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Articles 121 - 150 of 953
Full-Text Articles in Aerospace Engineering
Design And Cfd Analysis Of Bimetallic Based Passive Dynamic Cold Plate For High Power Direct-To-Chip Liquid Cooling, Apurv Pravin Deshmukh
Design And Cfd Analysis Of Bimetallic Based Passive Dynamic Cold Plate For High Power Direct-To-Chip Liquid Cooling, Apurv Pravin Deshmukh
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Rising demand for high-performance chips results in the need for advanced and efficient cooling technologies like direct to chip liquid cooling. Cold plates based utilizing direct liquid cooling is one of the most efficient and the most investigated cooling technology since the 1980s. Major data services and cloud providers like IBM, Microsoft, and Google had already started a shift towards liquid-cooled data centers for their high computational servers. At the chip level nowadays, the processors are divided into several cores and each of these cores continuously works at varying computational demands. This creates a non-uniform heat distribution across the processor, …
Simulation Of A Soft Body Non-Grasp Manipulator Using A Spring-Mass-Damper Cloth Model, Cristian Almendariz
Simulation Of A Soft Body Non-Grasp Manipulator Using A Spring-Mass-Damper Cloth Model, Cristian Almendariz
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Simulation and modeling are well known and important tools in the field of robotics, being used to validate design and in the development of robotic control systems. Traditionally, robotic systems have been primarily rigid body systems and used in well controlled environments where interactions are highly predictable, and exceptions are minimized. With the ever-increasing adoption of robotics in the medical field, typical robotic environments are becoming highly unpredictable and requiring the modeling and simulation of not only rigid body systems but soft systems and interactions between the two. This work addresses model improvement of a “soft and hard” robotic system …
Development Of Virtual Simulation For Evaluation Of Robotic Assistive Environment, Shubham Raosaheb Gunjal
Development Of Virtual Simulation For Evaluation Of Robotic Assistive Environment, Shubham Raosaheb Gunjal
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Robotics research in virtual simulation has the advantage of reduced testing time, verification of algorithms on different systems before implementation, and cost-saving. Today’s simulation softwares are capable of providing the physics of the simulation such as torque requirements of the joints which aid in the selection of appropriate hardware. In this research, Webots, an open-source physics-based simulation, and visualization software is evaluated and then used to study and evaluate the performance of two robotic systems for a robotic assistive environment for persons with upper limb disabilities. This includes a wheelchair, a table with objects, and two robotic arms attached to …
Investigating A Finite Element Model Updating Methodology For Characterizing Mechanical Properties Of Ncf Composites, Pasworn Chanchai
Investigating A Finite Element Model Updating Methodology For Characterizing Mechanical Properties Of Ncf Composites, Pasworn Chanchai
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Composite materials have been a key breakthrough in developing aircraft structures. Their superior strength and stiffness-to-density ratio, which are unmatched by no other materials, allow engineers to create high strength and ultra-lightweight aircraft structures. Recently, non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) composites have emerged as attractive alternatives to traditional autoclave pre-impregnated composites allowing for lower production costs, better handling and improved shelf life while maintaining excellent in-plane mechanical properties compared to other types of textile composites. NCF out-of-plane mechanical properties can also be enhanced by stitching a high tensile strength yarn throughout their entire laminate thickness, improving the resistance to delamination. However, stitch-reinforced …
Characterization And Enhancement Of Mechanical Properties In Thermoplastic Fff Parts Using In-Situ Annealing, Rhugdhrivya Rane
Characterization And Enhancement Of Mechanical Properties In Thermoplastic Fff Parts Using In-Situ Annealing, Rhugdhrivya Rane
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Fused filament fabrication is one of the most common and widely used additive manufacturing techniques. Owing to its ease of use, availability and cheap feedstock it provides a significant advantage over other AM techniques. But these advantages are overshadowed by the fact that FFF parts show high anisotropy and reduced mechanical properties as compared to conventional manufacturing techniques. Literature review of previous research works show multiple approaches to enhance the mechanical properties of FFF parts but each of these techniques have limitations to either the geometries that can be printed or involve complex expensive setups. In one such technique a …
