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Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

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Full-Text Articles in Aerospace Engineering

Characterization Of Flapping Wing Aerodynamics And Flight Dynamics Analysis Using Computational Methods, Alok Ashok Rege Jan 2015

Characterization Of Flapping Wing Aerodynamics And Flight Dynamics Analysis Using Computational Methods, Alok Ashok Rege

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Insect flight comes with a lot of intricacies that cannot be explained by conventional aerodynamics. Even with their small-size, insects have the ability to generate the required aerodynamic forces using high frequency flapping motion of their wings to perform different maneuvers. The maneuverability obtained by these flyers using flapping motion belies the classical aerodynamics theory and calls for a new approach to study this highly unsteady aerodynamics. Research is on to find new ways to realize the flight capabilities of these insects and engineer a micro-flyer which would have various applications, ranging from autonomous pollination of crop fields and oil …


Numerical And Experimental Investigation Of Variable Transportation Cooling For Reusable Thermal Protection Systems, Stefano Gulli Dec 2014

Numerical And Experimental Investigation Of Variable Transportation Cooling For Reusable Thermal Protection Systems, Stefano Gulli

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

This research work is focused on the numerical and experimental investigation of the transpiration cooling technique for reusable thermal protection systems. The transpiration cooling has been considered because of its higher cooling effectiveness, with respect to other active cooling techniques, in terms of minimum amount of coolant to be used and minimum interference to the external flow. An innovative approach based on the coupling of the hypersonic boundary layer with the thermal response of porous materials is used to numerically study the thermal management potential of the transpiration cooling technique. The new concept of the variable transpiration is introduced by …


Thermal Conduction And Heat Generation Phenomena In Li-Ion Cells, Stephen Drake Jan 2014

Thermal Conduction And Heat Generation Phenomena In Li-Ion Cells, Stephen Drake

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Cylindrical lithium ion (Li-ion) cells have demonstrated high power density and energy capacity among other energy storage devices. Despite their already widespread use, the thermal transport properties of cylindrical Li-ion batteries are not well documented and understood, while a sizable amount of work has been carried out for electrical, electrochemical, and materials optimization of Li-ion cells. These thermal phenomena are particularly important for high discharge rate batteries. With this uncertainty, if thermophysical properties are not accounted for in thermal models, the result may be a significant under-prediction or over-prediction of the temperature field in a Li-ion cell.Experimental techniques are described …


Unsteady Thrust Measurement Techniques For Pulse Detonation Engines, Dibesh Dhoj Joshi Jan 2014

Unsteady Thrust Measurement Techniques For Pulse Detonation Engines, Dibesh Dhoj Joshi

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Thrust is a critical performance parameter and its correct determination is necessary to characterize an engine. Many conventional thrust measurement techniques prevail. However, further developments are required for correct measurement of thrust in the case of a pulse detonation engine (PDE), since the entire thrust generation process is intermittent. The significant effect of system dynamics in the form of inertial forces, stress wave propagation and reflections initiated in the structure due to detonations and pulse-to-pulse interaction in a fast operating PDE further complicate the thrust measurement process. These complications call for a further, detailed study of the unsteady thrust characteristics. …


Experimental Investigation Of Nucleate Boiling And Thin-Film Evaporation On Enhanced Silicon Surfaces, Shailesh Malla Jan 2014

Experimental Investigation Of Nucleate Boiling And Thin-Film Evaporation On Enhanced Silicon Surfaces, Shailesh Malla

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The present work consists of two major studies. The first study investigates the effects of surface energy or wettability on nucleate pool boiling and the second study investigates the thin-film evaporative cooling for near junction thermal management. For the first study, effects of surface energy or wettability on critical heat flux (CHF) and boiling heat transfer (BHT) of smooth heated surfaces was studied in saturated pool boiling of water at 1 atm. For this purpose hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces were created on one side of 1cm x 1cm double-side polished silicon substrates. A resistive heating layer was applied on the …


