Engineering Commons^™

Development And Validation Of A Thermal Model For An Electric Vehicle Transmission, Ghazal Rajabikhorasani

Dissertations

This research investigates the thermal behavior of a high-speed electric vehicle (EV) helical gearbox with the goal of improving the prediction accuracy of component temperatures and total power losses under a range of operating conditions. The study focuses on developing a physics-based lumped-parameter thermal network model capable of capturing the main heat generation and dissipation mechanisms within the transmission. The model integrates experimentally validated loss correlations for gears, bearings, seals, and churning, as well as convective and radiative heat transfer paths.

The thermal network model was coded in MATLAB and validated through a series of controlled experiments performed on an …

Enabling Scalable Camera-Based Streamflow Monitoring With Serverless Cloud Computing, Sajan Neupane

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

This thesis introduces a modern and automated method for monitoring rivers and streams using cameras and cloud-based software tools. Traditional monitoring methods often rely on sensors placed directly in the water, which can be expensive, hard to install, and difficult to maintain, especially in remote or rough terrain. In contrast, this approach uses cameras to observe water flow from a distance, offering a safer and more cost-effective alternative. However, camera systems come with their own challenges, such as collecting large amounts of image data, transferring it reliably from the field, and analyzing it quickly enough to be useful. This research …

Analysis On Modifications To An Outdoor Field-Scale Rotating Algal Biofilm Reactor With A Focus On Biomass Productivity And Power Usage, Davis R. Haag

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

A rotating algal biofilm reactor (RABR) was operated outdoors for one calendar year to see how the microalgae grown were affected. The algae are grown in wastewater that contains nitrogen and phosphorous, which are elements found in fertilizer. The design used was modified from a previous design, and this project tested the modifications to see if they improved how much microalgae were grown. In February 2025, the objectives of the field study were updated to focus on growing as much microalgae as possible instead of removing as much nitrogen and phosphorous as possible. This updated design increased the fluid flow …

Cognitive Dynamics In Undergraduate Engineering Education: Effects Of Need For Cognitive Closure And Achievement Goal Orientation On Cognitive Engagement, Zain Ul Abideen

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Cognitive and motivational factors play an important role in students’ engagement during problem-solving, which can lead to academic and professional success. Among these factors, Need for cognitive closure (NFCC) and achievement goal orientation (AGO) have been studied extensively individually, but their interaction and impact on engineering students’ problem-solving is still not explored. NFCC refers to the person’s desire for quick answers, and AGO is the student’s approach to learning and success. This research investigated the impact of NFCC on gender and engineering major, and the relation between NFCC (five facets) and AGO (Mastery, Performance) at their different levels. Additionally, this …

Evaluating Use Of Multiple Hydrologic Storage Indicators To Enhance Streamflow Forecasting, Reza Morovati

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Accurate seasonal streamflow forecasts are essential for managing water resources in the western United States, where much of the water supply depends on snow accumulation and melt. Water managers, farmers, and communities rely on these forecasts to plan for water use, prepare for droughts, and protect the environment. However, traditional forecasting methods often do not fully use all the available information about how water is stored in the landscape, such as in snowpacks, soil moisture, and groundwater. This can limit the accuracy of predictions and make water management more difficult.

This study aimed to improve streamflow forecasts by explicitly including …

Enhancing Grid Integration Of High-Power Loads Through Modular Unfolding-Based Power Conversion With Decentralized Control, Sanat R. Poddar

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is a critical step toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions and creating a cleaner, more sustainable transportation sector. However, many drivers — particularly those operating larger vehicles such as trucks and buses — face significant challenges, including limited driving range and lengthy charging times. High-power, fast-charging stations, which can rapidly replenish EV batteries, are therefore essential for mitigating these barriers and making electric transportation practical across all vehicle classes.

