Engineering Commons^™

Coherent Two-Photon Backscattering And Induced Angular Quantum Correlations In Multiple-Scattered Two-Photon States Of The Light, Nooshin M. Estakhri, Theodore B. Norris

Engineering Faculty Articles and Research

We present the emergence of coherent two-photon backscattering, a manifestation of weak localization, in multiple scattering of maximally entangled pure and fully mixed two-photon states and examine the effect of entanglement and classical correlations. Quantum correlations in backscattering are investigated for finite three-dimensional disordered structures in the weak localization regime, as well as systems of a small number of scatterers with specified spatial arrangements. No assumptions are made about the statistical behavior of the scattering matrix elements. Furthermore, we study the interplay between quantum correlations induced by multiple scattering and the correlations that may be present in the illumination fields, …

Enhanced Intrusion Detection Using Recurrent Neural Networks With Amino Acid Codon Features, Omar Fitian Rashid, Mohammed Ahmed Subhi, Safa Ahmed Abdulsahib, Mohammed Khaleel Hussein, Marwan Ali Albahar

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) is the main defense mechanism deployed by the current networks to prevent cyber threats. Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) are also a novel IDS structure that replaces the conventional training and testing mechanism. The strategy encodes network traffic data as biological sequences using amino acid codons in such a fashion that the RNN is capable of effectively analyzing temporal and sequence data patterns. RNN architecture design adopts embedding layers to handle codon representations and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layers to perform sequential data learning, which is followed by a fully connected network to perform classification functions, which …

The Effect Of Ideals In Near Rings With Respect To Zero Divisor And Completely Equiprime Split Graphs, Sarah Hamid Al-Sharifi, Ameer A. J. Al-Swidi

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

We seek to find several relationships for some of the graphs that were previously studied by us(completely equiprime graph $CEQ_J( N )$) and by other researchers(simple graph $\Gamma $(R)) based on the ideals of the near rings with our new definition, which is the split and non-split of graphs, which determines the consequent priorities in light of that, specifying that according to the properties of the near ring elements and their ideals.

Latent Space Exploration Of Stylegan2-Ada For Fashion Image Synthesis: A Practical Implementation Guide For Moderate-Sized Datasets, Ali H. Shareef, Hajer Ghodhbani, Tarek M. Hamdani, Habib Chabchoub, Adel M. Alimi

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

\hlThis paper presents the use of StyleGAN2-ADA for fashion image synthesis and editing. We demonstrate that generative adversarial networks (GANs) can generate realistic and diverse fashion images even under moderate data constraints. The model trained on a dataset of 9,000 fashion images achieved a Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) of 10.8, a Garment Structure Accuracy (GSA) of 0.85, a Pattern Continuity Score (PCS) of 0.78, and an Attribute Transfer Accuracy (ATA) averaging 75% across key attributes. These quantitative results confirm the model’s ability to produce high-quality, structurally consistent, and semantically coherent fashion images. Unlike previous studies focusing on …

Explainable Ai In Agriculture: Bridging The Gap Between Technology And Farmer, Jayarekha P, Anitha H M, Sowmya K S, Nalina V, Audithan Sivaraman, Madhu Narasimha

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

An intelligent and explainable, as well as user-friendly, crop recommendation and yield prediction system is developed to facilitate agricultural decision-making under various tillage methods with the help of Explainable AI. The system utilizes Machine Learning algorithms and calculates yield changes as a relative term with respect to various inputs such as location, month of sowing, years of NT adoption, and soil type using real-time environmental data; accordingly, it recommends crops. The prediction framework, which is based on various regression algorithms, including Linear Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting, was trained on the dataset of agronomic and climatic variables. …

Resolution Of Expression Of Concern: Ontology Features-Based Arabic Text Augmentation Using Word2vec, Enas Tariq Khudair, Onsa Lazzez, Mourad Zaied, Tarek M. Hamdani, Ahmed T. Sadiq, Habib Chabchoub, Adel M. Alimi

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Editor's Note: This Resolution notice concludes the investigation initiated by the Expression of Concern (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1386) regarding the Original Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1302). The publication timeline is as follows: Original Article → Expression of Concern → Resolution.

Resolution of Expression of Concern:

The editorial team of the Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics has completed a thorough post-publication review of the above-mentioned article, the supporting data, and the authors’ responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors.

