Engineering Commons^™

Mechanical Annealing Of Model Glasses: Effects Of Strain Amplitude And Temperature, Nikolai V. Priezjev

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to examine the dynamic response of amorphous solids to oscillatory shear at finite temperatures. The data were collected from a poorly annealed binary glass, which was deformed periodically in the elastic regime during several hundred shear cycles. We found that the characteristic time required to reach a steady state with a minimum potential energy is longer at higher temperatures and larger strain amplitudes. With decreasing strain amplitude, the asymptotic value of the potential energy increases but it remains lower than in quiescent samples. The transient decay of the potential energy correlates well with a gradual …

Controlled Switching Of Reactive Loads And Commisioning Regimes, Eoin Cowhey

Masters

Switching is a vital task in any power system for ensuring its safe and reliable operation. Switching may be necessary for fault clearance, to ensure wider system stability and to prevent damage to plant. It is essential for isolation, to allow technicians to carry out maintenance tasks safely. Also, switching of reactive loads such as shunt capacitor banks and shunt reactors, is crucial for controlling system voltage.

Switching of some loads however, may produce voltage transients and heavy transient inrush currents which can impact on wider system power quality, impact customers and cause damage or deterioration of the insulation of …

Design And Implementation Of A Micro-Inverter For Photovoltaic Applications, Chi-Thang Phan-Tan

Masters

The objective of this work is to design and build a novel topology of a micro-inverter to directly convert DC power from a photovoltaic module to AC power. In the proposed micro-inverter, a structure with two power stages, which are DC/DC and then DC/AC converters, is used. A novel MPPT algorithm is implemented and evaluated in the DC/DC converter to optimize the solar panel energy production. The new method operates with an efficiency of 97.9%, which is a 1% improvement on the standard method, and a response time of

In this research, the following approach is taken. A literature review …

Rheology, Morphology And Electronic Properties Of Hybrid Copper Organic Decompose Conductive Ink, Chaiwat Klaewwigkij

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Hybrid Metal-Organic Decomposition (HMOD) inks containing alkanol amines copper complex solution with fine copper particles show high potential for flexible printed electronics application. Conductive patterns are fabricated from HMOD inks by screen printing onto a polyimide substrate. This work studies the effects of co-solvent, copper particles loading, and viscosity of the inks on properties of the conductive patterns obtained. Firstly, the effects of co-solvent related to the stability of the HMOD inks and the impact of preparation time related to the crack of the conductive pattern are examined. The HMOD inks are prepared from copper formate (CuF), and alkanol amines …

การปรับปรุงประสิทธิภาพการทำงานของโรงไฟฟ้าพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์โดยใช้การบำรุงรักษาเชิงรุก, มธุรส มิ่งมงคล

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

แม้ว่ามีดำเนินงานการบำรุงรักษาเชิงป้องกันในโรงไฟฟ้าพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์แต่ยังคงมีการขัดข้องของเครื่องจักรต่างๆ โรงงานไฟฟ้าพลังงานแสงอาทิตย์ที่เป็นกรณีศึกษานี้ได้กำหนดค่าเป้าหมายความพร้อมของเครื่องจักรไว้สูงกว่า 99.25% เมื่อเวลาผ่านไปพบว่าค่าความพร้อมใช้งานมีแนวโน้มต่ำลง แม้ว่าก่อนการปรับปรุงมีค่าความพร้อมใช้งานเฉลี่ย 99.43% ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐานมีค่าสูงถึง 1.20% แสดงให้เห็นว่า การบำรุงรักษาเชิงป้องกันที่มีอยู่นั้นอาจไม่เพียงพอที่จะจัดการปัญหานี้ได้ งานวิจัยนี้จึงได้นำการบำรุงรักษาเชิงรุกมาเป็นกลยุทธ์ในการปรับปรุงค่าความพร้อมการใช้งานของเครื่องจักร มีการวิเคราะห์ผลกระทบของความเสียหาย โอกาสเกิดและความรุนแรง และมีการหาสาเหตุที่ทำให้เครื่องจักรเสีย หลังจากนั้นได้ทำการปรับปรุงแผนการบำรุงรักษาเชิงป้องกันและสร้างแผนการบำรุงรักษาเชิงพยากรณ์ หลังจากที่ดำเนินการตามแผนงานพบว่าสามารถทำให้ค่าความพร้อมใช้งานเพิ่มขึ้นเฉลี่ยเป็น 99.69% ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐานเป็น 0.41% เวลาเฉลี่ยในการขัดข้องของเครื่องจักรลดลง 63.90% จำนวนครั้งที่เกิดการขัดข้องลดลง 40.28% และกำลังการผลิตที่สูญเสียลดลงได้ 28.44%