Despite the promise of electric vehicles, deploying high-power fast-charging stations presents significant challenges. They require large amounts of electricity, making them expensive to install, operate, and …

Reconstruction And Texturing Of 3d Surfaces From Fused Low-Cost Aerial Lidar And Optical Imagery, Samuel Kiguthi

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Drones equipped with laser scanners (LiDAR) and cameras capture detailed 3D scenes. Combining the laser points with photos builds realistic, photo-textured 3D maps used in surveying, agriculture, and infrastructure planning. Conventional methods to create these maps often misrepresent inward shapes such as doorways, overhangs, and outcrops. These shapes are misrepresented because drones mainly view top surfaces and do not collect significant data on vertical or hidden areas.

This study introduces a surface-reconstruction method that groups LiDAR points into clusters, reconstructs smooth surfaces for each cluster, and uses information from recorded camera poses to stitch clusters together. Tests on real drone …

Design, Control, And Optimization Of Unfolding-Based Ac-Dc Topologies With Three-Port Resonant Converters For Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Applications, Aditya Zade

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

The global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels has made electric mobility a cornerstone of sustainable transportation. This transition is driving demand for advanced charging infrastructure and more efficient power conversion systems. Power converters play a central role, not only in enabling reliable EV charging but also in integrating renewable energy sources with the grid. Because of the large amount of power involved, these converters must operate efficiently, reliably, and at low cost. Conventional high-power chargers often use two stages of conversion, which are effective but limited by size and energy losses. To overcome these …

Unveiling The Interactions Between The Antibiotic Resistome And Microplastics Influenced By Trace Elements And Ppcps In Wastewater Treatment Plants, Tahira Tasneem Rahman

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Antibiotic resistance is a growing global concern, and wastewater treatment plants play a critical role in controlling its spread. These facilities process water containing microplastics (small plastic particles), trace elements like copper and zinc, and chemicals from everyday products like pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Together, these pollutants may contribute to the survival and spread of bacteria containing antibiotic resistance genes, but their combined effects are not fully understood. This study investigated how these pollutants behave and interact in wastewater treatment plants using two approaches: direct monitoring of real treatment plants and controlled lab experiments using synthetic wastewater. Results showed …

Lace Network Firmware: A Polarfire Fpga Network For Data Routing And Command Interfacing In Space Applications, Kade C. Howes

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Modern small spacecraft rely on powerful yet efficient onboard compute devices to process data from sensors in real-time due to tight power and volume constraints. This work explores a new compute device system built from PolarFire Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), which are power-efficient, reprogrammable chips well-suited for space applications. The system connects via a central controller FPGA with one or multiple companion processing FPGAs, allowing sensor data to be quickly received and shared across the network. Standardized data formats and interfaces increase compatibility with spacecraft computers. By simplifying data handling and using high-speed communication links, this architecture makes it easier …

Performance Study Of A Woody Downdraft Gasifier: Numerical Investigation And Experimental Validation, Md Sanowar Hossain, Showmitro Bhowmik, Mujahidul Islam Riad, Md Golam Kibria, Barun K. Das, Sanjay Paul

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Biomass gasification is an established and widely utilized renewable energy system. The research work aims to develop and construct a downdraft gasifier to investigate gasifier performance. The gasifier’s performance and cold gas efficiency were calculated for three volumetric airflow rates: 7.16 m3/h, 5.97 m3/h, and 4.78 m3/h. The efficiency was found maximum of 69.6% for an airflow rate of 7.16 m3/h. The oxidation zone and neck region of the gasifier reactor had the maximum recorded temperatures of 845 °C and 823 °C for Swietenia macrophylla (SM) and Mangifera indica (MI), respectively. A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for a …

Optimization Of Size And Siting Of Distributed Generation In Unbalanced Distribution Systems: A Literature Review, Pema Dorji, Stefan Lachowicz, Octavian Bass