We have found …

Resolution Of Expression Of Concern: The Innovative Technique For Obtaining The Solutions Of Jeffery Hamel Nano-Fluids Flow Problem, Haedir Abd Alrazak Namoos, Abeer Majeed Jasim

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Editor's Note: This Resolution notice concludes the investigation initiated by the Expression of Concern (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1389) regarding the Original Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1303). The publication timeline is as follows: Original Article → Expression of Concern → Resolution.

Resolution of Expression of Concern:

The editorial team of the Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics has completed a thorough post-publication review of the above-mentioned article, the supporting data, and the authors’ responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors.

We have found …

Resolution Of Expression Of Concern: Software Engineering Approach To Enhancing Privacy Protection: Automated Face Blurring Using Deep Learning In Arab Social Media, Yasmin Makki Mohialden, Nadia Mahmood Hussien, Mostafa Abdulghafoor Mohammed

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Editor's Note: This Resolution notice concludes the investigation initiated by the Expression of Concern (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1388) regarding the Original Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1317). The publication timeline is as follows: Original Article → Expression of Concern → Resolution.

Resolution of Expression of Concern:

The editorial team of the Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics has completed a thorough post-publication review of the above-mentioned article, the supporting data, and the authors’ responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors.

We have found …

Resolution Of Expression Of Concern: Quantum Machine And Deep Learning For Medical Image Classification: A Systematic Review Of Trends, Methodologies, And Future Directions, Eman A. Radhi, Mohammed Y. Kamil, Mazin Abed Mohammed

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Editor's Note: This Resolution notice concludes the investigation initiated by the Expression of Concern (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1387) regarding the Original Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1252). The publication timeline is as follows: Original Article → Expression of Concern → Resolution.

Resolution of Expression of Concern:

The editorial team of the Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics has completed a thorough post-publication review of the above-mentioned article, the supporting data, and the authors’ responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors.

We have found …

Resolution Of Expression Of Concern: Leveraging Machine Learning For Accurate Prediction Of Nba Player Salaries, Ye Cheng, Yan Song, Mingqi Wang

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Editor's Note: This Resolution notice concludes the investigation initiated by the Expression of Concern (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1385) regarding the Original Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1275). The publication timeline is as follows: Original Article → Expression of Concern → Resolution.

Resolution of Expression of Concern:

The editorial team of the Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics has completed a thorough post-publication review of the above-mentioned article, the supporting data, and the authors’ responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors.

We have found …

Resolution Of Expression Of Concern: Improving Road Safety Through Multimodal Deep Learning For Driver Drowsiness Detection, Hadel A. Hussain, Mohammed A. Subhi, Ahmed S. Al Tmeme, Ahmed D. Radhi, Marwan Ali Albahar

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Editor's Note: This Resolution notice concludes the investigation initiated by the Expression of Concern (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1384) regarding the Original Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1330). The publication timeline is as follows: Original Article → Expression of Concern → Resolution.

Resolution of Expression of Concern:

The editorial team of the Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics has completed a thorough post-publication review of the above-mentioned article, the supporting data, and the authors’ responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors.

We have found …

Resolution Of Expression Of Concern: Improved Harmony Search Algorithm For Sdn Controller Placement, Yousra Abdul Alsahib S. Aldeen, Ahmed T. Sadiq, Abeer E. Abed, Omar F. Hussain, Syed Hamid Hussain Madni

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Editor's Note: This Resolution notice concludes the investigation initiated by the Expression of Concern (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1382) regarding the Original Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1249). The publication timeline is as follows: Original Article → Expression of Concern → Resolution.

Resolution of Expression of Concern:

The editorial team of the Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics has completed a thorough post-publication review of the above-mentioned article, the supporting data, and the authors’ responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors.

We have found …

Resolution Of Expression Of Concern: Exact Solutions Of M-Fractional Complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation Via Two Analytical, Nematollah Kadkhoda, Mojtaba Baymani, Maad M. Mijwil, Mostafa Abotaleb

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Editor's Note: This Resolution notice concludes the investigation initiated by the Expression of Concern (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1381) regarding the Original Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1267). The publication timeline is as follows: Original Article → Expression of Concern → Resolution.

Resolution of Expression of Concern:

The editorial team of the Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics has completed a thorough post-publication review of the above-mentioned article, the supporting data, and the authors’ responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors.

