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Articles 61 - 90 of 683
Full-Text Articles in Aerospace Engineering
Sensitivity Study Of Calibrated Data Center Models To Minimize Site Survey Time Using Cfd, Saurabh Singh
Sensitivity Study Of Calibrated Data Center Models To Minimize Site Survey Time Using Cfd, Saurabh Singh
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Data center (DC) consists of components like cooling pipes, data cables, power conduits, etc. To analyze the thermal behavior of DC using computational fluid dynamics, virtual model of DC is required. To build this virtual model, data is required regarding the different components like size, location and defining parameters. Site surveys are required to collect this data. Data collection is important to build an accurate model. There is lack of guidance with respect to which components are crucial to achieve level of accuracy in computational model. Sensitivity study can be used to determine accuracy achieved by introducing simplification in component …
Effectiveness Of Closed-Loop Inverse-Kinematic Landmark Navigation Method On Drifting And Heading Errors Of Imprecise Multi-Legged Robots, Thong Quang Nguyen
Effectiveness Of Closed-Loop Inverse-Kinematic Landmark Navigation Method On Drifting And Heading Errors Of Imprecise Multi-Legged Robots, Thong Quang Nguyen
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
This work addresses the effectiveness of a closed-loop inverse-kinematic control methodology on alleviating drifting and heading errors in the walking and turning of a hexapod robot. Most work in this area focuses on stability, hardware design, and control. This work is aimed at controlling imprecise hardware on unknown structured environments. The proposed controller uses a camera and an ultrasonic sensor as sensory feedback. It also uses the well-known tripod gait for locomotion, implemented with the closed-loop inverse-kinematic method. Experimental results show the effectiveness of this approach in walking and turning the hexapod on an unknown surface.
Thermal Design Analysis Of Server Chassis Manifolds For Liquid Cooled Servers Using Cfd, Kaustubh Kantilal Adsul
Thermal Design Analysis Of Server Chassis Manifolds For Liquid Cooled Servers Using Cfd, Kaustubh Kantilal Adsul
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Direct-to-chip liquid cooling is one of the most popular methods in data center thermal management when it comes to cooling high chip power densities. A cold plate-based liquid cooling system contains various components such as pumps, data center room, and rack-level manifolds, and server chassis-level manifold. Efficient coolant distribution to the heat-dissipating cold plates plays an important role in both the thermal and hydraulic performance of the server. It is, thus, very important to design and manufacture server chassis manifold geometry that can perform efficiently under the anticipated heat loads and coolant flow rates. In the present thesis, two such …
Design And Cfd Analysis Of A Tank Solution For Natural Convection Based Single-Phase Immersion Cooling Of Servers, Siddhesh Manohar Khanvilkar
Design And Cfd Analysis Of A Tank Solution For Natural Convection Based Single-Phase Immersion Cooling Of Servers, Siddhesh Manohar Khanvilkar
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
The issue of thermal management of data centers is becoming even more challenging with increasing chip power densities. This has been primarily driven by increasing demands in artificial intelligence and machine learning-based applications, increased usage of cloud-based services, and high-performance computing. The development of these applications has led to a corresponding increment in high performance and high power density CPUs and GPUs. Liquid cooling technologies are outperforming the traditional air cooling approach in dissipating high heat fluxes. Out of these technologies, single-phase immersion cooling offers advantages like substantially lower PUE values, simplified data center infrastructure, ease of deployment for edge …
Design, Development, And Characterization Of A Flow Control Device For Dynamic Cooling Liquid-Cooled Servers, Hardik Yashwant Hurnekar
Design, Development, And Characterization Of A Flow Control Device For Dynamic Cooling Liquid-Cooled Servers, Hardik Yashwant Hurnekar
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Since the early ’60s, based on Moore’s law, transistor density has been doubling every generation resulting in increased power density. Eventually, in the early ’90s, we moved from constant voltage to constant electric field and corresponding constant power for a given area during technology changes. Dennard’s model of voltage scaling and corresponding constant power ceased, ending improved performance gains in the early 2000s that again required techniques to mitigate increased power and corresponding temperature. The performance gain is being achieved by using multi-core processors, leading to non-uniform power distribution and localized high temperatures making cooling very challenging. Direct cold plate-based …