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Renewable energy sources (RES) are essential for meeting the rising global electricity demand while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from conventional generation. As traditional systems approach capacity saturation, the integration of RES into power grids becomes increasingly vital. However, the intermittent and variable nature of RES introduces significant technical, economic, and operational challenges. This review focuses on the optimal planning and integration of distributed generation in unbalanced distribution systems, which more accurately reflect real-world power network conditions. Emphasis is placed on siting and sizing strategies aimed at enhancing voltage stability, minimizing power losses, and reducing system costs and emissions. The review …

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting From Roadways: Challenges, Advances, And Future Directions, Heba Gaber, Mohamed Abdelraheem

Faculty Publications

As the global demand for renewable energy intensifies, piezoelectric energy harvesting from roadways has emerged as a promising avenue for sustainable power generation. This systematic literature review analyzes 61 peer-reviewed studies to assess the feasibility, performance, and potential of integrating piezoelectric systems into roadway infrastructure. While technology faces challenges, such as high installation costs, limited energy output, and a scarcity of thorough economic evaluations, findings suggest it holds considerable promise as a supplementary renewable energy source. The review analyzes the operational characteristics and efficiencies of various piezoelectric transducers, identifies key factors influencing system performance, and evaluates recent technological advances. It …

Deep-Learning-Enhanced Automated Coherent-Light Diffraction System For High-Speed, Highly Accurate Strain-Specific Foodborne Bacterial Recognition, Yang Tian, Ziyu Liu, Yinuo Huang, Ramesh Bahadur Bist, Yiting Xiao, Samantha Marrianne Howe, Tsung Cheng Tsai, Terry Howell, Jeyam Subbiah, Michael L. Looper, Dongyi Wang

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Rapid, accurate differentiation of bacterial pathogens at both species and strain levels is critical for clinical diagnostics, food safety, and epidemiological surveillance. We report a fully automated laser-diffraction platform that achieves rapid, label-free identification of bacterial pathogens at both species and strain levels. The system integrates dual cameras, an automated X-Y stage, and deep-learning classifiers to deliver sub-second, nondestructive diagnostics without reagents or culture. Using diffraction patterns from eight strains, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, K12, ATCC 25922, F18, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, and Staphylococcus aureus, a custom YOLO11x model attained 100 % Top-1 accuracy under five-fold stratified cross-validation …

Evaluation Of High Concentration Dissolved Oxygen Delivery On Wastewater Treatment Plant Performance, Gregor Ethan R. Posadas

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Microorganisms are used in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to transform constituents and depend on dissolved oxygen (DO) for growth. Limitations in traditional treatment methods pose inefficiencies in performance relative to constituent removal. This study involved monitoring the performance of a selected WWTP located in Greenleaf, Idaho that was retrofitted with a high concentration DO delivery system. The WWTP was selected due to its small scale (classified as a minor discharge facility with a design flow <1 MGD) and capability of being retrofitted with a high concentration DO delivery system proprietary to BioSolution Holdings Co., Ltd. This study aimed to monitor the effects of delivering higher DO concentrations in the WWTP in conjunction with validating the performance and function of the retrofitted high concentration DO delivery system. The performance of the selected WWTP was monitored over the course of one year to capture seasonal fluctuations.

Significant changes in WWTP constituent treatment induced by higher DO concentrations were observed at various points within the treatment processes. Monitored parameters included DO, temperature, …

Integrating Neural Control And Finite Element Muscle Modeling: A Predictive Neuromusculoskeletal Framework For Investigating Neurodegenerative Disease, Colton Babcock

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disrupt the interplay between neural control and musculoskeletal function, leading to progressive motor decline and loss of force control and production. Traditional experimental and clinical approaches are limited in their ability to capture the multiscale, nonlinear mechanisms driving these impairments. This dissertation presents a novel predictive neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) modeling framework that integrates physiologically accurate motor neuron dynamics with three-dimensional finite element (FE) muscle models. Using subject-specific muscle geometry and fiber architecture of the tibialis anterior, the model simulates realistic force generation under both healthy and ALS-affected conditions. The neural component incorporates a …