Shape Modeling, Attitude Estimation, And Classification Of Artificial Resident Space Objects (Rso) Using Photometric Light Curves, Katiyayni Balachandran
Shape Modeling, Attitude Estimation, And Classification Of Artificial Resident Space Objects (Rso) Using Photometric Light Curves, Katiyayni Balachandran
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Light curve inversion (LCI) has proven valuable in using photometric measurements to optimize various physical parameters of a resident space object (RSO) such as rotational period about its own spin axis, pole orientation and others. Other characteristics such as shape and size are dependent on the surface brightness. To accurately determine size, shape, spin rate, or attitude information of an unresolved resident space object, photometry is required to capture the relatively rapid changes in brightness that these objects can exhibit. LCI has been developed significantly for asteroids, although not fool-proof for artificial RSOs. Satellites and space debris, unlike asteroids, are …
Theoretical And Experimental Analysis And Optimization Of Thermal Conduction In Electrochemical And Latent Heat Energy Storage Systems, Amirhossein Mostafavi
Theoretical And Experimental Analysis And Optimization Of Thermal Conduction In Electrochemical And Latent Heat Energy Storage Systems, Amirhossein Mostafavi
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Phase change materials (PCMs) are used commonly for energy storage purposes. Thermal energy can be stored in a PCM with a variety of configurations such as PCM slabs, cartesian and cylindrical finned systems. Heat transfer in PCM storage systems can be from a heat transfer fluid (HTF) or a heat source at constant temperature to adjacent PCM. The rate of heat transfer is limited by thermal properties. Fin insertion can improve the heat transfer inside the PCM. Chapters 2 and 3 derive and solve the governing energy equations to determine the transient temperature distribution in the PCM due to the …
Rotor Performance Model (Rpm), Chadwick Scott Balfantz
Rotor Performance Model (Rpm), Chadwick Scott Balfantz
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Rotorcraft performance modeling is of high interest with multiple industry codes in existence, many of which are high-fidelity and are comprehensive in the analyses that are achievable. Along with the high-fidelity and the comprehensive nature of the industry codes comes an equally high level of complexity in the inputs required to extract meaningful results. The ever-increasing fidelity in the existing codes creates a need for an analysis code that is built to be highly flexible, designed from the top down and implemented from the bottom up in a structured format. The Rotor Performance Model (RPM) was developed to provide high-fidelity …
Object Classication, Detection And State Estimation Using Yolo V3 Deep Neural Network And Sensor Fusion Of Stereo Camera And Lidar, Kamalkumar Bharatkumar Mehta
Object Classication, Detection And State Estimation Using Yolo V3 Deep Neural Network And Sensor Fusion Of Stereo Camera And Lidar, Kamalkumar Bharatkumar Mehta
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Real-time object classification, localization, and detection with region-based convolution neural network (R-CNN) require high computational power, or it consumes a tremendous amount of time with the use of the available onboard computer system. Therefore, either of those ways is not practical in real-time object detection. In contrast, the YOLO-v3 network, which stands for you only look once, that uses the YOLO algorithm seems to be practical in live object classification, localization, and detection, since the YOLO algorithm seems to work faster than the sliding window algorithm used by R-CNN. Sensor fusion in this context requires estimation and association of information …
Real-Time Material State Assessment Of Composites Using Artificial Intelligence And Its Challenges, Muthu Ram Prabhu Elenchezhian
Real-Time Material State Assessment Of Composites Using Artificial Intelligence And Its Challenges, Muthu Ram Prabhu Elenchezhian
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Over several decades of careful experimental investigation and exhaustive development of discrete damage analysis methods including integrated computational mechanics methods, our community knows a great deal about how discrete defects such as matrix cracks and defect growth (e.g. delamination) can be predicted in structural composites. For many practical situations controlled by laminated multiaxial composite structures, the loss of performance and “sudden death” end of life is controlled by defect coupling which becomes a precursor to fracture plane development. These interaction sequences are highly dependent on local details of manufacture, design configurations, and loading for a given application material and influenced …
