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Articles 301 - 330 of 2858
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Reinforcement Learning For Adversarial Systems Using Relational Observations, Sophia Christine Gilson
Reinforcement Learning For Adversarial Systems Using Relational Observations, Sophia Christine Gilson
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the integration of relational observations with the reinforcement learning (RL) framework for improved generalization capability. A hide-and-seek simulation environment is designed in Unity for proof-of-concept demonstration. Two observation representations—relational (analogical) and standard positional—are designed to evaluate agent learning and generalization capabilities. Agents are trained using the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and Soft Actor Critic (SAC) algorithms in a random-room environment and tested in both the random-room environment and a novel environment with greater spatial complexity and path obstructions. Comparative studies indicate that relational representation of objects in the adversarial environment could potentially improve the generalization capability of …
Scalable Real-Time Stream Clustering For Unbounded Text Streams, Nathaniel C. Crossman
Scalable Real-Time Stream Clustering For Unbounded Text Streams, Nathaniel C. Crossman
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Social media, AI systems, IoT sensors, and other platforms generate vast amounts of streaming data. Given this vast volume of information, techniques that can reduce and aggregate data into meaningful topics are essential. One such technique is the two-phase stream clustering approach. In the first, online micro-clustering phase, the system forms micro-clusters from the incoming data stream, incrementally merges new items into related existing micro-clusters, and prunes or fades micro-clusters as they become inactive, producing a constantly updating yet compact set of micro-clusters representing potential topics and subtopics of the stream. In the second, offline macro-clustering phase, these micro-clusters are …
Patient Subset Classification Using Encoded Embeddings And Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Benjamin A. Holmes
Patient Subset Classification Using Encoded Embeddings And Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Benjamin A. Holmes
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
The widespread adoption of electronic medical records has created a vast reservoir of clinical data that can be leveraged to better understand how interventions relate to patient outcomes. Much of this information, however, exists as unstructured free-text, posing significant challenges for traditional statistical and machine-learning methods. Solving these challenges would allow the extraction of specific patient subpopulations (clinically relevant cohorts of individuals who share overlapping symptoms, risk factors, or diagnostic criteria), which could be used in precision medicine. Despite this promise, extracting these subpopulations from unstructured medical notes is an ongoing challenge due to the variability of clinical language and …
Using Unsupervised Machine Learning To Experimentally Categorize Separation On Low-Pressure Turbine Blades, Aaron B. Suter
Using Unsupervised Machine Learning To Experimentally Categorize Separation On Low-Pressure Turbine Blades, Aaron B. Suter
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Laminar boundary layer separation can significantly degrade the efficiency of Low-Pressure Turbine (LPT) blades. While active flow control (AFC) methods can mitigate these losses, energy-efficient implementation requires activating the system only when performance decreases. This study validates an unsupervised machine learning framework that utilizes sparse, discrete surface-pressure measurements to distinguish between high and low aerodynamic loss states. A fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering model was trained on limited pressure data obtained in a low-speed linear cascade across Reynolds numbers from 30,000 to 160,000 and used to categorize the flow regime in real time. At Re = 40,000, vortex generator jet (VGJ) …
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment Caused By Hypoxia, Birendra Sharma
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment Caused By Hypoxia, Birendra Sharma
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Hypoxia disrupts brain function due to the high demand for oxygen, leading to significant cognitive impairments. While vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been shown to enhance cognition, its ability to counteract hypoxia-induced deficits remains unclear. In this study, male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to sham, hypoxia, or VNS + hypoxia groups, with VNS delivered during hypoxia (8% oxygen) using biphasic pulses (100 μs, 30 Hz, 0.8 mA). Cognitive performance was evaluated using multiple behavioral paradigms, and hippocampal tissue was analyzed for neurotrophin expression through quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Among the behavioral measures, hypoxia specifically impaired performance on the passive avoidance …