การวิเคราะห์วอเตอร์ฟุตพรินต์ในกระบวนการผลิตเบนซีนและพาราไซลีน, เรืองรัตน์ เรืองเดช

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยฉบับนี้เป็นการวิเคราะห์ผลกระทบจากการใช้น้ำ ของกระบวนการผลิตเบนซีนและพาราไซลีน ทั้งการใช้น้ำทางตรงและทางอ้อม การใช้น้ำทางตรงประกอบไปด้วยการใช้น้ำในกระบวนการผลิตซึ่งสามารถวัดได้โดยตรงจากข้อมูลของโรงงาน และการใช้น้ำทางอ้อมประกอบไปด้วยการใช้น้ำในส่วนของการได้มาซึ่งวัตถุดิบ การใช้ไฟฟ้า การผลิตไอน้ำ การผลิตไนโตรเจน รวมถึงการใช้น้ำในกระบวนการขนส่ง ซึ่งโรงงานไม่สามารถวัดโดยตรงได้ต้องมีการเก็บข้อมูลจากแหล่งอ้างอิงอื่นๆที่เชื่อถือได้ วิธีการประเมินผลกระทบการใช้น้ำที่ใช้ในงานวิจัยฉบับนี้ใช้วิธีวอเตอร์ฟุตพรินต์ซึ่งเป็นวิธีที่ทำให้ทราบผลกระทบจากการใช้น้ำที่แท้จริงตลอดวัฏจักรชีวิตของผลิตภัณฑ์ โดยอ้างอิงวิธีการประเมินตามข้อกำหนดและแนวทางของ ISO 14046 ผลลัพธ์จากการประเมินพบว่าผลิตภัณฑ์เบนซีนและพาราไซลีน มีค่าวอเตอร์ฟุตพรินต์ซึ่งวัดผลกระทบในแง่ของการขาดแคลนน้ำ(Water Scarcity Footprint,WSF) ต่อ 1 กิโลกรัมเท่ากับ 0.613 LiterH2Oeq และ 1.432 LiterH2Oeq ตามลำดับ โดยทั้งเบนซีนและพาราไซลีนมีค่า WSF สูงสุดจากการใช้น้ำทางอ้อม ซึ่งมีค่าสูงในการใช้ไฟฟ้าและการได้มาซึ่งคอนเดนเสท และรองลงมาคือ WSF จากการใช้น้ำทางตรงซึ่งมีค่า WSF สูงในส่วนของการระเหยของน้ำในระบบหล่อเย็น แต่เนื่องการลดผลกระทบจากการใช้น้ำจะมีความเป็นไปได้ในการลดจากใช้น้ำทางตรงมากกว่าทางอ้อม เพราะสามารถควบคุมได้โดยตรงจากโรงงานถึงแม้ว่าอาจจะทำให้ผลกระทบลดลงได้ไม่มากก็ตาม จึงเสนอการนำมาตรการในการลดการใช้น้ำทางตรงร่วมด้วย โดยแบ่งมาตรการเป็น 2 ส่วนคือการลดผลกระทบที่เกิดจากการใช้น้ำทางตรง และการลดผลกระทบจากการใช้น้ำทางอ้อม เพื่อให้กระบวนการผลิตเบนซีนและพาราไซลีนเกิดการใช้น้ำอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพสูงสุด

