Engineering Commons^™

Energy Harvesting And Sensor Based Hardware Security Primitives For Cyber-Physical Systems, Carson Labrado

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

The last few decades have seen a large proliferation in the prevalence of cyber-physical systems. Although cyber-physical systems can offer numerous advantages to society, their large scale adoption does not come without risks. Internet of Things (IoT) devices can be considered a significant component within cyber-physical systems. They can provide network communication in addition to controlling the various sensors and actuators that exist within the larger cyber-physical system. The adoption of IoT features can also provide attackers with new potential avenues to access and exploit a system's vulnerabilities. Previously, existing systems could more or less be considered a closed system …

Toward Intelligent Welding By Building Its Digital Twin, Qiyue Wang

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

To meet the increasing requirements for production on individualization, efficiency and quality, traditional manufacturing processes are evolving to smart manufacturing with the support from the information technology advancements including cyber-physical systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), big industrial data, and artificial intelligence (AI). The pre-requirement for integrating with these advanced information technologies is to digitalize manufacturing processes such that they can be analyzed, controlled, and interacted with other digitalized components. Digital twin is developed as a general framework to do that by building the digital replicas for the physical entities. This work takes welding manufacturing as the case study to …

Vibro-Acoustic Codling Moth Larvae Infestation Detection In Apples, Chadwick A. Parrish

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

Within recent years, the demand for organic produce has greatly increased due to many factors, including increasing knowledge about such things as dietary fiber and balanced gastrointestinal bacterial ecosystems. This increase in demand, coupled with the financial penalties for sending invasive species and pests across borders, presents a need for a scalable and accurate system to non-destructively detect infestation. The proposed work addresses this problem by testing the performance of a non-destructive vibro-acoustic method for detecting lava activity in apples. This involved 3 steps; design a mechanical data collection prototype for testing apples, a evaluate a set of features, and …

Combining Approximate Computing And Adiabatic Logic For Low-Power And Energy-Efficient Iot Edge Computing, Wu Yang

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

The growing data-intensive applications that run on IoT edge devices require the circuit to be low-power consumption and energy-efficient for limited resources. As conventional Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) scales down to the nanometer technology node, it reaches its limits, such as leakage and power consumption. Adiabatic logic and approximate computing are emerging techniques for the low-power circuit. Adiabatic logic can recycle energy which is a promising solution for building energy-efficient circuits. However, the power clock scheme and dual-rail structure of adiabatic logic increase the overall area. Power consumption is further reduced by applying approximate computing while reducing the complexity and size …

Machine Learning Approach For Vigilance State Classification In Mice, Anik Muhury

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

Sleep has a significant impact on cognitive abilities such as memory, reaction time, productivity, and creative thinking; however, there are many aspects of this important activity that are not clearly understood. Over the last century, researchers have developed technology and animal models to assist in the study of sleep. Manual sleep scoring is time consuming, reduces productivity, and is impacted by human scorer subjectivity. On the other hand, automatic sleep stage categorization can enhance consistency and reliability, aiding professionals in identifying sleep related health problems.

In recent times various studies reported significant achievements for automatic vigilance detection and overcome the …

Weakly Supervised Learning For Multi-Image Synthesis, Muhammad Usman Rafique

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

Machine learning-based approaches have been achieving state-of-the-art results on many computer vision tasks. While deep learning and convolutional networks have been incredibly popular, these approaches come at the expense of huge amounts of labeled data required for training. Manually annotating large amounts of data, often millions of images in a single dataset, is costly and time consuming. To deal with the problem of data annotation, the research community has been exploring approaches that require less amount of labelled data.

The central problem that we consider in this research is image synthesis without any manual labeling. Image synthesis is a classic …

Accelerometer-Based Vigilance State Classification In Dairy Cows, Evan King

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

Globally, dairy farming is a $700 billion industry, with more than 9 million dairy cows in the United States alone. Depriving cows of required activities such as sleep has been shown to negatively impact reproductive efficiency, decrease the volume of milk produced, and increase the risk of culling. Overcrowded herds can decrease individual animal health, demanding the need for automatic behavior detection that would provide insight into their state of health.