Evaluating The Thermal Performance Of Topology Optimized Low-Cost 3d Printed Heat Sink Made Of Copper, Bilal Taha
Evaluating The Thermal Performance Of Topology Optimized Low-Cost 3d Printed Heat Sink Made Of Copper, Bilal Taha
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
The performance of a heat sink is highly dependent on the overall surface area available for heat transfer. Designing heat sinks with greater surface areas meant bigger size, weight, and volume of heat-exchanger thus making it unfeasible to produce. Design and manufacture of compact-sized heat sinks is a difficult task, as it would require the use of complex surface modeling and complex surface cutting. But with the advent of 3D printing technology, it has become easier to manufacture heat sinks having complex designs producing larger surface areas as they add material layer by layer rather than cutting it away. The …
Investigation On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Porous Structures Processed By Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Samarth Ramachandra
Investigation On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Porous Structures Processed By Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Samarth Ramachandra
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Inconel 718 (i.e., IN718) is a prominent nickel-based, precipitation-hardening superalloy which exhibits exceptionally stable mechanical and corrosion resistant properties, even at temperature range of 650ºC to 700ºC, making it suitable for a wide range of applications such as aerospace, nuclear reactors, tooling, turbines, oil and gas applications. The high toughness and work hardening offered by this superalloy, however, greatly limits the choice of machinability. The presence of low levels of aluminum permits good weldability which further allows the use of laser-based additive manufacturing (AM) to efficiently fabricate IN718 parts without the limitations associated with conventional manufacturing methods. Thanks to AM …
Investigation Of The Microstructural And Mechanical Properties Of Selectively Laser Melted In718 Overhangs Fabricated Without Support Structures, Manjunath Hanumantha
Investigation Of The Microstructural And Mechanical Properties Of Selectively Laser Melted In718 Overhangs Fabricated Without Support Structures, Manjunath Hanumantha
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Additive manufacturing is a new manufacturing technology that allows for extreme design freedom as well as the simultaneous production of many parts with high complexities. IN718 is a high-strength, corrosion-resistant super alloy of nickel and chromium. It is ideal for high-end applications such as rocket nozzles and turbines because it can handle exceptionally high pressure and heat. Because of its high stiffness qualities, conventional manufacturing of complex IN718 geometries is challenging. Various fabrication techniques have been developed, and this study focuses on selective laser melting (SLM) because of its potential to produce near-perfect parts at a low cost when working …
Structural Optimization And Reliability Assessment Of Heterogeneous 3d Ic Packages And Analysis Of Rheological Properties Of Particle Based Thermal Interface Materials, Mehzabeen Binte Kabir
Structural Optimization And Reliability Assessment Of Heterogeneous 3d Ic Packages And Analysis Of Rheological Properties Of Particle Based Thermal Interface Materials, Mehzabeen Binte Kabir
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
As computing and communication devices are converging with improved functionally, denser, and finer pitch which creates complexity of circuit interconnections for 2-D devices becomes a limitation for overall performance and drives up power dissipation [1]. Thus the ordinary 2-D structures of IC packages cannot address those demands where 3-D through-silicon via (TSV) is the key to 3-D IC integration and stacking of chips, is emerging now as a powerful tool to converge the needs of integrated circuit (IC) packages. In 3D TSV the chips are stacked on top of another so heat trapped in a small region which is difficult …
Improving The Impingement Cold Plate Thermal Design Using Numerical And Analytical Approach, Reuben Joshua Madhuker
Improving The Impingement Cold Plate Thermal Design Using Numerical And Analytical Approach, Reuben Joshua Madhuker
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Conventional cooling methods for an IC chip uses heat spreader to transfer heat from the chip end of the spreader to the opposite end of the spreader which then uses air or water to remove heat and thereby maintaining the overall temperature. Unfortunately, the heat spreader itself has constraints such as conduction resistance which adds the heat spreader inefficiency. But if we increase the area exposed to the cooling end then this can be improved. This is done by introducing channels at that end. These channels act as fins which give a better shot at cooling the system temperature. These …