Developing An Automated System For Supporting Strut Arrangement In Deep Excavation, Pisal Nov

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

In strut arrangement, current software could detect the constructible problems like clashes. However, this software had some limitations including (1) unable to visualize all clash occurrences on each strut, (2) unable to distinguish between occurrence and non-occurrence of the clash, and (3) unable to check tolerance and spacing problems. Thus, the strut arrangement was still an inefficient process. The research objective was to develop an automated system for supporting strut arrangement in deep excavation. In the methodology, an in-depth interview was conducted to collect the information and knowledge of strut arrangement and analyzed with transcription analysis. This information and knowledge …

Assessing Corrosivity Of Galvanized Soil Reinforcements From Electrochemical Tests, Diana Alejandra Cabrera

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The accurate estimation of the service lives of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls requires a proper evaluation of the corrosion potential through electrochemical test methods. Robust field tests are required to assess the corrosivity of galvanized metal used in MSE walls. To simulate an environment similar to an MSE wall, cylindrical soil specimens about 12 in. (300 mm) in diameter and 10 in. (250 mm) in height were constructed. For every specimen, two instruments were used. The first instrument measured the polarization resistance corrosion tests carried out on galvanized strips and meshes, as well as epoxy-coated rebars. The second instrument …

High Recovery Inland Desalination: A Technical And Economic Performance Evaluation Of Zero Discharge Desalination And Other Technologies, Malynda Aragon Cappelle

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Increasing population and diminishing freshwater resources are leading to increased competition between users of freshwater, both in terms of surface water and groundwater. Desalination can augment the water supply, but conventional approaches like reverse osmosis are usually limited to 70-80% recovery. Inland brine disposal options are often limited, presenting significant technical and economic obstacles to implementing desalination technology. In comparison to conventional desalination technologies, high recovery desalination methods such as Zero Discharge Desalination (ZDD) offer substantially higher potable water yield (i.e., 95-98%) from brackish water. ZDD is a hybrid process that combines reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) with electrodialysis …

Improving Time-Of-Flight And Other Depth Images: Super-Resolution And Denoising Using Variational Methods, Salvador Canales Andrade

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Depth information is a new important source of perception for machines, which allow them to have a better representation of the surroundings. The depth information provides a more precise map of the location of every object and surfaces in a space of interest in comparison with conventional cameras. Time of flight (ToF) cameras provide one of the techniques to acquire depth maps, however they produce low spatial resolution and noisy maps. This research proposes a framework to enhance and up-scale depth maps by using two different regularization terms: Total Generalized Variation (TGV) and Total Generalized Variation with a Structure Tensor …

Design And Experimental Study Of A High Pressure And Supercritical Methane-Oxygen Burner, A S M Arifur Rahim Chowdhury

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Directly heated supercritical oxy-fuel power cycles have potential to offer a higher thermal efficiency and lower pollutant emissions compared to existing power cycles. Recent thermodynamic analysis of the cycle performed by several groups including the UTEP-Air Liquide research team show that combustion in the vicinity of 300 bar pressure and 1000-1400 K temperature allows for relatively high system efficiencies while operating within the limit of practical combustor materials. However, the realization of directly heated supercritical power cycle requires combustion systems be designed to operate in supercritical conditions and at temperature far below the blowout limit of conventional flames (above 1500 …

Interference Analysis And Mitigation Of Telemetry (Tm) And 4g Long-Term Evolution (Lte) Systems In Adjacent Spectrum Bands, Juan Francisco Gonzalez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Currently, the telecommunications, radio systems, and many other wireless services in the United States are using the spectrum from the 6 kHz to the 300 GHz frequencies. Although it may seem enough for said systems, as more users and devices are being introduced into the market, the spectrum is limiting the faster introduction of these devices and/or systems. The radio frequency spectrum is home to many transmissions, from amateur radio to cellphone applications, which all share similar frequency bands. By sharing, the number of applications can be increased in a single band, but their performance may be affected. Herein, experiments …