We have found …

Resolution Of Expression Of Concern: Artificial Intelligence In Education: Mathematics Teachers’ Perspectives, Practices And Challenges, Mohammad A. Tashtoush, Yousef Wardat, Rommel Al Ali, Shoeb Saleh

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Editor's Note: This Resolution notice concludes the investigation initiated by the Expression of Concern (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1379) regarding the Original Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/ijcsm.2024.05.01.004). The publication timeline is as follows: Original Article → Expression of Concern → Resolution.

Resolution of Expression of Concern:

The editorial team of the Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics has completed a thorough post-publication review of the above-mentioned article, the supporting data, and the authors’ responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors.

We have found …

Resolution Of Expression Of Concern: A Lightweight U-Net Model For Accurate Skin Lesion Segmentation, Fallah H. Najjar, Karrar A. Kadhim, Farhan Mohamed, Mohd Shafry Mohd Rahim, Asniyani Nur Haidar Abdullah

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Editor's Note: This Resolution notice concludes the investigation initiated by the Expression of Concern (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1378) regarding the Original Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1230). The publication timeline is as follows: Original Article → Expression of Concern → Resolution.

Resolution of Expression of Concern:
The editorial team of the Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics has completed a thorough post-publication review of the above-mentioned article, the supporting data, and the authors’ responses to the queries raised. Upon careful assessment, we have determined that the concerns have been addressed and clarified to the satisfaction of the editors.
We have found …

The Arching Analysis Of Rigid Inclusion System Using Cohesive Fill For Load Transform Platform, Ramy Mohammed Mohammed Khalil, Amr F. Elhakim

HBRC Journal

Rigid Inclusion System (RIS) is one of the economic systems for improving highly compressible soil by increasing the bearing capacity of foundation soil and reducing settlements. This system consists of a load transform platform (LTP) with or without geosynthetic reinforcement (GR) membrane resting on an arrangement of piles. The LTP redistributes the fill embankment load so that a higher percentage of load is transferred to pile by arching that leads to a reduction in the settlement of the foundation soil. Many analytical, numerical and experimental studies to model arching within LTP using cohesionless fill are summarized. This paper presents an …

Effect Of Recycled Water As Mixing And Curing Water, On Concrete Properties, Nagah Mousalem, Sayed Abdelbaky, Hesham Ali Ezz-Eldeen, Ahmed Abdel Hafiz Mahmoud

HBRC Journal

This research aims to study the effect of secondary treated wastewater (STWW) and tertiary treated wastewater (TTWW) in concrete mixing and curing as a complete alternative to fresh water to address the water crisis. The treated wastewater used in the study was collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Orasqualia for STWW and El Shorouk for TTWW, Egypt. Chemical analysis was performed on the collected water samples to verify their compliance with the recommendations of the relevant standards used in concrete production. Physical and mechanical tests were performed on cement paste, mortar and concrete specimens. Some durability characteristic of concrete …

Improving Heat Transfer Properties Of Corundum Alumina-Based Nanofluids: A Comprehensive Study On Thermal Conductivity And Characterization, Amri Abdulah, Budi Kristiawan, Wibawa Endra Juwana, Sukarman Sukarman, Khoirudin Khoirudin

HBRC Journal

The thermal conductivity of nanofluids is affected by various factors. Consequently, a comprehensive investigation into nanofluid materials and their thermal conductivity is essential. This study examines Al₂O₃ samples with three different volume concentrations, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 vol.%, dispersed in a liquid water/ethylene glycol mixture with a volume ratio of EG–W (50:50). Multi-technique characterization was performed using XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, UV-Visible, and Zeta Potential. Furthermore, thermal conductivity tests were performed on Al₂O₃ using TEMPOS TEM-1443. The XRD pattern revealed that the Al₂O₃ nanoparticles possess a trigonal crystal system with a rhombohedral …

Divergent Risk Prioritization And Safety Governance In Metro Construction Projects: Evidence From Cairo Metro Line 3, Shrouk M. El Gebaly, Khaled M. Dewidar, Taher M. Elsamni

HBRC Journal

Safety risk management remains a critical challenge in large-scale infrastructure projects, particularly in complex urban metro systems where multiple stakeholders operate under different organizational mandates. While previous research has examined construction safety risks, limited studies have explored how project stakeholders prioritize these risks within the same project environment and how such differences influence safety governance. This study investigates stakeholder risk prioritization in metro construction through a qualitative case study of Cairo Metro Line 3 in Egypt. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with representatives from three key stakeholder groups: the client organization, consulting engineers, and construction contractors. The data were …