Using Numerical Modeling To Determine Viscous Losses Within Helium Turbomachinery, Benjamin Uhlig
Using Numerical Modeling To Determine Viscous Losses Within Helium Turbomachinery, Benjamin Uhlig
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
As the consumption of energy has increased relentlessly over the last few decades, the need for reliable clean energy generation has increased as well. Currently, nuclear power is the only method capable of providing a stable supply of clean energy, although the nuclear energy generation process still requires improvement. Specifically, there is a need to increase efficiencies while reducing the risks of radioactive contamination. It is possible that both these issues may be mitigated using helium as the working fluid. However, the performance of turbomachinery using helium must be evaluated before its use can be implemented. To do this, Balaji …
Determination Of Landing Zones Of Quadrotors Experiencing In-Flight Failures, Ahmet Tolcu
Determination Of Landing Zones Of Quadrotors Experiencing In-Flight Failures, Ahmet Tolcu
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, have attained considerable prominence in a wide range of areas ranging from military operations, including surveillance, intelligence, and reconnaissance, to nonmilitary sectors such as delivery, entertainment, and agriculture. The low cost, small size, and ease of use of quadrotors provide significant advantages for such missions. At the same time however, the occurrence of physical failures in such vehicles, particularly if these failures occur while flying over highly populated areas, can pose considerable risk to people and premises on the ground. This thesis investigates scenarios of power loss due to …
Experimental Assessment Of Rack-Level Dynamic Direct To Chip Liquid Cooling For Data Center And It Equipment Reliability, Amith Mathew
Experimental Assessment Of Rack-Level Dynamic Direct To Chip Liquid Cooling For Data Center And It Equipment Reliability, Amith Mathew
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Data centers are used by organizations for storing, processing and distribution of data. These data centers are run through-out the year due to which their thermal management is a growing concern. A popular way of eliminating such thermal cooling issues is Liquid cooling. Conventionally Liquid cooling involves the supply of constant liquid flow (water or refrigerant) through the IT rack irrespective of the IT load, which in a Multi-chip module causes hotspots and temperature gradients across the module due to non-uniform heating. A dynamic cold-plate and a regulatory flow control device (FCD) is incorporated in this experimental set-up to assist …
Analysis Of Glass Transition Temperature Of Pcb & Substrate Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis & Thermomechanical Analysis, Shristi Yadav
Analysis Of Glass Transition Temperature Of Pcb & Substrate Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis & Thermomechanical Analysis, Shristi Yadav
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Electronic Packaging materials and their properties examines the array of packaging architecture, outlining the classification of materials and their use for various tasks requiring performance over time. Glass transition temperature plays a vital role in the field of Electronic Packaging. It is the temperature range where the material changes from a rigid glassy material to a soft (not melted) material and is usually measured in terms of the stiffness or modulus. The commonly used component in today’s electronics world are PCBs and substrate which are an integral part of it. There are few known ways of finding out the Glass …
Experimental Investigation Of Effect Of Support Structure Geometry On The Microstructure And Metallurgical Properties Of In718 Parts Fabricated By Selective Laser Melting, Sourabh Hemant Thakare
Experimental Investigation Of Effect Of Support Structure Geometry On The Microstructure And Metallurgical Properties Of In718 Parts Fabricated By Selective Laser Melting, Sourabh Hemant Thakare
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Additive Manufacturing is a modern manufacturing technique that provides extreme design freedom and the ability to manufacture multiple parts with high complexities at the same time. Various fabrication techniques have been developed, and this study focuses on selective laser melting (SLM) due to its ability to provide near-perfect parts at low cost while being able to work with a wide range of materials. In SLM, the part is manufactured, layer-by-layer, by melting and solidification of powder material under controlled inert conditions. The fabrication of complex geometries is not possible without proper allocation of support structures for the part, which keeps …