Additive Manufacturing Of Multi-Functional Nanocomposites For Sensor And Energy Storage Devices, Hoejin Kim

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The goal of this research is to develop novel 3D printing process and design nanocomposites for piezoelectric and dielectric devices using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SL) 3D printing techniques for use in sensor and energy storage applications. Techniques for electric and corona assisted in-situ poling during 3D printing were developed to improve the piezoelectric property and ease of manufacture. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) are well-known for their high piezo- and dielectric constants among polymers and ceramics, while multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were introduced to improve efficiency of stress reinforcement and conductivity for charge carriers …

Design And Simulation Of Mems Actuators To Study Strain Behavior Of 2d Materials, Mariana Martinez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Since the 60s the semiconductor industry has successfully been able to keep pace with Moore's Law due to the effective scaling of the silicon-based transistor. However, as scaling technology improves, passive power density has begun to dominate the overall power consumption of transistors. The inability to scale power density alongside the decreasing transistor dimensions has hindered the efficiency trend observed in the last decades. Thus, new alternatives have been researched to overcome the current power crisis. Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) actuators offer excellent on/off ratios with very steep transitions. Furthermore, two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials have been studied due to their …

Characterization Of 3d Printed Polylactic Acid/ Polycaprolactone/Titanium Dioxide Composites For Bone Replacement And Grafting, Sandra Elena Najera Beltran

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

A material that mimics the properties of bones was developed by optimizing the ratio of polymer composites of polylactic acid (PLA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), containing small amounts of titanium oxide (TiO2). Although titanium-based alloys have commonly been used for bone replacement procedures due to their biocompatibility with the human body and their mechanical properties, stress shielding continues to be a problem. The structure of a bone has a porosity which permits the flow of nutrients, blood, oxygen and minerals, and is an issue at the time of creating bone replacements using conventional methods. PLA and PCL have been used in …

The Design Of A Rocket Propulsion Labview Data Acquisition And Control System, Dylan Allan Ott

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

When designing a rocket engine, both the propulsion system and propellant choice(s) are an important deciding factor. Desired rocket engine behavior, specific impulse, and levels of thrust are all different between the various propulsion systems. A bi-propellant cryogenic liquid 5lbf, 500lbf, and 2000lbf rocket engine was designed and manufactured by UTEP. The 5lbf rocket engine is a Reaction Control Engine and the 500lbf and 2000lbf rocket engine is a throttleable Main Engine. To provide a reliable and safe data acquisition and control system for this experiment, a Real-Time control platform was needed. A compact DAQ system was purchased and configured …

Exploring The Effects Of Zinc Nanoparticle Concentration, Antioxidant, And Media On Cilantro (Coriandrum Sativum), And Radish (Raphanus Sativus) Plants Growth, Venkata Laxma Reddy Pullagurala

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have proven to be one of the emerging chemicals of concern in the contemporary times. Soil acts as one of the major sinks of these ENMs. Reports have shown that ENMs have varied effects on soil biota. Particularly, their effects on plants are inconsistent. Amongst these ENMs, ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO) are the fourth largest raw materials in the nanotechnology industry. Globally, it is estimated that around 34,000 tons of n ZnO are utilized per year. The nZnO exposure on terrestrial plants yielded both beneficial as well as detrimental effects. Recently, there is an emerging evidence about the …

Solvent And Concentration Effects Governing The Hierarchical Organization Of Asphaltenes: A Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Study, Hasan Rejoanur Rahman

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Asphaltenes are a group of planar molecules found in crude oil and are prone to aggregation which often causes blockage of pipes along the oil production stream resulting a huge economic downside. In an effort to understand the hierarchical organization of asphaltene in different solvents and concentrations, the solution structure of various asphaltene solutions were studied using small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Solvents were chosen based on miscibility maps. Such maps are generated on the critical value of the solubility parameter difference between asphaltenes or asphaltene components, and a range of solvents. The critical factors that affect asphaltene and asphaltene component …

