the cardiac cycle; however, as valve disease progresses, this function can become severely compromised [1]. Currently, the only cure for valve disease is to replace the defective valve with an engineered substitute. Each year, over 300,000 heart valve replacement surgeries are performed worldwide [2], and this number is expected to continue growing as life expectancies increase [3].
In the United States, the most common form of valve …
Development Of A Physical Windkessel Module To Re-Create In Vivo Vascular Flow Impedance For In Vitro Experiments, Ethan Kung, Charles A. Taylor
Development Of A Physical Windkessel Module To Re-Create In Vivo Vascular Flow Impedance For In Vitro Experiments, Ethan Kung, Charles A. Taylor
Publications
To create and characterize a physical Windkessel module that can provide realistic and predictable vascular impedances for in vitro flow experiments used for computational fluid dynamics validation, and other investigations of the cardiovascular system and medical devices. We developed practical design and manufacturing methods for constructing flow resistance and capacitance units. Using these units we assembled a Windkessel impedance module and defined its corresponding analytical model incorporating an inductance to account for fluid momentum. We tested various resistance units and Windkessel modules using a flow system, and compared experimental measurements to analytical predictions of pressure, flow, and impedance. The resistance …