Cooling Efficiency Improvement Of A Data Center Using Optimized Cabinet Design And Hybrid Cooling With High Inlet Conditions Of Single-Phase Coolant And Air, Uschas Chowdhury
Cooling Efficiency Improvement Of A Data Center Using Optimized Cabinet Design And Hybrid Cooling With High Inlet Conditions Of Single-Phase Coolant And Air, Uschas Chowdhury
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The objective of this study is to improve and optimize the cooling efficiency of liquid and air cooling from server to room level while applying best practices in the industry. The effect of increased air and coolant temperature has been explored through a literature survey and studies are conducted from device level to room level for air and liquid cooling. Three major aspects are considered. A closed-form air cooling solution is proposed for high-powered racks in a modular data center equipped with in-row coolers. Direct-to-chip liquid cooling technology is extensively studied at the server level for raised air and coolant …
Impact Of Material Models On Immersion Cooled Electronics Packages And Reliability Assessment For Chip-Package Interaction, Tushar Jashvantbhai Chauhan
Impact Of Material Models On Immersion Cooled Electronics Packages And Reliability Assessment For Chip-Package Interaction, Tushar Jashvantbhai Chauhan
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The immersion cooling for IT equipment has been around for decades. From thermal energy management perspective, immersion cooling is better than traditional cooling technology. However, there is need for more work in open literature when it comes to impact of immersion cooling on the reliability of IT equipment to make it commercially implemented. Detailed study of material compatibility of the various electronics packaging materials for immersion cooling is essential to understand their failure modes and reliability. The stiffness and thermal expansion are critical material properties for electronics mechanical design. This part of the study mainly focuses on two things. The …
Development Of A Test Method For Characterizing An Indirect Evaporative Cooling Module For Data Center Cooling Application, Abhijit Rajendra Bhosale
Development Of A Test Method For Characterizing An Indirect Evaporative Cooling Module For Data Center Cooling Application, Abhijit Rajendra Bhosale
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Evaporative cooling is a smarter way of maintaining optimum operating conditions in data centers. Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) provides the advantage of cooling without changing the humidity of the Data Center (DC) air. We analyze and develop a method of testing to help build IEC modules at larger scales with improved characterization that is intended to help DC engineers achieve stringent Power Utilization Efficiency (PUE) targets by expending minimum power. We study the design parameters pertinent to sizing an IEC module used in DC cooling and develop a test method while technically selecting the components involved. The module is planned …
Sensitivity Study Of Calibrated Data Center Models To Minimize Site Survey Time Using Cfd, Saurabh Singh
Sensitivity Study Of Calibrated Data Center Models To Minimize Site Survey Time Using Cfd, Saurabh Singh
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Data center (DC) consists of components like cooling pipes, data cables, power conduits, etc. To analyze the thermal behavior of DC using computational fluid dynamics, virtual model of DC is required. To build this virtual model, data is required regarding the different components like size, location and defining parameters. Site surveys are required to collect this data. Data collection is important to build an accurate model. There is lack of guidance with respect to which components are crucial to achieve level of accuracy in computational model. Sensitivity study can be used to determine accuracy achieved by introducing simplification in component …
Effectiveness Of Closed-Loop Inverse-Kinematic Landmark Navigation Method On Drifting And Heading Errors Of Imprecise Multi-Legged Robots, Thong Quang Nguyen
Effectiveness Of Closed-Loop Inverse-Kinematic Landmark Navigation Method On Drifting And Heading Errors Of Imprecise Multi-Legged Robots, Thong Quang Nguyen
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
This work addresses the effectiveness of a closed-loop inverse-kinematic control methodology on alleviating drifting and heading errors in the walking and turning of a hexapod robot. Most work in this area focuses on stability, hardware design, and control. This work is aimed at controlling imprecise hardware on unknown structured environments. The proposed controller uses a camera and an ultrasonic sensor as sensory feedback. It also uses the well-known tripod gait for locomotion, implemented with the closed-loop inverse-kinematic method. Experimental results show the effectiveness of this approach in walking and turning the hexapod on an unknown surface.