Evaluation Of Powdered Activated Carbon For Control Of Taste And Odors Caused By Geosmin, Anthony Joe Rodriguez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The primary sources of taste and odor problems associated with surface water supplies spawn from algae and bacterial blooms that secrete odorous chemicals such as Geosmin and MIB. These musty, odorous, organic compounds are usually detectable by the human nose at concentrations of 5 to 10 ppt and can create considerable concern by consumers that can lead to complaints and misconceptions of odors as a water quality problem. Typically, since chemical or ozone treatment can be costly, activated carbon (powdered or granular) is generally employed in the process of removing organic compounds, such as Geosmin and MIB. The research presented …

Superpixel-Based Unsupervised Hyperspectral Unmixing, Jiarui Yi

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Recently, superpixel-based approaches have been proposed for hyperspectral unmixing. The basic assumption of this approach is that the superpixel over-segmentation segments the image into small homogeneous areas. A low-dimensional (LD) image representation is obtained by using the average of the superpixels, which are then used in other image processing tasks up the processing chain. Due to superpixel-segmentation algorithm limitations, the region inside a superpixel may not be homogeneous. Therefore, the average may not be an adequate representation for the superpixel, leading to inaccuracies in the low dimensional representation resulting in errors in the image processing tasks or analysis. Here we …

Application Of The Positive Deviance Method Within The Field Of Product Design, Cesar Esteban Venegas

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Positive Deviance (PD) is a method for social innovation that identifies and utilizes the knowledge found from statistical outliers within at-risk communities who succeed against all the odds, despite not having access to any additional resources. The PD method draws striking similarities to a product design methodology know as Human-Centered Design in which they share very similar principals. Similarities include the importance each method places on identifying the correct problem to address. Since it is not clear, from prior research, if the PD method is useful in the field of product development, this research seeks to explore this possibility. The …

Assessment Of Climate Change Impact On Hydraulic Design Procedures Of Bridges, Anjuman Ara Akhter

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The significant change in climate is evident from the records of increased temperature, changed precipitation pattern, increased frequency of extreme weather events like storms, floods, and so forth. Like other infrastructure highway infrastructures also suffer the consequences of these climate change. Since the hydraulic design of these infrastructures is performed using historical climate data, the designs may not be able to provide services because designs are not considering climate change influence especially in terms of precipitation intensity. This study aims at identifying the most accurate source of climate database that predicts future climate change with less uncertainty and links them …

Constitutive Model Development For Additive Manufacturing, Diana Berenice Montes

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Additive manufacturing (AM) is known worldwide for revolutionizing the development of three-dimensional modeling by reducing the time and increasing the precision of parts. For Powder Bed Fusion research is necessary to reduce concerns in residual stress, porosity and cracking in AM parts. A constitutive model was created in Abaqus to validate material properties of 3D printed Al 6061. Finite element analysis was performed to investigate how properties may affect in the modification of parameters to reduce printing imperfections. Research was made as well in polylactic acid properties for material extrusion to explore its behavior for creep and relaxation. Properties were …

Evaluation Of Brackish Water Desalination By Membrane Capacitive Deionization Systems: Performance Tradeoffs In Salt Removal, Hydraulic Recovery, Charge Efficiency, And Specific Energy Consumption, Oluwaseye Michael Owoseni

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

As potable water demand continues to exceed availability in several regions of the world, alternative water sources such as desalination and direct potable reuse have become of high importance in water sustainability discussions. The conventional desalination technologies include reverse osmosis (RO) and thermal distillation. Major barriers to the applicability of these technologies for desalination include inorganic scaling (RO) and high energy requirements respectively. This research provides an evaluation for the feasibility of Membrane Capacitive Deionization (MCDI), which is a technology gaining interest due to its theoretically low energy requirements for brackish water (less than 3 g/L) desalination. The motivation for …

Effects Of Unweathered Or Soil Weathered Copper-Based Nanoparticles And Compounds On Soil Grown Bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum) And Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea) Plants, Swati Rawat