Policy Analysis Of The Inclusion Of Mitigation Measures In The Re-Design And Construction Of The New Frances Scott Key Bridge, Patrick John O'Connor

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis discusses the tragic event of the container ship MV Dali impacting the Francis Scott Key Bridge on March 26, 2024, leading to the collapse of the structure and killing six people despite having collision mitigation protections in place. This research examines how late twentieth-century structures are inadequate for current shipping demands and emphasizes that updated mitigation design criteria must accommodate larger modern vessels as governments replace or upgrade these structures. This paper will examine four case studies of different collisions that have similar circumstances to the Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse and review National Transportation Safety Board reports …

Fatigue And Healing Performance Of Asphalt Materials Modified With Nanomaterials And High-Polymer Asphalt Binders, Samuel M. Addai

Theses and Dissertations

Fatigue cracking is one of the primary distress mechanisms affecting asphalt pavement durability under repeated traffic loading and environmental aging. Although asphalt binders possess an inherent ability to heal micro-damage during rest periods, this healing capacity is often insufficient to fully counter progressive fatigue damage under field conditions. This thesis investigates the fatigue and self-healing behavior of asphalt binders and mixtures modified with nanomaterials and advanced polymer-based systems. Nanomodified binders were evaluated using Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) and Linear Amplitude Sweep with Healing (LASH) tests within the VECD framework to quantify fatigue resistance and healing behavior under different rest periods …

Transport Properties And Microstructural Development Of Co₂-Cured, Co₂-Infused, And Cold-Weather Concrete, Arlene Jane Looc

Theses and Dissertations

This research aims to advance the understanding of durability and transport behavior in emerging CO₂-cured and cold-weather concrete technologies. Limited work has examined long-term durability indicators such as permeability, resistivity, and pore connectivity in these types of concrete. To bridge this gap, the study evaluates transport properties alongside microstructural changes that govern the progression of hydration and the evolution of pore structure. This study measures transport properties, determines correlations between resistivity and fluid ingress, and analyzes the evolution of pore structure. To achieve this, the experimental program evaluated three concrete mixtures for external CO₂ exposure, nine for dry ice infusion, …

Mental Health Self-Perceptions And Resource Utilization In Undergraduate Students At Binghamton University, Nicole J. Dreznin, Sarah Marcus

Binghamton University Undergraduate Journal

Undergraduate students face increasing rates of mental health challenges, however discrepancies in mental health literacy and utilization of resources may exist across student populations. This study examined the perceptions of mental health in undergraduate students at Binghamton University and if they differed among STEM vs non-STEM, man vs. women, and first-generation vs. continuing generation undergraduate students. A 20-question survey, containing 5 demographic questions and 15 mental health related questions was distributed through Qualtrics to 9 undergraduate classes. The available response choices were based on the Likert scale. A total of 1266 students participated.  Chi square tests of independence were done …

Vibro-Seismic Approach For Remediation Of Near-Wellbore Damage, Mounira Ahmed Abdallah

Theses and Dissertations

The research highlights the importance of vibro-seismic technology in the oil and gas industry. The primary objective of this study is to demonstrate how the vibro-seismic method enhances formation properties which are porosity, and permeability. Ultimately, this will lead to improved productivity and its application to remove the wellbore damage.

The research discusses whether or not the formation properties will be enhanced by the optimized acoustic vibration formation parameters. The thesis details laboratory experiments on core plugs, and four key findings are presented. The experimental work first showed that the use of the proper and optimum parameters enhanced the porosity …

3d Semi-Analytical Thermo-Elasto-Plastic Model For Additive Manufacturing, Tao Liu, Ming C. Leu, Edward C. Kinzel, Chinedum Okwudire

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In additive manufacturing (AM), stress field drives distortion and warping and promotes delamination and cracking. Fast, accurate stress prediction is therefore essential for AM process planning and control, including real-time adaptive control, AM digital twins, data-driven and physics-driven workflows. However, spot-wise thermo-elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM) are often too slow for design iteration or real time use. Existing semi-analytical thermo-elasto-plastic approaches achieve high speed but are largely limited to 2D. In this paper, a full 3D semi-analytical thermo-elasto-plastic model for AM is built. The method uses a spot-wise analytical thermal field as the load and computes displacements and stresses via …