Thermal Design Analysis Of Server Chassis Manifolds For Liquid Cooled Servers Using Cfd, Kaustubh Kantilal Adsul
Thermal Design Analysis Of Server Chassis Manifolds For Liquid Cooled Servers Using Cfd, Kaustubh Kantilal Adsul
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Direct-to-chip liquid cooling is one of the most popular methods in data center thermal management when it comes to cooling high chip power densities. A cold plate-based liquid cooling system contains various components such as pumps, data center room, and rack-level manifolds, and server chassis-level manifold. Efficient coolant distribution to the heat-dissipating cold plates plays an important role in both the thermal and hydraulic performance of the server. It is, thus, very important to design and manufacture server chassis manifold geometry that can perform efficiently under the anticipated heat loads and coolant flow rates. In the present thesis, two such …
Design And Cfd Analysis Of A Tank Solution For Natural Convection Based Single-Phase Immersion Cooling Of Servers, Siddhesh Manohar Khanvilkar
Design And Cfd Analysis Of A Tank Solution For Natural Convection Based Single-Phase Immersion Cooling Of Servers, Siddhesh Manohar Khanvilkar
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
The issue of thermal management of data centers is becoming even more challenging with increasing chip power densities. This has been primarily driven by increasing demands in artificial intelligence and machine learning-based applications, increased usage of cloud-based services, and high-performance computing. The development of these applications has led to a corresponding increment in high performance and high power density CPUs and GPUs. Liquid cooling technologies are outperforming the traditional air cooling approach in dissipating high heat fluxes. Out of these technologies, single-phase immersion cooling offers advantages like substantially lower PUE values, simplified data center infrastructure, ease of deployment for edge …
Design, Development, And Characterization Of A Flow Control Device For Dynamic Cooling Liquid-Cooled Servers, Hardik Yashwant Hurnekar
Design, Development, And Characterization Of A Flow Control Device For Dynamic Cooling Liquid-Cooled Servers, Hardik Yashwant Hurnekar
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Since the early ’60s, based on Moore’s law, transistor density has been doubling every generation resulting in increased power density. Eventually, in the early ’90s, we moved from constant voltage to constant electric field and corresponding constant power for a given area during technology changes. Dennard’s model of voltage scaling and corresponding constant power ceased, ending improved performance gains in the early 2000s that again required techniques to mitigate increased power and corresponding temperature. The performance gain is being achieved by using multi-core processors, leading to non-uniform power distribution and localized high temperatures making cooling very challenging. Direct cold plate-based …
Evaluating The Thermal Performance Of Topology Optimized Low-Cost 3d Printed Heat Sink Made Of Copper, Bilal Taha
Evaluating The Thermal Performance Of Topology Optimized Low-Cost 3d Printed Heat Sink Made Of Copper, Bilal Taha
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
The performance of a heat sink is highly dependent on the overall surface area available for heat transfer. Designing heat sinks with greater surface areas meant bigger size, weight, and volume of heat-exchanger thus making it unfeasible to produce. Design and manufacture of compact-sized heat sinks is a difficult task, as it would require the use of complex surface modeling and complex surface cutting. But with the advent of 3D printing technology, it has become easier to manufacture heat sinks having complex designs producing larger surface areas as they add material layer by layer rather than cutting it away. The …
Investigation On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Porous Structures Processed By Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Samarth Ramachandra
Investigation On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Porous Structures Processed By Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Samarth Ramachandra
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Inconel 718 (i.e., IN718) is a prominent nickel-based, precipitation-hardening superalloy which exhibits exceptionally stable mechanical and corrosion resistant properties, even at temperature range of 650ºC to 700ºC, making it suitable for a wide range of applications such as aerospace, nuclear reactors, tooling, turbines, oil and gas applications. The high toughness and work hardening offered by this superalloy, however, greatly limits the choice of machinability. The presence of low levels of aluminum permits good weldability which further allows the use of laser-based additive manufacturing (AM) to efficiently fabricate IN718 parts without the limitations associated with conventional manufacturing methods. Thanks to AM …