Utilizing Optimization Tools For Passive Flow Control Passage Loss Reduction In Low-Pressure Turbines, Bryant Robert Duane Burton
Utilizing Optimization Tools For Passive Flow Control Passage Loss Reduction In Low-Pressure Turbines, Bryant Robert Duane Burton
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Low-pressure turbines (LPTs) play a crucial role in fuel efficiency and thrust generation of aero-engines. Traditional LPT designs, however, involve multiple stages and numerous blades, resulting in increased weight and manufacturing costs. The challenge of modern- day researchers is to reduce the weight and cost but maintain the high efficiency of LPTs. To address this, one approach is to increase the aerodynamic loading of individual blades, reducing the blade count. However, this can lead to increased secondary losses caused by flow separation, particularly in the endwall regions. This research focuses on optimizing the blade profile at the junction with the …
Quantification Of Porosity In Hfb2–20%Sic Using Convolutional Neural Networks, Cameron J. Floyd
Quantification Of Porosity In Hfb2–20%Sic Using Convolutional Neural Networks, Cameron J. Floyd
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Ultra-high-temperature ceramics, commonly used in aerospace applications, operate in high-temperature oxidizing environments where a surface scale forms and regulates oxy gen access. For hafnium diboride–silicon carbide (HfB2–SiC), that scale consists of a borosilicate glass layer over a porous HfO2 skeleton. Oxygen transport through this poros ity governs the kinetics of mechanistic models, requiring reproducible inputs for accurate pore fraction (PF), pore-size distributions, and ultimately tortuosity. This thesis replaces rule-based SEM thresholding with a convolutional neural network that segments pores and predicts the pore-radius distribution for transport models. The resulting calibrated porosity maps and size distributions transfer within the acquisition domain …
Effect Of Build Orientation And Environmental Conditions On Mechanical And Geometric Properties Of Polymeric Parts Fabricated By The Powder Bed Fusion Process, Adedamola O. Adeyemi
Effect Of Build Orientation And Environmental Conditions On Mechanical And Geometric Properties Of Polymeric Parts Fabricated By The Powder Bed Fusion Process, Adedamola O. Adeyemi
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Polyamide-12 (aka PA12) is a synthetic thermoplastic polymer that has been used in various applications, including the electronic and electrical, oil and gas industrial manufacturing and automotive industry. There are several ways to manufacture parts with PA12 and PA12 based composites. Injection molding, a traditional manufacturing process, has been the standard manufacturing route for polymers for a long time. Recently, however, additive manufacturing (AM) processes, such as powder bed fusion (PBF) and material extrusion (ME) have been introduced. PBF is a manufacturing process characterized by the selective sintering of successive layers of powdered material. It is the most effective AM …
Generative Adversarial Networks (Gans) For High-Dimensional Biological Data, Harigovind Harikumar
Generative Adversarial Networks (Gans) For High-Dimensional Biological Data, Harigovind Harikumar
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the application of Generative AI models, mainly Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) models to high dimensional and low sample size biological datasets like Motion Sickness, Breast Cancer, Crohn, and Melanoma. We utilized and compared three generative AI frameworks: Vanilla GAN, Wasserstein GAN (WGAN), Locality-Sensitive Hashing GAN (LSH-GAN) and Omics GAN. To address the challenges associated with high-dimensionality and low sample size, which was leading to very poor outputs of biological synthetic samples, we came up with an approach to stop the model when it reaches its saturation level. That is, we printed the loss plots to see where …
The Role Of Trpm7 In Mouse Development And Immune Cell Function, Jananie Rockwood
The Role Of Trpm7 In Mouse Development And Immune Cell Function, Jananie Rockwood