Purification And Concentration Of Model Viruses Using Single-Pass Tangential Flow Filtration, Luis Alberto Mejía-Manzano, Lynn M. Manchester, Grace Wallis, Kan Wang, Bruce Lee, Michael Betenbaugh, Caryn Heldt

Michigan Tech Publications

The vaccine and viral vector industry is growing at an accelerated rate. To improve harvest and purification processes, the development of continuous membrane-based operations, such as normal flow filtration (NFF) and single pass tangential flow filtration (SPTFF) for concentration were explored. This work was conducted using two model viruses, non-enveloped porcine parvovirus (PPV) and enveloped Suid herpesvirus (SuHV). The viruses are in the same family as the gene therapy vectors adeno associated virus and herpes simplex virus, respectively. SPTFF design started with batch TFF for membrane selection. Hollow fiber membranes with a 100 and 300 kDa molecular weight cut off …

Influence Of Peristalsis On The Hemodynamic Analysis Of Magnetohydrodynamic Jeffrey Fluid In A Two-Layered Narrow Channel, N. Lavanya, G. Ravi Kiran, M. Varun Kumar, K. Rajyalakshmi

Mansoura Engineering Journal

In this paper, an analytical study of MHD-influenced hemodynamic of Jeffrey fluid during peristaltic transport in a two layered narrow channel is presented, a phenomenon that has substantial ramifications for microcirculatory dynamics in the cardiovascular system. The model assumes a Jeffery fluid in the core area to encapsulate microstructural phenomena, including viscosity fluctuations, whereas the periphery area is treated as a Newtonian fluid. The governing equations for both regions are simplified and analytically solved under the long wavelength approximation. Using MATHEMATICA, a numerical investigation is carried out to examine the influence of various parameters, such as the magnetic parameters, amplitude, …

Utilization Of Egyptian Flax For Industrial Applications: Sustainable Composite Tubes From Egyptian Flax Cord, Rania El Deeb, Alaa Arafa Badr, Shaimaa Youssef El-Tarfawy, Ahmed H. Hassanin, Ashraf Elnahrawy, Abdelhamid R. Aboalasaad

Mansoura Engineering Journal

The growing demand for eco-friendly products has increased interest in natural fibers such as flax for composite materials, yet high costs limit industrial adoption. This research aims to utilize less expensive Egyptian flax secondary fibers and multifunctional characterization of locally produced flax cords to develop high-performance composite tubes via filament winding. An additional objective is to treat these fibers for technical applications, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic materials.

Egyptian flax cords were processed using a filament winding technique to fabricate composite tubes. The study investigated the effects of varying the number of layers (e.g., 80/14 and 40/14/40 configurations), the …

A Hybrid Densenet121-Inceptionv3 Model For Multi-Output Race And Gender Classification, Maiwan Bahjat Abdulrazzaq, Mayyadah Ramiz Mahmood, Sardar Hasen Ali, Azar Abid Salih

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

This research proposes and validates a novel Hybrid DenseNet121-InceptionV3 architecture for robust multi-output demographic classification from facial images, with a focus on optimizing both time efficiency and parameter utilization. The model was trained on a curated subset of the UTKFace dataset comprising 4,000 images, balanced across four racial groups with equal gender distribution. Our hybrid approach processes images through parallel feature extractors, strategically combining DenseNet121's parameter-efficient feature reuse with InceptionV3's multi-scale analysis capabilities. This architectural synergy achieves superior performance while maintaining computational efficiency. Through rigorous 3-fold cross-validation, the hybrid model demonstrated significant advantages in accuracy and training time, achieving 98.35% …

Performance Evaluation And Sustainable Benefits Of Using Metakaolin And Recycled Steel Fibers In Concrete, Lova Raju Surla, Ramprasad Naik Desavathu, Raja Murugadoss Jeyaraju

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

The rapid accumulation of waste vehicle tires and the increasing demand for cement pose significant environmental challenges through land pollution and CO2 emissions. The combined use of recycled steel fibers (RSFs) recovered from waste tires and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) offers a sustainable solution to these issues. This study investigates concrete incorporating 20% fly ash (FA), varying metakaolin (MK) contents (4–16%), and RSF dosages of 0.5–1.5%. Mechanical properties (compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths) and durability characteristics (sorptivity, water absorption, chloride permeability, and homogeneity) were evaluated at 7, 28, and 90 days. Results showed that the mixture containing 20% FA …