Degradation Mechanics Of Bone And Bone Like Materials Via Multiscale Analysis, Md Farzad Sarker Jan 2014

Degradation Mechanics Of Bone And Bone Like Materials Via Multiscale Analysis, Md Farzad Sarker

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Bone fracture is a common health risk for older people suffering from bone disease like osteoporosis. The more severe the osteoporosis is the more structural degradation in bones occurs, which eventually makes bones more fracture prone. The mechanical behavior of bone depends on the structural response of bone constituents over a broad range of length scales spanning from the nanoscale collagen fibril level to the macroscale trabeculae level. As such, in order to understand bone fracture, it is important to know the structure-property relations of bone material over the entire length of scale. Surprisingly, a quantitative understanding of bone fracture …


Wind Field Estimation And Its Utilization In Trajectory And Input Prediction, Jane-Wit Kampoon Jan 2014

Wind Field Estimation And Its Utilization In Trajectory And Input Prediction, Jane-Wit Kampoon

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

This dissertation work develops a method for onboard estimation of wind field with spatial and temporal variation based on local wind vector estimation and/or measurements from multiple aircraft flying in the same airspace. Aircraft flying in the same airspace of operation are considered airborne wind sensors scattered over the airspace because of the fact that aircraft carry along with them wind information inherent in their dynamics and kinematics. The onboard wind field estimation is formulated in the framework of parameter estimation based on various wind field models, which are different function of position and time. The online wind field estimation …


Electrowetting On Dielectric Digital Microfluidics For 3-Dimensional Cell Culture And Chemical Screening, Subin Mac George Jan 2014

Electrowetting On Dielectric Digital Microfluidics For 3-Dimensional Cell Culture And Chemical Screening, Subin Mac George

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Microfluidic devices have allowed improved cell culture studies to be carried out by allowing greater spatiotemporal control over the cell environment while at the same time providing greater throughput, increased automation capabilities and reagent savings. To improve the relevancy of such studies, 3-dimensional (3D) cell culture has been attempted in microfluidic devices. 3D cell culture is known to better mimic and recreate the environment that cells in the body experience as compared to conventional 2-dimensional cell culture. However, incorporating 3D cell culture into conventional channel based microfluidic devices have proven to be challenging. Hydrogels which provide the 3D environment in …


Modeling, Estimation, And Analysis Of Unresolved Space Object Tracking And Identification, Laura Suarez Henderson Jan 2014

Modeling, Estimation, And Analysis Of Unresolved Space Object Tracking And Identification, Laura Suarez Henderson

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The problem of orbit determination along with shape determination is significant. The orbit determination problem has been tackled for centuries by some of the greatest mathematicians and physicists. The issue of shape determination of space objects, although more recent, has also been addressed quite extensively. Nevertheless, these problems remain of great interest in the scientific and engineering community, and are addressed in this work. The greatest motivation for the tracking and identification of Earth orbiting objects is the ever-increasing population of space assets and man-made debris. It is of interest to implement new and better techniques to track and identify …


Investigation Of Wetting States On Microstructures After Liquid Drops Contact Groove Base, Mingming Xiang Jan 2014

Investigation Of Wetting States On Microstructures After Liquid Drops Contact Groove Base, Mingming Xiang

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Wetting properties of roughness surfaces have attracted a considerable attention because of both the scientific insight and the practical applications. One of the most intriguing topics of wetting is the so-called Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel transition. Recently, theoretical and experimental works have been done to explore this transition on microstructure-formed surfaces. One of the criteria that most commonly used to judge such transition is whether a liquid drop contacts the base of a roughness groove. It is expected that, after the contact, liquid immediately fills the roughness groove, and subsequently the wetting state is changed from Cassie-Baxter state to that of …


Finite Element Based Methodology For Prediction Of Matrix-Dominated Failure In Composites, Guillaume Seon Jan 2014