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) find large scale industrial application because of their promising chemical, physical, electrical, magnetic, optical, and electronic properties. Copper-based ENP are used as gas sensors, in catalysts, electronics, semi-conductors, and in agriculture. They have been useful as agricultural amendments in the form of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers because of their antifungal and antibacterial properties. They also find application in electronics and sensors used in precision agriculture. Due to their massive production and use, ENPs are likely to be ubiquitous in the environment around us in the near future. Application of biosolids for fertilization and water from wastewater treatment …

Strong Stability Of A Class Of Difference Equations Of Continuous Time And Structured Singular Value Problem, Qian Ma, Keqin Gu, Narges Choubedar

SIUE Faculty Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity

This article studies the strong stability of scalar difference equations of continuous time in which the delays are sums of a number of independent parameters tau_i, i = 1, 2, . . . ,K. The characteristic quasipolynomial of such an equation is a multilinear function of exp(-tau_i s). It is known that the characteristic quasipolynomial of any difference equation set in the form of one-delayper- scalar-channel (ODPSC) model is also in such a multilinear form. However, it is shown in this article that some multilinear forms of quasipolynomials are not characteristic quasipolynomials of any ODPSC difference equation set. The equivalence …

Strong Stability Of A Class Of Difference Equations Of Continuous Time And Structured Singular Value Problem, Qian Ma, Keqin Gu, Narges Choubedar

SIUE Faculty Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity

This article studies the strong stability of scalar difference equations of continuous time in which the delays are sums of a number of independent parameters τi, i = 1, 2, . . . , K. The characteristic quasipolynomial of such an equation is a multilinear function of e−τis. It is known that the characteristic quasipolynomial of any difference equation set in the form of one-delay-per-scalar-channel (ODPSC) model is also in such a multilinear form. However, it is shown in this article that some multilinear forms of quasipolynomials are not characteristic quasipolynomials of any ODPSC difference equation set. The equivalence between …

Identifying The Safety Impact Of Signal Coordination Projects Along Urban Arterials Using A Meta-Analysis Method, Michael R. Williamson, Ryan N. Fries, Yan Qi, Praveen Mandava

SIUE Faculty Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity

The safety impact of changes to roadway operations have been of interests in recent years with the publication of the Highway Safety Manual. One area that is in need of further study is the safety impact of traffic signal coordination projects in urban areas. Specifically, this study seeks to identify the safety benefit from traffic signal coordination projects on major arterial roadways through urban areas using a before and after study with a comparison groups approach and a meta-analysis method. The findings suggest that traffic signal coordination could decrease total crashes by 21 percent, injury crashes by 52 percent and …

Mechanisms Of Lean Flame Extinction, Ian M. Lasky

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Lean flame blowout is investigated experimentally within a high-speed combustor to analyze the temporal extinction dynamics of turbulent premixed bluff body stabilized flames. The lean blowout process is induced through fuel flow reduction and captured temporally using simultaneous high-speed particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and CH* chemiluminescence. The evolution of the flame structure, flow field, and the resulting strain rate along the flame are analyzed throughout extinction to distinguish the physical mechanisms of blowout. Flame-vortex dynamics are found to be the main driving mechanism of flame extinction; namely, a reduction of flame-generated vorticity coupled with an increase of downstream shear layer …

Raman Spectroscopy Of The Skeleton Of The Coral Acropora Cervicornis, Zachary C. Shepard

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Coral reefs are an important element of marine ecosystem that are critical to maintain a healthy environment. Unfortunately, in recent years coral reefs are doing poorly and many in parts of the ocean are simply dying. Therefore, study of coral’s structural response to external loads could answer what will happen with their structures, while they exhibit different types of loading. Therefore, the proposition of using in-situ micro-Raman spectroscopy to study skeletons of Acropora cervicornis was used. Coral skeleton samples I subjected to mechanical loading studied their vibrational properties by exciting the material with 532nm visible light. A uniaxial compressive load …