Using electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), and electromyography (EMG) to characterize the phases of sleep is a technique which has been used for decades. While these techniques are considered the …

Research On Power System State Estimation Problems – Series-Compensated Transmission Line Parameter And Load Model Parameter Estimation, Yiqi Zhang

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

Transmission line and load model parameters are essential inputs to power system modeling and simulation, control, protection, operation, optimization, and planning. These parameters usually vary over time or under different operating conditions. Thus, reliable estimation methods are desired to ensure the accuracy of those parameters. This research focuses on estimation for transmission line parameters and the ZIP load model. The proposed estimation methods can use both online measurements and historical data of a specified duration. The parameters of long transmission lines with different series-compensation configurations are estimated using linear methods and optimal estimators with bad data detection capability. Additionally, Kalman …

Designing Novel Hardware Security Primitives For Smart Computing Devices, Amitkumar Degada

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

Smart computing devices are miniaturized electronics devices that can sense their surroundings, communicate, and share information autonomously with other devices to work cohesively. Smart devices have played a major role in improving quality of the life and boosting the global economy. They are ubiquitously present, smart home, smart city, smart girds, industry, healthcare, controlling the hazardous environment, and military, etc. However, we have witnessed an exponential rise in potential threat vectors and physical attacks in recent years. The conventional software-based security approaches are not suitable in the smart computing device, therefore, hardware-enabled security solutions have emerged as an attractive choice. …

Transmission-Level Impact Analysis Of Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Systems And Battery Energy Storage Grid Support, Gerald W. Bankes Ii

Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering

Solar photovoltaic energy generation is expected to grow dramatically in coming years in order to take advantage of renewable and clean sources of electricity. This thesis presents research on the impact of increasing solar PV penetration, specifically of large, utility-scale PV facilities, on transmission network performance. The development of Python programming tools for automation of power flow analysis is presented. A modified version of the IEEE 118-Bus test system is developed and modified to simulate increasing PV generation on the transmission system. The impacts on performance are analyzed trends are reported. Battery energy storage systems are studied in this thesis …

Game-Theoretic Analysis Of Effort Allocation Of Contributors To Public Projects, Jared Soundy, Chenhao Wang, Clay Stevens, Hau Chan

School of Computing: Conference and Workshop Papers

Public projects can succeed or fail for many reasons such as the feasibility of the original goal and coordination among contributors. One major reason for failure is that insufficient work leaves the project partially completed. For certain types of projects anything short of full completion is a failure (e.g., feature request on software projects in GitHub). Therefore, project success relies heavily on individuals allocating sufficient effort. When there are multiple public projects, each contributor needs to make decisions to best allocate his/her limited effort (e.g., time) to projects while considering the effort allocation decisions of other strategic contributors and his/her …

Targeted Metabolomics Analysis Of Postoperative Delirium, Bridget A. Tripp, Simon T. Dillon, Min Yuan, John M. Asara, Sarinnapha M. Vasunilashorn, Tamara G. Fong, Eran D. Metzger, Sharon K. Inouye, Zhongcong Xie, Long H. Ngo, Edward R. Marcantonio, Towia A. Libermann, Hasan H. Otu

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

Postoperative delirium is the most common complication among older adults undergoing major surgery. The pathophysiology of delirium is poorly understood, and no blood-based, predictive markers are available. We characterized the plasma metabolome of 52 delirium cases and 52 matched controls from the Successful Aging after Elective Surgery (SAGES) cohort (N= 560) of patients ≥ 70 years old without dementia undergoing scheduled major non-cardiac surgery. We applied targeted mass spectrometry with internal standards and pooled controls using a nested matched case-control study preoperatively (PREOP) and on postoperative day 2 (POD2) to identify potential delirium risk and disease markers. Univariate analyses identifed …

The Anisotropic Quasi-Static Permittivity Of Single-Crystal Β-Ga2O3 Measured By Terahertz Spectroscopy, Prashanth Gopalan, Sean Knight, Ashish Chanana, Megan Stokey, Praneeth Ranga, Michael A. Scarpulia, Sriram Krishnamoorthy, Vanya Darakchieva, Zbigniew Galazka, Klaus Irmscher, Andreas Fiedler, Steve Blair, Mathias Schubert, Berardi Sensale-Rodriguez

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications

The quasi-static anisotropic permittivity parameters of electrically insulating beta gallium oxide (β-Ga₂O₃) were determined by terahertz spectroscopy. Polarization-resolved frequency domain spectroscopy in the spectral range from 200 GHz to 1 THz was carried out on bulk crystals along different orientations. Principal directions for permittivity were determined along crystallographic axes c and b and reciprocal lattice direction a*. No significant frequency dispersion in the real part of dielectric permittivity was observed in the measured spectral range. Our results are in excellent agreement with recent radio frequency capacitance measurements as well as with extrapolations from recent infrared measurements …