Finite Element Based Methodology For Prediction Of Matrix-Dominated Failure In Composites, Guillaume Seon

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The objective of this work is to develop a computational failure prognosis methodology applicable to virtual testing of composites. The major motivation for the establishment of virtual testing is the ability to reduce actual testing of composite structures, which is oftentimes expensive and time consuming, by numerical simulations. A successful virtual test methodology should be applicable to monotonic and fatigue loading, account for strong anisotropy of composite materials and capture the effects of manufacturing irregularities. This work proposes to use three-dimensional finite element modelling for predicting the onset and progression of matrix-dominated failures modes, such as matrix cracks and delaminations, …


Analytical And Experimental Investigation Of Thermal Transport In Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits (3d Ics), Leila Choobineh Jan 2014

Analytical And Experimental Investigation Of Thermal Transport In Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits (3d Ics), Leila Choobineh

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Thermal management of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) is recognized to be one of the foremost technological and research challenges currently blocking the widespread adoption of this promising technology. The computation of steady-state temperature fields in a 3D IC is critical for determining the thermal characteristics of a 3D IC and for evaluating any candidate thermal management technology. An analytical solution for the three-dimensional temperature field in a 3D IC based on solution of the governing energy equations using Fourier series expansion for steady-state temperature fields is studied. Comparison of the predicted temperature fields with finite-element simulation shows excellent agreement. …


A New Multiscale Approach For Dynamic Modeling And Simulation Of Micro-Nano Biomolecular Systems Characterized By A Low Reynolds Number, Mahdi Haghshenas-Jaryani Jan 2014

A New Multiscale Approach For Dynamic Modeling And Simulation Of Micro-Nano Biomolecular Systems Characterized By A Low Reynolds Number, Mahdi Haghshenas-Jaryani

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

In this dissertation, a new multiscale computational framework was developed in order to model and simulate motility of micro-nano-sized objects in fluid environments, characterized with a low Reynolds number. Especially, it has been used for studying the dynamic behavior of biomolecular systems such as motor proteins inside cells.Long simulation run time is one of the most important issues in modeling of cellular and biomolecular systems at the nanoscale due to the multiple time and length scales involved in the dynamics of these systems. These multiscale features are caused by either structure-structure (e.g. flexibility in biological structure or contact) or structure-fluid …


Dynamic Simulation Of Multibody Systems In Simultaneous, Indeterminate Contact And Impact With Friction, Adrian Rodriguez Jan 2014

Dynamic Simulation Of Multibody Systems In Simultaneous, Indeterminate Contact And Impact With Friction, Adrian Rodriguez

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

This research is focused on improving the solutions obtained using theory in contact and impact modeling. A theoretical framework is developed which can simulate the performance of dynamic systems within a real world environment. This environment involves conditions, such as contact, impact and friction. Numerical simulation provides an easy way to perform numerous iterations with varying conditions, which is more cost effective than building equivalent experimental setups. The developed framework will serve as a tool for engineers and scientists to gain some insight on predicting how a system may behave. The current field of research in multibody system dynamics lacks …


Design And Fabrication Of Microfluidic Photoelectrochemical Reactors For Efficient Conversion Of Carbon Dioxide To Liquid Fuel, Homayon Homayoni Jan 2014

Design And Fabrication Of Microfluidic Photoelectrochemical Reactors For Efficient Conversion Of Carbon Dioxide To Liquid Fuel, Homayon Homayoni

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The world's energy demand is expected to increase dramatically over the next few decades. At the same time the availability of cheap fossil fuels is expected to decrease. In addition to the increase in energy cost, the use of fossil fuels results in the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. A lot research effort has been invested in the development of renewable energy resources that are cost competitive, sustainable, and emission free. Although these renewable technologies are available, many are not implemented widely due low efficiency and high capital cost. Therefore, fossil fuels are expected to remain a major …