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Transient receptor melastatin 7 (TRPM7) functions both as an ion channel and a protein kinase. TRPM7 has been implicated in Mg2+ homeostasis, embryogenesis, cardiac automaticity, and immunity. The purpose of this research was to deepen our understanding of TRPM7 channel and kinase functions. To this end, we used two transgenic mouse models: the TRPM7 gain-of-function (GOF) and TRPM7 kinase-dead (KD) mice to address the consequences of increased channel activity and kinase inactivation, respectively. Global deletion of TRPM7 or the kinase domain alone are embryonic lethal, therefore, we used the TRPM7 GOF mouse to investigate germline transmission. We examined embryo development …
Pixmix Attack: Implementation And Evaluation Of A Novel Pixel Injection On Digital Video Port (Dvp) Interface In Embedded Camera Systems With Pcb Hardware Trojan, Sayed Md Tashfi Nowroz
Pixmix Attack: Implementation And Evaluation Of A Novel Pixel Injection On Digital Video Port (Dvp) Interface In Embedded Camera Systems With Pcb Hardware Trojan, Sayed Md Tashfi Nowroz
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Image sensors are at the heart of machine vision systems in robotics, industrial automation, and surveillance systems which ideally operate with minimal human supervision and only occasional maintenance. The image sensors convert visible light into electrical signals which are locally decoded to image on the printed circuit board (PCB) by an ordinary embedded processor System on Chip (SoC). This thesis investigates a critical vulnerability in such systems, targeting the communication protocol at the signal level during runtime. Specifically, it focuses on a novel attack in the Digital Video Port (DVP) protocol, possible to exploit with PCB-based hardware Trojans, to craft …
Induced Reduction Of N-Glycosylation Leads To Heart Failure, Anthony M. Young
Induced Reduction Of N-Glycosylation Leads To Heart Failure, Anthony M. Young
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and contributes to the increasing global prevalence of heart failure (HF). N-glycosylation is a common co-/post-translational modification where branching oligosaccharides are bound to the extracellular domain of membrane proteins. This creates a diverse range of glycan structures and requires the coordination of hundreds of regulated genes. Inherited mutations in glycan synthesis frequently present with cardiomyopathies leading to HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Additionally, gene expression studies of HFrEF patients have shown altered expression of glycosylation-related genes, including alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoproten 2-beta-N acetlyglucosaminyltransferase (Mgat1). This gene encodes N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase 1 (GlcNAcT1) which is required …
A Secure Ml-Assisted Framework For Resilient And Efficient Prediction Of Physiotherapy Sequence In Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Pratik Pandurang Kharat
A Secure Ml-Assisted Framework For Resilient And Efficient Prediction Of Physiotherapy Sequence In Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Pratik Pandurang Kharat
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Bilateral idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by compression of the median nerve at both wrists, leading to symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness. Unlike unilateral cases, bilateral idiopathic CTS presents distinct therapeutic challenges due to the simultaneous involvement of both hands and the lack of an identifiable underlying cause. This study explores the application of machine learning techniques to predict the optimal sequence of physiotherapeutic interventions Stretching followed by Myofascial Mobilization (S/M) or the reverse (M/S) in female patients with bilateral idiopathic CTS and right hand dominance. Data were drawn from a …
The Impact Of Ahr And Hs1.2 Enhancer Genetic Variations On Igh Expression And Antibody Production In Human B Cells, Mili Santosh Bhakta-Yadav
The Impact Of Ahr And Hs1.2 Enhancer Genetic Variations On Igh Expression And Antibody Production In Human B Cells, Mili Santosh Bhakta-Yadav
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Antibody production is an essential component of the immune response against pathogens. The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene codes for the heavy chain of antibodies. The IgH constant regions Cμ, Cδ, Cγ1-4, Cα1-2, and Cε encode the five major classes of antibodies, i.e., IgM, IgD, IgG1-4, IgA1-2, and IgE, respectively. The transcription of the IgH gene and class switch from IgM to other isotypes is regulated by two 3’ IgH regulatory regions (3’IgHRRs), each of which is a cluster of three enhancer regions (hs3, hs1.2 and hs4). The genetic variations in the hs1.2 enhancer have been identified; a ~53 bp …
Learning Under Data Scarcity: Reasoning And Negative Distillation For Texts And Graphs, Calvin T. Greenewald
Learning Under Data Scarcity: Reasoning And Negative Distillation For Texts And Graphs, Calvin T. Greenewald