Sustainability Assessment Of Ground Improvement Techniques: A Life Cycle Analysis Of Lime, Cement, Geopolymers And Biopolymers For Roadway Application, Jillian R. Frost

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Ground improvement design (GID) is a vital part of constructing safe, long-lasting infrastructure. Traditionally, this is done with a chemical additive such as lime or cement that is mixed with in-situ soil to improve soil parameters such as compressibility, and strength. These stabilizers produce high amounts of carbon emissions. As a response, engineers and researchers are beginning to develop new stabilization methods using biopolymers and geopolymers in hopes of achieving comparable soil stability results as well as reduced environmental impacts.

This thesis work integrates a life-cycle analysis (LCA) and life-cycle-cost-analysis (LCCA) framework to evaluate and compare four soil stabilizer types: …

A Machine Learning Approach To Estimating Agricultural Return Flows: A Case Study Of The Twin Falls Canal Company In Idaho, Kendra Alise Figgins

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Idaho is the third largest water user in the United States due to its extensive agriculture industry (Murray, 2018). Irrigation has allowed farmers to take advantage of the warm climate and rich soils of the Eastern Snake River Plain to develop one of the nation’s most productive agricultural regions. This area now contains one-third of Idaho’s irrigated acres (Idaho Department of Water Resources, 2024). It also contains critical hydrologic connections between the Snake River and the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer.

Farming practices in Idaho have gradually shifted over time. Warming temperatures and increased irrigation efficiency are allowing an expansion of …

Feasibility Of Small-Modular Reactors In Hybrid Energy Systems, Taylor Reid

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

This thesis evaluates the feasibility of integrating next-generation nuclear technology into hybrid energy systems, framing the analysis within the guidelines suggested by the World Energy Council’s, Energy Trilemma. The trilemma seeks to balance energy security, economics/equity and sustainability. To this end, a computer model was created to illustrate how the limitations of intermittent renewables, like wind and solar (PV), can be addressed when they are combined with a baseload provided by a next-generation nuclear Small Modular Reactor (SMR). The baseload power provided by nuclear energy can smooth the variability of wind or solar power, while simultaneously offsetting the cost of …

The Significant Impact Of Hot Isostatic Pressing On The Corrosion Behavior Of Ti-6al-4v Alloy Prepared By Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion, Hongyu Zheng, Yun Bai, Wentao Hou, Zirong Zhai, Lai Chang Zhang, Shujun Li, Rui Yang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This work investigated the effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V samples prepared by electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF). After the HIP treatment, the TiO2 content decreased but the growth rate of passivation films increased, leading to increase in internal defect density, thereby degrading the corrosion resistance. Amongst the different factors impacted by HIP including pore defects, β-phase, texture and morphology of α-phase, the morphology of α-phase played a dominant role in determining the corrosion performance of EB-PBF processed alloy.

Process Intensification Of Essential Oils Extraction Using Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop Technology, Muhammad Hassnain, Mohammed Ilyas Khaledi, Muhammad Rizwan Azhar

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Essential oils (EOs) are volatile, hydrophobic compounds derived from plants, widely used in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and fragrance industries for their bioactive potential and associated health benefits. Traditional EO extraction methods are limited by low yields, long processing times, and thermal degradation of sensitive bioactive compounds. Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop (CID) technology is an advanced intensification method to overcome these challenges by applying compression-decompression cycles and modifying plant structure to enhance heat and mass transfer. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of CID technology and outlines its mechanism and principles. It compiles global research on CID applied to different plants …

The Microbial Factor In Subsurface Hydrogen Behavior: Implications For Wettability And Interfacial Dynamics, Hamid Esfandyari, Raziallah Jafari Jozani, Aliakbar Hassanpouryouzband, Farhid Hemmatzadeh, Manouchehr Haghighi, Stefan Iglauer, Alireza Keshavarz, Abbas Zeinijahromi