Assessment Of The Privacy And Security Practices Of The Indian Academic Websites, Chanlang Ki Bareh

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study presents the comprehensive assessment of the Indian Institutions of National Importance (IoNI) website’s privacy and security practices. These 130 IoNI websites were selected because of the status conferred to premier institutions by the Government of India. This empirical study was based on webometric methods that assessed the quantitative aspects of information technologies structures on the web. The study also employed content analysis for analyzing the sites privacy policies. The assessment reveals numerous security vulnerabilities like the adoption of HTTPS may not always provide better protection to their users because 39 websites do not have TLS encrypted connection; still …

A Bibliometric Analysis Of Global Research On Green Building Rating Tools., Janhavi Kailas Mahale Ms, Kanchan C. Khare Dr

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The movement of green buildings started all over the world after the development of different rating tools for the assessment of green buildings. In the present study, the research trends in the area of green building rating tools (GBRTs) were analysed through the Scopus database from the year 2000-2020. By using the different combinations of keywords, relevant articles were found after refining the search results. In this study, 482 relevant articles from the first set of keywords were considered till the period 4^th February 2021 for further analysis. Results reveal that research on GBRTs was majority done only on …

Bibliometric Review On Inertial Sensors Based Position Estimation Using Sensor Fusion, Animesh Mishra, Hamshita Kancharlapalli, Ankit Kumar, Aditya Chauhan, Parag Narkhede

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Background: This paper analyzes the position estimation of UAV in a 3D environment, on the basis of inertial sensors and sensor fusion algorithm, done from the year 1994 to 2020. This paper contains various bibliometric analyses previously done on this topic.

Methods: The content for this topic was taken from the popular Scopus database. The Scopus provides many filters for searching databases with different document categories like document by year, country, etc. The research carried in this paper also includes co-authorship, citation analysis, etc.

Results: A total of 345 articles were obtained from the last 20 years, on the topic …

Bibliometric Review On Applications Of Disease Detection Using Digital Image Processing Techniques, Jayant Jagtap, Rahil Sharma, Aryan Sinha, Nikhil Panda, Amulya Reddy

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Advances around the field of deep learning and cognitive computing have allowed mankind to look and solve the problems of the world in a completely new way. Deep learning has been making huge advancements in the field of healthcare, which most importantly focuses upon disease detection and disease prediction. Techniques such as these have been conceptualized the idea of early detection and economical ways of treating the predicted disease in particular. Still, it has been observed that there seems to be no change in the way diagnosis of a particular disease takes place even in the 21^st generation of …

Bibliometric Review On Liver And Tumour Segmentation Using Deep Learning, Jayant Jagtap, Aamir Habeeb, Avinash Jha, Shrey Aggarwal, Khushi Gupta

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

One of the major organs in the body is liver where tumors occur often. Malignant liver tumors pose a serious hazard to human life and health. Manual segmentation of the liver organ and tumor from computed tomography (CT) scans is difficult, time-consuming, and skewed to the clinician's experience, yet it is essential for hepatic surgical planning. However, due to the following considerations, segmenting liver tumors from computed tomography (CT) images is difficult: In CT pictures, the contrast between the liver tumor and healthy tissues is low, and the boundary is indistinct; the picture of the liver tumor is confusing, with …

A Bibliometric Analysis On Optimization Of Application Layer Protocols In The Internet Of Things, Sagar Jaikar

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Internet of Things (IoT), getting popular day by day, thanks to the every object that has been made intelligent and started communicated among themselves with ease. These objects are equipped with sensors and capable of connecting and exchanging the application data over the Internet. While the application data is getting exchanged among these intelligent objects smoothly, there are various concerns with these intelligent objects like they are constrained when it comes to resources like memory, processing capability, power consumption etc. In this regard many attempts are made to enhance or to optimize existing messaging protocols so that we can get …

Nondestructive Evaluation Of Aluminium Foam Panels Subjected To Impact Loading, Gabriella Epasto, Fabio Distefano, Hozhabar Mozafari, Emanoil Linul, Vincenzo Crupi

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Aluminium foam sandwich structures have excellent energy absorption capacity, combined with good mechanical properties and low density. Some of the authors of this paper proposed an innovative Metallic Foam Shell protective device against flying ballast impact damage in railway axles. A closed-cell aluminium foam was chosen for the Metallic Foam Shell device. The main goal of this study was the experimental investigation of the impact responses of aluminium foam panels. Low velocity impact tests were carried out at different energies on different types of aluminium foam panels in order to investigate the effects of some parameters, such as core thickness, …