Browse all Theses and Dissertations
Modern machine learning (ML) models rely on large amounts of high-quality labeled data to achieve optimal performance. However, in many real-world domains, such as cyber security, acquiring sufficient labeled data is often infeasible due to cost, privacy concerns, and the rapid evolution of underlying phenomena. This challenge underscores the importance of learning under data scarcity. This thesis addresses this challenge by proposing distinct, modality-specific techniques for text and graph domains, which allow models to generalize effectively with minimal data. For text classification task, we incorporate distilled rationales from large language models and adversarial perturbations into the input space to improve …
The Aerodynamics Of Bird Perching: Understanding Wing And Body Interactions In Pigeon Flight, Anirudh Sriram
The Aerodynamics Of Bird Perching: Understanding Wing And Body Interactions In Pigeon Flight, Anirudh Sriram
Honors Undergraduate Theses
During landing, birds often execute a perching maneuver. The perching maneuver refers to the complex series of actions that birds, and pigeons in particular, will perform when landing. They will typically decelerate by pitching their body to a high angle of attack and spreading their wings. It is believed to help achieve better control and reach optimal lift and drag coefficients. This study seeks to better understand the vortex interactions between the main and tail wings during this maneuver. However, it is still an unexplored phenomenon. Thus, two bird models were conceived to analyze it, one with and one without …
A Review Of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Safety Reporting And Analysis Of Incidents, Ryker Davis, Neelakshi Majumdar
A Review Of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Safety Reporting And Analysis Of Incidents, Ryker Davis, Neelakshi Majumdar
2025 Research Poster Competition
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), or drones are rapidly integrating into various industries. However, safety concerns regarding their design, training, and operation are rising. To ensure safer integration into the National Airspace System (NAS), it is crucial to understand the potential risks associated with UAS operations. To address these safety concerns, a systematic analysis of UAS incidents is essential to identify common factors and potential risks. There are various sources that record UAS safety events such as accidents and incidents. Analyzing these safety events to identify their causes and contributing factors may help in developing improved design and operations and thereby …
A Statistical Analysis For Evaluating The Parameters Influencing The Rutting And Cracking Performance Of Asphalt Mixtures, Alexis Light, Mohammad Tahir Ansari, Andrew F. Braham
A Statistical Analysis For Evaluating The Parameters Influencing The Rutting And Cracking Performance Of Asphalt Mixtures, Alexis Light, Mohammad Tahir Ansari, Andrew F. Braham
2025 Research Poster Competition
Durable pavement is essential for modern transportation infrastructure, especially in the United States of America which boasts over 8.5 million lane miles of roads and highways. Despite advanced construction techniques, asphalt pavements are susceptible to rutting and cracking, significantly affecting their performance and maintenance costs. Current methods for analyzing rutting and cracking in asphalt mixtures rely on various parameters, leading to measurement variability. This highlights the need for more rigorous analysis to explore the relationship between mix design variables and pavement performance. This research explores the IDEAL-CT and Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) data from mix designs collected by the Arkansas …
Solo Versus Dual: A Comparative Analysis Of Instructional General Aviation Accidents, Jesse Pham, Neelakshi Majumdar
Solo Versus Dual: A Comparative Analysis Of Instructional General Aviation Accidents, Jesse Pham, Neelakshi Majumdar
2025 Research Poster Competition
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) oversees and regulates all aviation operations in the United States including General Aviation (GA) (FAA, 2016). General aviation is defined as all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire (ICAO, 2009). The FAA sets the standards for pilot certification and training. Student pilots are required to fly at least a minimum of 40 hours to earn their private pilot license (CFR, 2024). During this time, students are to fly for at least 30 hours with a flight instructor and 10 hours solo, which includes cross-country …
Simulation-Enhanced Bayesian Optimization Of System Designs Using Hybrid Physical And Computer Experiments, Luke Kim, Kelly Sullivan, Haitao Liao, Ed Pohl