Experimental Investigation Of Laser Scan Strategy On The Microstructure, Mechanical Properties And Residual Stress Of Inconel 718 Parts Fabricated By Selective Laser Melting, Kiriti Mamidi
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Inconel 718 (IN718) is a nickel-based superalloy which exhibits excellent tensile and impact resistant properties along with good corrosion resistance at high temperatures. However, due to the high toughness and work hardening, the machinability of this superalloy is low. Therefore, the selective laser melting (SLM) process has been adopted as an efficient technique to fabricate IN718 parts as it overcomes the problems associated with conventional manufacturing of superalloys. SLM is a widely used additive manufacturing technique which offers the possibility to induce multi-functionality into a single component, and thus reduce the number of components that are needed. In the SLM …
Numerical Analysis Of Immersion Cooling On A Server Using Al2o3/Mineral Oil Nanofluid, Prajwal Srinivas Murthy
Numerical Analysis Of Immersion Cooling On A Server Using Al2o3/Mineral Oil Nanofluid, Prajwal Srinivas Murthy
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
In the current world, technology has developed significantly, with a massive processing and storage of data, resulting in the high increase in Power Density and Heat Generation of servers, computers and its components in data centers. This calls for an engineering solution, for efficient heat dissipation of these servers to ensure their reliability and prolonged working. Air cooling is a prominent method of data center cooling. However, due to its low heat carrying capacity, it is not an efficient method for cooling high heat generating servers. There are two methods to remove this heat, increasing the area of heat transfer …
Optimum Design Of Shimmed Foil Bearing Considering Rotordynamic Stability, Venkata Sai Jyothish Atluri
Optimum Design Of Shimmed Foil Bearing Considering Rotordynamic Stability, Venkata Sai Jyothish Atluri
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Air foil bearing technology has made substantial development in the past years and has found its applications in high speed turbomachinery. Yet the rotordynamic instability has still been a persisting issue in the single pad air foil bearings. The single pad bearing can resolve this issue by using large clearance with the shaft but the large clearance requires large impeller tip clearance which is not ideal. Multi pad air foil bearings with non-uniform clearance distribution can be used to improve the rotodynamic stability, but the three pad bearings have inferior load capacities due to the less angular length of each …
Sub-Modelling Approach For Computationally Efficient Thermal Simulations Of Large Li-Ion Battery Packs, Vishnu V. Ganesan
Sub-Modelling Approach For Computationally Efficient Thermal Simulations Of Large Li-Ion Battery Packs, Vishnu V. Ganesan
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Accurate and rapid prediction of temperature distribution in a large Li-ion battery pack comprising thousands of cells is critical for ensuring safety and performance of battery packs for electric vehicles (EVs). Due to the multiscale geometry and the large number of individual cells in an EV battery pack, full-scale thermal simulations typically take a long time to complete. Approaches for rapidly computing the temperature field in a large battery pack without significant loss of accuracy is, therefore, a key technological need. This paper presents thermal simulations of a large, air-cooled Li-ion battery pack containing thousands of individual cells using the …
Correlation And Effect Of Process Parameters On The Properties Of Inconel 718 Parts Fabricated By Selective Laser Melting Using Response Surface Method, Bharath Bhushan Ravichander
Correlation And Effect Of Process Parameters On The Properties Of Inconel 718 Parts Fabricated By Selective Laser Melting Using Response Surface Method, Bharath Bhushan Ravichander
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Inconel 718 (i.e., IN718) is a nickel-based superalloy that exhibits outstanding tensile and impact-resistant properties, along with good high-temperature corrosion resistance. However, the machinability is poor due to the high stiffness of IN718. Therefore, additive manufacturing provides an effective solution to overcome the work hardening. Selective laser melting (SLM) is the most common powder-bed additive manufacturing technique designed to use a high power-density laser to melt and fuse the metallic powder to fabricate functional parts with high accuracy. However, the accuracy and the functional properties of the fabricated parts are greatly dependent on the process parameters. Thus, depending on the …