Enhancement Of Pool Boiling And Evaporative Heat Transfer Using High Temperature Thermally Conductive Microporous Coatings, Ajay Gurung Jan 2014

Enhancement Of Pool Boiling And Evaporative Heat Transfer Using High Temperature Thermally Conductive Microporous Coatings, Ajay Gurung

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The present research is an experimental study of the enhancement of pool boiling and evaporative heat transfer using high temperature thermally conductive microporous coatings. Two major types of coatings were investigated: one that is based on copper powders on copper substrate and the other on aluminum powders on aluminum substrate. Both coatings were easy to fabricate with low costs compared to conventional sintering and plasma spraying techniques, yet have high bonding strength and some of them can operate at temperatures up to 670 oC. Multiple coating options were fabricated and tested in pool boiling of water in order to optimize …


Experimental Study Of Separated Ramp-Induced Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction With Upstream Micro-Vortex Generator At Mach 2.5, Yusi Shih Jan 2014

Experimental Study Of Separated Ramp-Induced Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction With Upstream Micro-Vortex Generator At Mach 2.5, Yusi Shih

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Shock wave/boundary layer interactions (SBLIs) are important issues for high-speed vehicles. SBLIs reduce the performance of aerodynamic surfaces and engine inlets, amongst a number of adverse effects. Micro-vortex generators (MVGs) are a flow control method with strong potential to mitigate the effects of SBLI by energizing the boundary layer through momentum transfers from the freestream. They have been implemented in actual configurations at low speeds. The present research includes a combined experimental and theoretical analysis of the evolution of the perturbation downstream the MVG, the formation of vortices, and their interaction with the shock front. Experiments were performed with a …


Analytical Solutions Of Steady-State Heat Conduction In Multi-Layer Stack Packaging, Saeed Ghalambor Jan 2014

Analytical Solutions Of Steady-State Heat Conduction In Multi-Layer Stack Packaging, Saeed Ghalambor

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Analytical models that can be utilized in modeling the steady-state temperature solutions of planar and 3D packaged integrated circuits are discussed. This mathematically-driven model will include solutions for uniform and non-uniform footprint die stack systems as well as planar flip chip packages. These analytically obtained temperature solutions will include the contribution of thermal resistance for both cases as well as perfect contact scenarios. The acquired solution will accommodate any kind of boundary conditions (first, second and third kind) on the top and bottom surfaces of the stack system with the sides being adiabatic. Furthermore, the algorithm developed will consider volumetric …


Phoresis Of A Solid Particle In Real Fluid, Yuan Ting Wu Jan 2014

Phoresis Of A Solid Particle In Real Fluid, Yuan Ting Wu

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

For micro- and nano-scale particles driven by interfacial non-contact forces in fluid, known as phoresis, this dissertation provides a general formulation and a systematic investigation. It starts with an analytical continuum-mechanics formulation that covers various important aspects of an interfacial structure, including viscosity and mass density variations as well as a body force field, in real fluid. It then reduces to specific solutions due to characteristic mechanisms. A closed-form analytical solution to the case of viscosity variation (which manifests itself as Navier's slip boundary condition) is derived. Furthermore, a novel mechanism for thermophoretic mobility driven by near-surface phase transition is …


Investigation Of Side Wall Effects On An Inward Scramjet Inlet At Mach Number 8.6, Tiago Cavalcanti Rolim Jan 2013

Investigation Of Side Wall Effects On An Inward Scramjet Inlet At Mach Number 8.6, Tiago Cavalcanti Rolim

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Experimental and computational studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of a scramjet inlet as the side cowl length is changed. A slender inward turning inlet with a total length of 304.8 mm, a span of 50.8 mm with a top and a bottom compression ramp each at 11.54 deg and a compression ratio of 4.79 was used. The side cowl lengths were of 0, 50.8 and 76.2 mm. The UTA Hypersonic Shock Tunnel facility was used in the reflected mode to test the inlet model. The model was instrumented with nine piezoelectric pressure transducers, for static and total pressure …