Simulation-Enhanced Bayesian Optimization Of System Designs Using Hybrid Physical And Computer Experiments, Luke Kim, Kelly Sullivan, Haitao Liao, Ed Pohl
2025 Research Poster Competition
We consider the problem of learning and optimizing the performance of a system by conducting a limited number of physical and digital experiments within a design space. Physical experiments are assumed to be unbiased but costly, while digital experiments (e.g., simulations) are less expensive but may introduce bias due to the limitations of the simulation model. This problem is relevant in many fields, such as optimizing engineered systems where performance (e.g., mechanical properties and reliability) depends on various design variables and external/internal factors. Without digital experiments, optimizing the system’s performance amounts to evaluating a noisy and expensive-to-assess black-box function, a …
Great Lakes Wave Height Trends, Erv Kraft, Brian Barkdoll
Great Lakes Wave Height Trends, Erv Kraft, Brian Barkdoll
Michigan Tech Publications
With the advent of the industrial revolution, greenhouse gases have been emitted into the atmosphere causing the alteration of weather across the globe. These gases have caused the global temperature to warm. This has also caused a change in precipitation, wind speeds, and wave heights. The Great Lakes have many cities located on their shores and millions of people are affected by waves. Effects include shoreline erosion, infrastructure damage, and loss of valuable property and lives. It is imperative to future planning and engineering that the trends of wave height are understood. This study uses linear regression, a well-known and …
Engineering Faculty Perceptions Of Participating In A Sotl Professional Development Intervention, Rhea Dutta
Engineering Faculty Perceptions Of Participating In A Sotl Professional Development Intervention, Rhea Dutta
The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research
No abstract provided.
Jovial Family Farm Facilitates Intergenerational Learning Opportunities Through Urban Farming, Maera Williams
Jovial Family Farm Facilitates Intergenerational Learning Opportunities Through Urban Farming, Maera Williams
Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement
Maera Williams is a sophomore in Environmental and Ecological Engineering at Purdue University. She joined the Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) Urban Farming team as a freshman and now serves as project manager of ten undergraduate students collaborating with Jovial Family Farm to design and develop three indoor hydroponics systems for a laboratory space on their property in Broad Ripple, IN. Jovial Family Farm is a nonprofit organization founded by Drs. Bobbie and Brian Jellison with the mission to provide senior citizens, their families, and their communities with meaningful engagement opportunities on an intergenerational scale through urban agricultural activities. …
The Design And Implementation Of A Modular Tissue Engineering Test Bed To Pursue An Alternate Pathway Of Cell Culture Based Research, Ryley Patrick Griffin
The Design And Implementation Of A Modular Tissue Engineering Test Bed To Pursue An Alternate Pathway Of Cell Culture Based Research, Ryley Patrick Griffin
Theses and Dissertations
The development of a Modular Automated Tissue Engineering Test Bed (MATETB) is the next step in the development of cheap and easily available in vitro cell regulatory systems for both academic and industrial purposes. This project outlined the framework and requirements for a device that could automatically regulate and collect data on a cell culture through the manipulation of its liquid environment. From this framework, a prototype was built. The device would fulfill cell culture needs while collecting data automatically and allowing for live viewing and imaging of cells. The device was comprised of a mechanical skeleton (MS), an environmental …
Sound Innovations For Biofabrication And Tissue Engineering, Mengxi Wu, Zhiteng Ma, Zhenhua Tian, Joseph Rich, Xin He, Jianping Xia, Ye He, Kaichun Yang, Shujie Yang, Kam W. Leong, Luke P. Lee, Tony Jun Huang
Sound Innovations For Biofabrication And Tissue Engineering, Mengxi Wu, Zhiteng Ma, Zhenhua Tian, Joseph Rich, Xin He, Jianping Xia, Ye He, Kaichun Yang, Shujie Yang, Kam W. Leong, Luke P. Lee, Tony Jun Huang
Faculty Publications
Advanced biofabrication techniques can create tissue-like constructs that can be applied for reconstructive surgery or as in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models for disease modeling and drug screening. While various biofabrication techniques have recently been widely reviewed in the literature, acoustics-based technologies still need to be explored. The rapidly increasing number of publications in the past two decades exploring the application of acoustic technologies highlights the tremendous potential of these technologies. In this review, we contend that acoustics-based methods can address many limitations inherent in other biofabrication techniques due to their unique advantages: noncontact manipulation, biocompatibility, deep tissue penetrability, versatility, precision …