Surface Strengthening Of Single-Crystal Alumina By High-Temperature Laser Shock Peening, Fei Wang, X. L. Yan, Lei Liu, Michael Nastasi, Yongfeng Lu, Bai Cui

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

This manuscript reports a novel process of high-temperature laser shock peening (HTLSP) for surface strengthening of single-crystal ceramics such as sapphire and reveals its fundamental mechanisms. HTLSP at 1200°C can induce a high compressive residual stress on the surface of sapphire while minimize the damage of laser-driven shock waves. Transmission electron microscopy characteriza- tions revealed high dislocation densities near the surface, suggesting that plastic deformation at an ultrahigh strain rate was generated by the high shock wave pressure. The HTLSP-induced compres- sive residual stress can significantly improve the hardness and fracture toughness of sapphire, while maintain its outstanding optical transmittance.

The Role Of Microenvironmental Cues And Mechanical Loading Milieus In Breast Cancer Cell Progression And Metastasis, Brandon D. Riehl, Eunju Kim, Tasneem Bouzid, Jung Yul Lim

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Cancer can disrupt the microenvironments and mechanical homeostatic actions in multiple scales from large tissue modification to altered cellular signaling pathway in mechanotransduction. In this review, we highlight recent progresses in breast cancer cell mechanobiology focusing on cell-microenvironment interaction and mechanical loading regulation of cells. First, the effects of microenvironmental cues on breast cancer cell progression and metastasis will be reviewed with respect to substrate stiffness, chemical/topographic substrate patterning, and 2D vs. 3D cultures. Then, the role of mechanical loading situations such as tensile stretch, compression, and flow-induced shear will be discussed in relation to breast cancer cell mechanobiology and …

Ligand Assisted Growth Of Perovskite Single Crystals With Low Defect Density, Ye Liu, Xiaopeng Zheng, Yanjun Fang, Ying Zhou, Zhenyi Ni, Xun Xiao, Shangshang Chen, Jinsong Huang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

A low defect density in metal halide perovskite single crystals is critical to achieve high performance optoelectronic devices. Here we show the reduction of defect density in per[1]ovskite single crystals grown by a ligand-assisted solution process with 3‐(decyldimethy[1]lammonio)‐propane‐sulfonate inner salt (DPSI) as an additive. DPSI ligands anchoring with lead ions on perovskite crystal surfaces not only suppress nucleation in solution, but also regulate the addition of proper ions to the growing surface, which greatly enhances the crystal quality. The grown CH₃NH₃PbI₃ crystals show better crystallinity and a 23-fold smaller trap density of 7 × 10 …

Social Connectedness And Negative Affect Uniquely Explain Individual Differences In Response To Emotional Ambiguity, Maital Neta, Rebecca L. Brock

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Negativity bias is not only central to mood and anxiety disorders, but can powerfully impact our decision-making across domains (e.g., financial, medical, social). This project builds on previous work examining negativity bias using dual-valence ambiguity. Specifically, although some facial expressions have a relatively clear negative (angry) or positive valence (happy), surprised expressions are interpreted negatively by some and positively by others, providing insight into one’s valence bias. Here, we examine putative sources of variability that distinguish individuals with a more negative versus positive valence bias using structural equation modeling. Our model reveals that one’s propensity toward negativity (operationalized as temperamental …

Direct Numerical Simulation Of A Pulsatile Flow In A Stenotic Channel Using Immersed Boundary Method, Siamak Mirfendereski, Jae Sung Park

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

A three-dimensional direct numerical simulation model coupled with the immersed boundary method has been developed to simulate a pulsatile flow in a planar channel with single and double one-sided semicircular constrictions. For relevance to blood flow in large arteries, simulations have been performed at Reynolds numbers of 750 and 1000. Flow physics and resultant wall shear stress (WSS)-based hemodynamic parameters are presented. The instantaneous vortex dynamics, mean flow characteristics, and turbulent energy spectra are evaluated for flow physics. Subsequently, three WSS-based parameters, namely the time-averaged WSS, oscillatory shear index, and relative residence time, are calculated over the stenotic wall and …