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Microbial activity plays a significant role in subsurface hydrogen behavior, with implications for underground storage and natural hydrogen systems. This study examines how microbial processes influence the wettability and solid–liquid interfacial characteristics of key subsurface minerals, calcite, dolomite, quartz, and gypsum, in hydrogen-brine-rock systems under realistic subsurface conditions. Wettability directly affects hydrogen distribution, flow dynamics, and trapping, making it a critical factor for both storage and natural recovery applications. Experiments were conducted under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions, with SEM/EDS analysis used to characterize interfacial modifications and mineral surface changes across three scenarios: clean, organic acid-aged, and microbial-aged. Microbial aging consistently increased …

A Critical Review On Selecting Performance Evaluation Metrics For Supervised Machine Learning Models In Wastewater Quality Prediction, Hoda Khoshvaght, Ratish Ramyad Permala, Amir Razmjou, Mehdi Khiadani

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

While numerous machine learning (ML) models have been applied to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) quality prediction tasks, significantly less attention has been paid to the selection and interpretation of performance evaluation metrics. Most studies rely on general-purpose regression metrics such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and the Coefficient of Determination (R²). Although widely used, these metrics differ considerably in terms of interpretability, sensitivity to data anomalies, and suitability for dynamic, noisy environments like WWTPs. This review, based on a systematic literature analysis of 27 performance evaluation metrics, critically …

Enhanced Degradation Of Triclosan Using Aerated Hydrodynamic Cavitation: Turbulence-Based Modelling And Economic Evaluation, Mehdi Khiadani, Ensiyeh Taheri, Veena Bobade, Ali Fatehizadeh

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP)-contaminated wastewater, particularly with triclosan (TCS), poses a significant environmental concern due to TCS persistence, ecotoxicity, and endocrine-disrupting effects, necessitating the development of efficient and sustainable remediation technologies. In this study, the degradation of TCS using hydrodynamic cavitation coupled with air injection (aerated HC process) is investigated as a green and chemical-free treatment method for wastewater treatment. Initially, the optimum operating conditions of the standalone HC process were determined by varying the inlet pressure and flow rate, which were found to be 2.34 bar and 0.45 L/s, respectively, corresponding to the highest turbulence frequency level …

Experimental Study On Stability, Rheology, And Co2 Storage Capacity Of Polymer-Enhanced Foams In Carbonates, Muhammad Mushtaq, Mudassar Mumtaz, Emad W. Al-Shalabi, Waleed Alameri, Georgios N. Karanikolos, Stefan Iglauer

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Polymer-enhanced CO2 foam (PEF) is an emerging technology that improves gas mobility control in chemical enhanced oil recovery applications. It also has significant potential for storing CO2 in geological formations, which can help mitigate anthropogenic emissions. Traditional surfactant-based foams are often weak and unstable, particularly under the high-salinity and high-temperature conditions commonly found in Middle Eastern carbonate reservoirs. However, adding a small amount of stable polymer to these foams can enhance their stability, rendering them more suitable for harsh environments. This study focuses on designing and thoroughly evaluating a PEF formulation under supercritical CO2 conditions at 95 °C temperature, 1500 …

Nanao/Organocatalyat Sio2/4-(2-Aminoethyl)-Morpholine As A New, Reusable, And Efficacious Catalyst For The Synthesis Of Polyhydroquinolines Derivatives And Antibacterially Active Evaluation, Leila Amiri-Zirtol, Zahra Karimi, Javad Farahbakhsh, Ahmad Gholami, Seyedeh Narjes Abootalebi