Integrated Modeling Approach For Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Based Power Generating System, Jeongpill Ki Jan 2013

Integrated Modeling Approach For Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Based Power Generating System, Jeongpill Ki

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems have been recognized as the most advanced power generation system with the highest thermal efficiency with a compatibility with a wide variety of hydrocarbon fuels, synthetic gas from coal, hydrogen, etc. As a result of research focused on numerical studies for a tubular type- or a planar type-SOFC, fuel flexibility, design aspects of SOFC, materials, start-up process, and so on, SOFC technologies are remarkably being developed.Currently, most research activities are limited to a component level characterization of single fuel cell stack or material research for catalyst, electrolyte, sealing process, etc. In other words, approaches …


Development Of Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd) Based Erosion Models For Oil And Gas Industry Applications, Deval Pandya Jan 2013

Development Of Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd) Based Erosion Models For Oil And Gas Industry Applications, Deval Pandya

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Erosion prediction plays a critical role in different oil and gas industry segments including drill bit manufacturing, measurement & logging while drilling (M&LWD), and reservoir engineering/completions tools. Recently, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to predict erosion due to multiphase flows in complex geometries. Currently used CFD-based erosion models are able to predict erosion regions fairly accurately in various applications but they are highly inaccurate when it comes topredictions of quantities like erosion rate. Predicted quantities within an order of magnitude of the measured values are common and may be considered acceptable for many applications in the industry simply because …


Advanced Materials Characterization Based On Full Field Deformation Measurements, A Paige Carpentier Jan 2013

Advanced Materials Characterization Based On Full Field Deformation Measurements, A Paige Carpentier

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Accurate stress-strain constitutive properties are essential for understanding the complex deformation and failure mechanisms for materials with highly anisotropic mechanical properties. Among such materials, glass-fiber- and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites play a critical role in advanced structural designs. The large number of different methods and specimen types currently required to generate three-dimensional allowables for structural design slows down the material characterization. Also, some of the material constitutive properties are never measured due to the prohibitive cost of the specimens needed. This work shows that simple short-beam shear (SBS) specimens are well-suited for measurement of multiple constitutive properties for composite materials and …


Study Of The Capabilities Of Electrowetting On Dielectric Digital Microfluidics (Ewod Dmf) Towards The High Efficient Thin-Film Evaporative Cooling Platform, Jagath B. Yaddessalage Jan 2013

Study Of The Capabilities Of Electrowetting On Dielectric Digital Microfluidics (Ewod Dmf) Towards The High Efficient Thin-Film Evaporative Cooling Platform, Jagath B. Yaddessalage

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

With the current technological advancement, the size of the electronic components is being reduced to smaller and compact sizes. In the meantime, the packaging density and power consumption is ever increasing. To tackle this challenge, an efficient cooling technology is required.Thin-film evaporation is a very efficient cooling technology. A practical application using thin-film evaporation is a spray cooling which is known as the cooling method that can handle very high heat flux. However, a random spray of coolant cannot guarantee a thin coolant film, therefore either local dry-out or flooding may occur, which hampers cooling efficiency significantly. Moreover, bulky spraying …


Airdata Sensor Based Position Estimation And Fault Diagnosis In Aerial Refueling, Hakki Erhan Sevil Jan 2013

Airdata Sensor Based Position Estimation And Fault Diagnosis In Aerial Refueling, Hakki Erhan Sevil

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Aerial refueling is the process of transferring fuel from one aircraft (the tanker) to another (the receiver) during flight. In aerial refueling operations, the receiver aircraft is exposed to nonuniform wind field induced by tanker aircraft, and this nonuniform wind field leads to differences in readings of airdata sensors placed at different locations on the receiver aircraft. There are advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon. As an advantage, it is used as a mechanism to estimate relative position of the receiver aircraft inside the nonuniform wind field behind the tanker. Using the difference in the measurements from multiple identical sensors, …