Computational Study Of Air-Cooled Servers With Improved Ducting And Chassis Re-Design, Himanshu Girishchandra Modi
Computational Study Of Air-Cooled Servers With Improved Ducting And Chassis Re-Design, Himanshu Girishchandra Modi
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
In recent years there has been a phenomenal increase in cloud computing, net-working, virtualization, and storage which has led to an increase in demand for data centers. To meet this demand, there is a need for the latest computing nodes which causes an increase in power consumption. The cooling system occupy almost 40% portion of total energy consumption. Per ASHRAE TC 9.9, IT equipment needs to operate within recommended and allowable temperatures and humidity zone based on the circumstances. As the inlet air temperature increases, fan power consumption increases too and the Central Processing Units (CPUs) and high heat-generating components …
Experimental Study Of Dynamic Cooling Of Racks Using Flow Control Devices, Fnu Akash
Experimental Study Of Dynamic Cooling Of Racks Using Flow Control Devices, Fnu Akash
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
A data center is a cluster of multiple servers that a company uses to store and process large amounts of data. Due to never-ending demands, the processor densities are increasing every day. A higher processor density would result in the servers heating up more than it would normally creating a need for an efficient cooling system. On an average a water-cooled system would consume up to 40% of the total power required by a data center. Studies are being conducted on improving the overall efficiency of the system by either improving the thermal properties of the system or by improving …
Modeling, Fabrication, And Characterization Of Porous Inconel 718 Structures Using Selective Laser Melting Process, Srihari Srivathsan
Modeling, Fabrication, And Characterization Of Porous Inconel 718 Structures Using Selective Laser Melting Process, Srihari Srivathsan
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Bio-inspired cellular structures are of great interest these days for many applications, from engineering research to industries. Honeycomb, Body-Centered Cubic with/without Z-struts (BCC-Z/ BCC), Face Centered Cubic with/without Z-struts (FCC-Z/ FCC), and Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) such as Gyroid, Diamond, and Schwartz lattices are the most common bio-inspired lattice structures. These structures can be tailored based on their structural organization resulting in superior materials with lightweight properties, adequate strength, and low stiffness. Thankfully, additive manufacturing (AM) has made the fabrication of these complex cellular materials realistic. However, the use of AM could lead to several defects, such as damaged …
Cfd Analysis On Liquid Cooled Cold Plate Using Copper Nanoparticles, Sarthak Agarwal
Cfd Analysis On Liquid Cooled Cold Plate Using Copper Nanoparticles, Sarthak Agarwal
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
In today’s world, most data centres have multiple racks with numerous servers in each of them. The high amount of heat dissipation has become the largest server-level cooling problem for the data centres. The higher dissipation required, the higher is the total energy required to run the data centre. Although still the most widely used cooling methodology, air cooling has reached its cooling capabilities especially for High-Performance Computing data centres. Liquid-cooled servers have several advantages over their air-cooled counterparts, primarily of which are high thermal mass, lower maintenance and eventually lower costs by maintenance by labour. Nano-fluids have been used …
Prediction And Validation Of Continuous Fiber Stiffened Plates Manufactured With Continuous Fiber Fabrication, Nabeel Ahmed Khan
Prediction And Validation Of Continuous Fiber Stiffened Plates Manufactured With Continuous Fiber Fabrication, Nabeel Ahmed Khan
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
The purpose of this thesis was to develop an analytical method for predicting the structural properties of continuous fiber stiffened plates, which was then validated both experimentally and via finite element analysis. The MarkForged Mark Two 3D printer enables parts to be printed with continuous carbon fibers embedded within them. A manufacturing process was developed for printing stiffened grids with our without skins, with continuous fiber reinforcement on the top and bottom of the stiffening ribs, which allows bending stiffness can be maximized. An orthotropic grid was printed using Continues Filament Fabrication (CFF), an additive manufacturing process that embeds reinforcing …
Impact Of Viscoelastic Properties Of Low Loss Printed Circuit Boards (Pcbs) On Reliability Of Wcsp Packages Under Drop Test, Akshay Boovanahally Lakshminarayana