Large-Scale Synthesis Of Compressible And Re-Expandable Three-Dimensional Nanofiber Matrices, Alec Mccarthy, Lorenzo Saldana, Daniel Mcgoldrick, Johnson V. John, Mitchell Kuss, Shixuan Chen, Bin Duan, Mark A. Carlson, Jingwei Xie

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Due to their biomimetic properties, electrospun nanofibers have shown great potential in many biomedical fields. However, traditionally-produced nanofibers are typically two-dimensional (2D) membranes limiting their applications. Herein, we report a large-scale synthesis of compressible and reexpandable three-dimensional (3D) nanofiber matrices for potential biomedical applications. The reproducible mass production of such matrices is achieved using a multiple-emitter electrospinning machine with a controlled environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, and air flow rate) followed by an innovative gas-foaming expansion. The modified 20-emitter circular array with 3D-printed needle caps is capable of maintaining stable Taylor cones under extremely high flow rates. The introduction of such …

Assembly Of Close-Packed Ferroelectric Polymer Nanowires Via Interface-Epitaxy With Res2, Dawei Li, Shuo Sun, Kun Wang, Zahra Ahmadi, Jeffrey E. Shield, Stephen Ducharme, Xia Hong

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The flexible, transparent, and low-weight nature of ferroelectric polymers makes them promising for wearable electronic and optical applications. To reach the full potential of the polarization-enabled device functionalities, large-scale fabrication of polymer thin films with well-controlled polar directions is called for, which remains a central challenge. The widely exploited Langmuir–Blodgett, spin-coating, and electrospinning methods only yield polymorphous or polycrystalline films, where the net polarization is compromised. Here, an easily scalable approach is reported to achieve poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) thin films composed of close-packed crystalline nanowires via interface-epitaxy with 1T′-ReS₂. Upon controlled thermal treatment, uniform P(VDF-TrFE) films restructure into …

Reducing Corrosion Of Additive Manufactured Magnesium Alloys By Interlayer Ultrasonic Peening, M. P. Sealy, R. Karunakaran, S. Ortgies, G. Madireddy, A. P. Malshe, K. P. Rajurkar

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Additive manufad (AM) magn alloys corrode rapidly due to tensile stress and coarse microstructures. Cyclically combining (hybridizing) additive manufacturing with interlayer ultrasonic peening was proposed as a solution to improve corrosion resistance of additive manufactured magnesium WE43 alloy through strengthening mechanisms and compressive residual stress. Applying interlayer peening work hardened discrete layers and formed a glocal integrity of regional grain refinement and subsurface compressive residual stress barriers. Tensile residual stress that typically accelerates corrosion decreased 90%. Results showed time-resolved control over corrosion was attainable by interlayer peening, and local corrosion within print cells decreased 57% with respect to as-printed WE43.

Ultra-Fast Charging In Aluminum-Ion Batteries: Electric Double Layers On Active Anode, Xuejing Shen, Tao Sun, Lei Yang, Alexey Krasnoslobodtsev, Renat F. Sabirianov, Michael P. Sealy, Wai-Ning Mei, Zhanjun Wu, Li Tan

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

With the rapid iteration of portable electronics and electric vehicles, developing high-capacity batteries with ultra-fast charging capability has become a holy grail. Here we report rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries capable of reaching a high specific capacity of 200 mAh g^−1. When liquid metal is further used to lower the energy barrier from the anode, fastest charging rate of 10⁴ C (duration of 0.35 s to reach a full capacity) and 500% more specific capacity under high-rate conditions are achieved. Phase boundaries from the active anode are believed to encourage a high-flux charge transfer through the electric double layers. As …

Twinning-Assisted Dynamic Adjustment Of Grain Boundary Mobility, Qishan Huang, Qi Zhu, Yingbin Chen, Mingyu Gong, Jixue Li, Ze Zhang, Wei Yang, Jian Wang, Haofei Zhou, Jiangwei Wang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Grain boundary (GB) plasticity dominates the mechanical behaviours of nanocrystalline materials. Under mechanical loading, GB configuration and its local deformation geometry change dynamically with the deformation; the dynamic variation of GB deformability, however, remains largely elusive, especially regarding its relation with the frequently-observed GB-associated deformation twins in nanocrystalline materials. Attention here is focused on the GB dynamics in metallic nanocrystals, by means of well-designed in situ nanomechanical testing integrated with molecular dynamics simulations. GBs with low mobility are found to dynamically adjust their configurations and local deformation geometries via crystallographic twinning, which instantly changes the GB dynamics and enhances the …