Investigation Of The Microstructural And Mechanical Properties Of Selectively Laser Melted In718 Overhangs Fabricated Without Support Structures, Manjunath Hanumantha
Investigation Of The Microstructural And Mechanical Properties Of Selectively Laser Melted In718 Overhangs Fabricated Without Support Structures, Manjunath Hanumantha
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Additive manufacturing is a new manufacturing technology that allows for extreme design freedom as well as the simultaneous production of many parts with high complexities. IN718 is a high-strength, corrosion-resistant super alloy of nickel and chromium. It is ideal for high-end applications such as rocket nozzles and turbines because it can handle exceptionally high pressure and heat. Because of its high stiffness qualities, conventional manufacturing of complex IN718 geometries is challenging. Various fabrication techniques have been developed, and this study focuses on selective laser melting (SLM) because of its potential to produce near-perfect parts at a low cost when working …
Structural Optimization And Reliability Assessment Of Heterogeneous 3d Ic Packages And Analysis Of Rheological Properties Of Particle Based Thermal Interface Materials, Mehzabeen Binte Kabir
Structural Optimization And Reliability Assessment Of Heterogeneous 3d Ic Packages And Analysis Of Rheological Properties Of Particle Based Thermal Interface Materials, Mehzabeen Binte Kabir
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
As computing and communication devices are converging with improved functionally, denser, and finer pitch which creates complexity of circuit interconnections for 2-D devices becomes a limitation for overall performance and drives up power dissipation [1]. Thus the ordinary 2-D structures of IC packages cannot address those demands where 3-D through-silicon via (TSV) is the key to 3-D IC integration and stacking of chips, is emerging now as a powerful tool to converge the needs of integrated circuit (IC) packages. In 3D TSV the chips are stacked on top of another so heat trapped in a small region which is difficult …
Improving The Impingement Cold Plate Thermal Design Using Numerical And Analytical Approach, Reuben Joshua Madhuker
Improving The Impingement Cold Plate Thermal Design Using Numerical And Analytical Approach, Reuben Joshua Madhuker
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Conventional cooling methods for an IC chip uses heat spreader to transfer heat from the chip end of the spreader to the opposite end of the spreader which then uses air or water to remove heat and thereby maintaining the overall temperature. Unfortunately, the heat spreader itself has constraints such as conduction resistance which adds the heat spreader inefficiency. But if we increase the area exposed to the cooling end then this can be improved. This is done by introducing channels at that end. These channels act as fins which give a better shot at cooling the system temperature. These …
Nanoscale Mechanics Of Disordered Biomolecules In Brain, Md Ishak Khan
Nanoscale Mechanics Of Disordered Biomolecules In Brain, Md Ishak Khan
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The long-term objective of this dissertation is to link blast-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) with multiscale, multiphysics damage evolution in the brain using experimentally verifiable computations and simulations. The short-term goal is to conduct modeling and simulation to correlate dynamic mechanical loading to damage in sub-axonal components. It is known that the interior of the brain at the macroscale (10^-1 m) is composed of two distinct components, the grey matter, and the white matter. Within the cortex, the grey matter primarily takes the form of cortical columns (mesoscale: 10^-3 m), which are six layered structures, each composed of 8-10 thousand …
Analytical And Experimental Studies On Mixing In Supersonic Flows, Vijay Gopal
Analytical And Experimental Studies On Mixing In Supersonic Flows, Vijay Gopal
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
Mixing enhancement in supersonic flow is an important domain of research for enabling the realization of efficient and scalable high speed air-breathing engines (scramjet). Introducing streamwise vorticies in supersonic flow and tailoring their interactions for mixing enhancement is the primary motivation for the present research study. Leveraging the research performed in the group at the Aerodynamics Research Center (ARC), systematic experimental studies on mixing enhancement is carried out in supersonic flows by tailoring the selected modes of streamwise vortex interactions with the aid of in-house developed reduced order method VorTX. This method utilizes the lifting line-vortex theory in supersonic flow …