A Semi-Analytical Approach To Obtain Physical Fields In Heterogeneous Materials, Thanuuj S. Pathapallli Jan 2013

A Semi-Analytical Approach To Obtain Physical Fields In Heterogeneous Materials, Thanuuj S. Pathapallli

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Predicting the macroscopic response of heterogeneous materials has been the subject of extensive research in the engineering community, even more so, in the composites guild. With analytical solutions being almost impossible to obtain for such open ended problems, and numerical techniques being computationally expensive, semi-analytical methods are highly sought after. This dissertation is one such effort aimed at presenting a semi-analytical approach that serves as a confluence of effective analytical and numerical techniques, to solve for engineering fields in a heterogeneous material characterized by inclusions embedded in a matrix medium. The approach essentially involves the analytical derivation of permissible functions, …


Design, Fabrication And Test Of Surface Tension-Driven Microboats And Thermally Oscillatory Bubble-Propelled Microsubmarines, Lei Qiao Jan 2013

Design, Fabrication And Test Of Surface Tension-Driven Microboats And Thermally Oscillatory Bubble-Propelled Microsubmarines, Lei Qiao

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

In this work, we develop microboats and microsubmarines, which are capable of moving on and under water, respectively. The microboat is propelled due to the difference between surface tensions around stern and bow. This difference is generated by releasing a liquid with lower surface tension than water from the stern. We explore both horizontal and vertical motions of the microboats through a combination of experimental and theoretical investigations. It has a length of 8 mm and weight of 20 mg with the highest speed of 25 cm/s and travel distance of 85 cm. Moreover, we design, fabricate and test microboats …


Passive Wireless Antenna Sensors For Crack Detection And Shear/Compression Sensing, Irshad Mohammad Jan 2012

Passive Wireless Antenna Sensors For Crack Detection And Shear/Compression Sensing, Irshad Mohammad

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Despite the fact that engineering components and structures are carefully designed against fatigue failures, 50 to 90% of mechanical failures are due to fatigue crack formation. The severity of the failure depends on both the crack length and its orientation with respect to the loading direction. Many types of sensors are available that can detect fatigue crack propagation. But, crack orientation detection has been rarely reported in the literature. We evaluated a patch antenna sensor capable of detecting crack propagation as well as crack orientation changes. The aim of the sensors would be to evaluate the real-time health condition of …


Graph Theoretic Framework Based Cooperative Control And Estimation Of Multiple Uavs For Target Tracking, Mousumi Ahmed Jan 2012

Graph Theoretic Framework Based Cooperative Control And Estimation Of Multiple Uavs For Target Tracking, Mousumi Ahmed

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Designing the control technique for nonlinear dynamic systems is a significant challenge. Approaches to designing a nonlinear controller are studied and an extensive study on backstepping based technique is performed in this research with the purpose of tracking a moving target autonomously. Our main motivation is to explore the controller for cooperative and coordinating unmanned vehicles in a target tracking application.To start with, a general theoretical framework for target tracking is studied and a controller in three dimensional environment for a single UAV is designed. This research is primarily focused on finding a generalized method which can be applied to …


Lumped Parameter Modeling Of Fluid Line Dynamics With Turbulent Flow Conditions, Yi-Wei Huang Jan 2012

Lumped Parameter Modeling Of Fluid Line Dynamics With Turbulent Flow Conditions, Yi-Wei Huang

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

A procedure for obtaining rational polynomial transfer functions representing ordinary differential equations for time domain transient response simulations of systems with fluid transmission lines with incompressible turbulent flow is formulated and presented. The method is based on the use of an inverse frequency least squares algorithm applied to the distributed parameter model for laminar flow with added lumped resistance to match the additional resistance associated with turbulence. Guidelines for using the algorithm are included with focus on the use of weighting parameters, the number of resonant modes to be included, and the bandwidth of the pressure/flow pulsation dynamics in the …