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

In this study, a new nanocomposite comprising 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-morpholine, an organic catalyst, was prepared on the surface of silica. The absence of metal in the catalyst structure contributes to its environmental friendliness. This novel nanocatalyst was used for multi-component reactions (MCRs). Having a nano size for the composite enhances the contact between the raw materials and the catalytic surface, leading to significant advancement in the reaction. The synthesized composite was identified and evaluated using FT-IR, EDX, EDX-Mapping, TGA, XRD, BET, TEM, and FE-SEM analysis. The characteristic analysis confirmed the synthesis of both nano-silica/4-(2-Aminoethyl)-morpholine catalyst and polyhydroquinoline. The composite’s catalytic properties for …

Photocatalytic Performance Of N-Doped Ti3o5 Nano-Catalyst For Phenolic Compounds Removal From Industrial Wastewaters, Mehdi Narimani, Maryam Gonbadi, Mahsa Navabi, Fatemeh Khezri-Shooshtari, Amin Ale Ebrahim, Mohammad Mahdi Zerafat

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This study is focused on the synthesis and evaluation of TiO2 and N-doped Ti3O5 for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol as a noxious substance commonly present in the industrial process effluents with harmful effects on human and the environment. The research addresses the critical environmental challenge posed by phenol-contaminated effluents from petrochemical industries. Leveraging Response Surface Methodology with Box-Behnken design, 17 experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of independent variables such as photo-catalyst dosage, pH, and irradiation time on degradation efficiency. Notably, the average crystallite sizes were determined as 20 nm for TiO2 and 58.3 nm for N-doped Ti3O5. …

Biochar As Additive And Modifier In Bitumen And Asphalt Mixtures, Chathurika Dassanayake, Nuha S. Mashaan

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Incorporating biochar into pavement materials is a novel and environmentally sustainable approach that aligns with global sustainability goals and advances greener pavement technologies. Studies have shown that biochar significantly enhances the strength, durability, and stability of pavements, while also contributing to sustainability by lowering the carbon footprint associated with traditional construction materials. Additionally, the incorporation of biochar contributes to the sustainability of asphalt engineering by reducing reliance on petroleum-based products and promoting the valorization of biomass. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate and synthesize existing research on the use of biochar in bitumen and asphalt mixtures, …

Design Of Tertiary Z-Scheme Cuo–Zno@Mxene Photocatalyst With Superior Visible-Light Activity For Decomposition Of Nanoplastics, Ahmad Najafidoust, Javad Farahbakhsh, Roham Ghanbari, Mohadeseh Najafi, Alireza Keshavarz, Stefan Iglauer, Masoumeh Zargar

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Plastic pollution has resulted in the widespread accumulation of nanoplastics (NPs) in aquatic environments, highlighting the need for innovative remediation strategies. In this study, a tertiary z-scheme CuO–ZnO/MXene nanocomposite was developed for the visible-light-assisted degradation of polyethylene-based NPs. ZnO particles were doped with 8 % CuO to form a p-n type heterojunction, and the resulting CuO–ZnO nanoparticles were anchored onto two-dimensional MXene sheets through a sono-precipitation dispersion method, forming a ternary z-scheme photocatalyst with enhanced surface area. The composite exhibited a low electron-hole recombination rate and a tunable band gap (~2.55 eV), enabling efficient visible-light absorption. Under visible light irradiation, …

Theory And Technology Of Enhanced Coal Seam Gas Production By Integrated Drilling, Hydraulic Punching And Fracturing In Coal Mine: Part 2 Technology, Shiyao Yu, Xianbo Su, Jinxing Song, Qian Wang, Zhenjiang You

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

To enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of coal seam gas extraction in coal mines, this study introduces an integrated approach combining drilling, hydraulic punching, and fracturing technologies. This method optimizes drilling media tailored to specific coal seams and fine-tunes technical parameters during drilling and permeability improvement processes. Furthermore, it clarifies the relationships among the coal breaking rate, discharge of drill cuttings, jet velocity, rotation speed, and displacement. This ensures precise and effective permeability improvement in both soft and hard coal formations. To implement this technology, a set of high-performance drilling tool with a large inner diameter, high pressure resistance, and …