Automated Solutions For Hydroponic Plant Growth, Sydney Mcclure, Adam Lachguar
Automated Solutions For Hydroponic Plant Growth, Sydney Mcclure, Adam Lachguar
Sustainability Conference
Within the past year, Project H.O.M.E. has been focusing on the design and development of a semi-automatic hydroponic system specifically for sustaining plant life in Martian-like conditions. Given the significance of extended space-based travel, where the duration of human life in space is a crucial factor, growing food becomes imperative. This project has integrated electrical engineering and computer science, with features like automated pH testing and sensor-based evaluations. Key functionalities, including timed watering and automatic adjustments, were coded to enhance plant care. Initially, the project’s comprehensive research and strategic planning resulted in detailed blueprints and computer-aided design models for the …
Mechanisms Of Extracellular Vesicle Uptake And Implications For The Design Of Cancer Therapeutics, Stephanie R. Jackson Cullison, Joseph P. Flemming, Kubra Karagoz, Peter J. Wermuth, Mỹ G. Mahoney
Mechanisms Of Extracellular Vesicle Uptake And Implications For The Design Of Cancer Therapeutics, Stephanie R. Jackson Cullison, Joseph P. Flemming, Kubra Karagoz, Peter J. Wermuth, Mỹ G. Mahoney
Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology Faculty Papers
The translation of pre-clinical anti-cancer therapies to regulatory approval has been promising, but slower than hoped. While innovative and effective treatments continue to achieve or seek approval, setbacks are often attributed to a lack of efficacy, failure to achieve clinical endpoints, and dose-limiting toxicities. Successful efforts have been characterized by the development of therapeutics designed to specifically deliver optimal and effective dosing to tumour cells while minimizing off-target toxicity. Much effort has been devoted to the rational design and application of synthetic nanoparticles to serve as targeted therapeutic delivery vehicles. Several challenges to the successful application of this modality as …
Integration Of Drone Technology And Gis For Spatial Data Generation And Analysis Of The Municipal Waste Dump Of Pristina, Xhesika Hasa, Hazir Çadraku
Integration Of Drone Technology And Gis For Spatial Data Generation And Analysis Of The Municipal Waste Dump Of Pristina, Xhesika Hasa, Hazir Çadraku
UBT International Conference
The integration of drone technology and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in civil engineering has significantly revolutionized the way data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted in various engineering projects. Drones offer a cost-effective and efficient solution for capturing high-resolution aerial imagery and generating detailed topographic maps. GIS provides a powerful platform for managing, analyzing, and visualizing the vast amount of spatial data collected by drones. This combination allows engineers to accurately measure distances, monitor construction progress, assess site conditions, and identify potential hazards. As such, this research aims to explore the practical a pli-cation, benefits, challenges, and future prospects of using …
Computer Vision In A Robotic Arm, Jack Maxwell
Computer Vision In A Robotic Arm, Jack Maxwell
College of Engineering Summer Undergraduate Research Program
We used a machine learning-based object detection algorithm to give a robotic arm the ability to "see" with its camera.
Design For Pullout Resistance And Global Stability Of Metallic Reinforcements In Mse Walls With Lightweight Cellular Concrete Backfill, Joshua Curt Peterson
Design For Pullout Resistance And Global Stability Of Metallic Reinforcements In Mse Walls With Lightweight Cellular Concrete Backfill, Joshua Curt Peterson
Theses and Dissertations
Lightweight cellular concrete (LCC) is a type of concrete that has reduced density and weight compared to traditional concrete. This is achieved by incorporating a large amount of air- filled cells or voids into the mixture. The resulting material is lighter, yet still possesses considerable strength and durability, making it suitable for a range of construction applications, especially in the case of retaining walls because of its reduced weight. Unlike traditional concrete, which can be extremely heavy and place significant stress on the supporting structure, lightweight cellular concrete reduces the pressure on the retaining wall, helping to prevent deformation and …