Automating Aerospace Synthesis Code Generation A Tool For Generic Vehicle Design And Technology Forecasting, Thomas Peter Mccall
Automating Aerospace Synthesis Code Generation A Tool For Generic Vehicle Design And Technology Forecasting, Thomas Peter Mccall
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The principal development and deliverable of this research is a generic synthesis assembling decision support environment for early conceptual design that automates the assembly of synthesis architectures for enhanced product exploration and technology forecasting. The objective of this research is to develop a baseline environment to assess complex vehicle automated synthesis architecture synthetization procedures for adaptation into a greater cognitive system. This tool has been developed as a precursory and developmental task in an initiative towards an artificial intelligence design and research assistant peer. The artificial intelligence peer is a perceived course for future design system evolution in the continued …
Using Numerical Modeling To Determine Viscous Losses Within Helium Turbomachinery, Benjamin Uhlig
Using Numerical Modeling To Determine Viscous Losses Within Helium Turbomachinery, Benjamin Uhlig
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
As the consumption of energy has increased relentlessly over the last few decades, the need for reliable clean energy generation has increased as well. Currently, nuclear power is the only method capable of providing a stable supply of clean energy, although the nuclear energy generation process still requires improvement. Specifically, there is a need to increase efficiencies while reducing the risks of radioactive contamination. It is possible that both these issues may be mitigated using helium as the working fluid. However, the performance of turbomachinery using helium must be evaluated before its use can be implemented. To do this, Balaji …
Determination Of Landing Zones Of Quadrotors Experiencing In-Flight Failures, Ahmet Tolcu
Determination Of Landing Zones Of Quadrotors Experiencing In-Flight Failures, Ahmet Tolcu
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, have attained considerable prominence in a wide range of areas ranging from military operations, including surveillance, intelligence, and reconnaissance, to nonmilitary sectors such as delivery, entertainment, and agriculture. The low cost, small size, and ease of use of quadrotors provide significant advantages for such missions. At the same time however, the occurrence of physical failures in such vehicles, particularly if these failures occur while flying over highly populated areas, can pose considerable risk to people and premises on the ground. This thesis investigates scenarios of power loss due to …
Experimental Assessment Of Rack-Level Dynamic Direct To Chip Liquid Cooling For Data Center And It Equipment Reliability, Amith Mathew
Experimental Assessment Of Rack-Level Dynamic Direct To Chip Liquid Cooling For Data Center And It Equipment Reliability, Amith Mathew
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Data centers are used by organizations for storing, processing and distribution of data. These data centers are run through-out the year due to which their thermal management is a growing concern. A popular way of eliminating such thermal cooling issues is Liquid cooling. Conventionally Liquid cooling involves the supply of constant liquid flow (water or refrigerant) through the IT rack irrespective of the IT load, which in a Multi-chip module causes hotspots and temperature gradients across the module due to non-uniform heating. A dynamic cold-plate and a regulatory flow control device (FCD) is incorporated in this experimental set-up to assist …
Analysis Of Glass Transition Temperature Of Pcb & Substrate Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis & Thermomechanical Analysis, Shristi Yadav
Analysis Of Glass Transition Temperature Of Pcb & Substrate Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis & Thermomechanical Analysis, Shristi Yadav
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive
Electronic Packaging materials and their properties examines the array of packaging architecture, outlining the classification of materials and their use for various tasks requiring performance over time. Glass transition temperature plays a vital role in the field of Electronic Packaging. It is the temperature range where the material changes from a rigid glassy material to a soft (not melted) material and is usually measured in terms of the stiffness or modulus. The commonly used component in today’s electronics world are PCBs and substrate which are an integral part of it. There are few known ways of finding out the Glass …