Impact Of Viscoelastic Properties Of Low Loss Printed Circuit Boards (Pcbs) On Reliability Of Wcsp Packages Under Drop Test, Akshay Boovanahally Lakshminarayana
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Reliability of electronic packages is a major concern as different failure modes are induced due to factors such as temperature loads, mechanical stresses, humidity, corrosion and so on. Finite element analysis (FEA) is often performed to assess reliability under different loading conditions such as thermal cycling, drop testing, power cycling and vibrational loads. Having accurate material property data is one of the key requirements to perform successful FEA study, and a significant amount of time and money is spent to perform accurate material characterizations. Lump modeling approach, where components are represented by a block and assigned effective properties, is commonly …
Measurement Of Change In Cte Of Pcbs Due To Single Phase Immersion Cooling And Impact Of Changed Properties Of Pcbs On Solder Joint Reliability Of Bga Package, Sameer Hemant Dhandarphale
Measurement Of Change In Cte Of Pcbs Due To Single Phase Immersion Cooling And Impact Of Changed Properties Of Pcbs On Solder Joint Reliability Of Bga Package, Sameer Hemant Dhandarphale
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Oil immersion cooling in high-density data centers is emerging as an alternative for traditional air cooling because of the less power consumption, capacity to handle high power density and less space requirement. To adopt this technique extensively, effect of immersion on reliability of server components in dielectric coolant needs to be evaluated. One of the major reliability concerns in BGA package is 2nd level solder joint failure. The primary reason of solder joint failure is CTE mismatch between the PCB and the package. Also, difference in stiffness of the PCB and the package affects the solder joint reliability. As properties …
Development And Testing Of A Control Strategy For Dynamic Cooling At Rack Level In Data Centers, Amrutha Valli Rachakonda
Development And Testing Of A Control Strategy For Dynamic Cooling At Rack Level In Data Centers, Amrutha Valli Rachakonda
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Cooling is a critical part of data center’s infrastructure, and with ongoing demands in data processing and storage, thermal management issues are of great concern. Some imperative methods of removing heat are either using air or liquid (preferably water or refrigerant). When high power density modules are involved, liquid cooling addresses some of the problems faced by air cooling as liquid coolants have higher thermal capacitance. Also, in the case of multi-chip modules, a non-uniform heating due to multi-core generates hot-spots and increases temperature gradients across the module. A dynamic cold plate along with a self-regulated flow control device was …
Autonomous Carrier Landing Of A Fixed-Wing Uav With Airborne Deck Motion Estimation, Metin Kus
Autonomous Carrier Landing Of A Fixed-Wing Uav With Airborne Deck Motion Estimation, Metin Kus
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
This study focuses on the design, implementation, and evaluation of an autonomous carrier landing system featuring an airborne deck motion estimation module. The three-dimensional dynamics of a fixed-wing UAV with the actuator and engine dynamics are considered. A carrier motion model that accounts for the perturbations caused by various sea states is built. An airborne measurement system, which is composed of a calibrated camera and light-emitting beacons, is utilized to detect several coplanar target points on the moving carrier deck. The known correspondence between the locations of the target points and their coordinates on the focal plane of the camera …
Static Response Calibration Of 3d Printed Thin Walled Structures Using Fused Deposition Modelling, Akhilesh Ravindra Kulkarni
Static Response Calibration Of 3d Printed Thin Walled Structures Using Fused Deposition Modelling, Akhilesh Ravindra Kulkarni
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
3-D printing has enabled flexible, tool-less fabrication that yields numerous benefits. One benefit is unique and complex structural arrangements that increase design freedom to minimize weight. Such arrangements can be guided by advanced topology, shape, and sizing optimization tools using appropriate process constraints to ensure a printable design and can include highly integrated structural details such as stiffeners, flanges, frames, and other connections. 3D printing thin wall aircraft structures presents challenges for material and structural characterization. 3D printing enables integrated structural details, each detail is affected by the print process capability to fabricate the local geometry and deviations from designed …