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2018

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Articles 3271 - 3300 of 8951

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Virtual Reality Sherlock: A Crime Scene Reconstructor, Ellen Tseng, Ken Wakaba Jun 2018

Virtual Reality Sherlock: A Crime Scene Reconstructor, Ellen Tseng, Ken Wakaba

Computer Science and Engineering Senior Theses

When an investigation team arrives to the scene, they only have a limited amount of time to gather as much evidence as they can. Evidence can include, but is not limited to: fingerprints, pictures/videos, blood samples, or any other biological evidence. Due to the limited amount of time, a few risks arise; they may not have collected enough evidence, the evidence itself may not have captured the full scope of the scene, and the possibility that the evidence itself may have been damaged or destroyed. Our aim is to develop a low-cost, customizable VR crime scene reconstructor. This software allows …


Combination Forecasting Of Stock Index Time Series Based On Cooperative Game Theory, Luo Wei Jun 2018

Combination Forecasting Of Stock Index Time Series Based On Cooperative Game Theory, Luo Wei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of the characteristics of nonlinear, large amplitude, frequent fluctuations in China's stock market, a prediction method of intelligent composite stock index time series based on the cooperative game is presented. The prediction model of stock index time series is established by using neural network method based on the correlations among the various economic indicators, and the development trend and laws of stock index time series are established by using the improved ARIMA method. The two methods are combined by importing cooperative game method. Simulation results show that the prediction accuracy of the presented method is controlled …


Real-Time Simulator For Spatial Information Networks Based On Analog If Signal Processing, Zeguo Yang, Ma Shang, Diaopeng Huang, Jianhao Hu, Lixiang Liu Jun 2018

Real-Time Simulator For Spatial Information Networks Based On Analog If Signal Processing, Zeguo Yang, Ma Shang, Diaopeng Huang, Jianhao Hu, Lixiang Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To solve the problem of real-time simulation of spatial information network with high dynamic network topology, a real-time simulator based on the IF signal processing is proposed. Compared with traditional channel simulator, it supports both the channel transmission characteristics like channel fading, Doppler shift, noise, and path delay, and the real-time simulation of dynamic network topology changes. The simulator supports 8~128 70 MHz IF (0~20 MHz signal bandwidth) emulated nodes with flexible link type configuration. The maximal fading depth is 100 dB, the maximal Doppler shift is 2 MHz, and the maximal path delay can reach up …


A Lightweight Modeling And Simulation Technical Framework For Complex Systems, Ji Hang, Junhua Zhou, Guoqiang Shi, Tingyu Lin, Junjie Xue Jun 2018

A Lightweight Modeling And Simulation Technical Framework For Complex Systems, Ji Hang, Junhua Zhou, Guoqiang Shi, Tingyu Lin, Junjie Xue

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the modeling and simulation verification of complex systems, the paper established a lightweight simulation technical framework and a system building method. The simulation technical framework is built based on distributed network communication middleware and has graphic user interface, simulation management and run control modules, it packages effective and lightweight network middleware, object management, event management and time management and it is capable of interoperability and its members have abilities of reusable and combinable. The results show that the framework can supports flexible construction and effective simulation on complex systems.


Temperature Characteristics Of Contact Wire Under Different Driving Intervals, Hongwei Wang, Zhang Kai, Zhiyong Wang, Fengyi Guo, Liu Shuai, Zhang Qiong Jun 2018

Temperature Characteristics Of Contact Wire Under Different Driving Intervals, Hongwei Wang, Zhang Kai, Zhiyong Wang, Fengyi Guo, Liu Shuai, Zhang Qiong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To reduce the wear of pantograph and catenary system while decreasing the headway, the temperature field of the contact wire is studied. A simulation model is established by using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The effectiveness of the model is verified with temperature experiments. Temperature field of the contact wire of freight locomotive and passenger locomotive in different intervals is studied by simulation. The smaller the headway of trains, the higher the temperature value, and the shorter the balance process. Under the constraint of temperature field, the headway of freight locomotive couldn't be less than 180s under long term operation. …


Analysis And Simulation Of Temperature Control For Battery Pole Piece Electromagnetic Heating Roller, Jing Ran, Feng Hua, Yonggeng Wang, Haiping Song, Yanjun Xiao Jun 2018

Analysis And Simulation Of Temperature Control For Battery Pole Piece Electromagnetic Heating Roller, Jing Ran, Feng Hua, Yonggeng Wang, Haiping Song, Yanjun Xiao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With the application of electromagnetic heating roller on battery pole piece rolling,the processing technology, quality and efficiency of the battery pole piece are improved. The special heating technology of electromagnetic heating roller which involves multi-physics coupling in the process of conversion makes it difficult to control the heating process and determine the control index. By studying the electromagnetic heating theory, the mathematical model of electromagnetic heating roller is established and the simulation and analysis of the electromagnetic heating roller using MATLAB software and the finite difference method are carried out. The distribution, change rule and influence factors of the …


At-Home Neurofeedback Treatment, Sanah Imran, Frank Cannizzaro Jun 2018

At-Home Neurofeedback Treatment, Sanah Imran, Frank Cannizzaro

Electrical and Computer Engineering Senior Theses

In the past two decades, the prevalence of mental health illnesses and cognitive disorders has dramatically increased both in the United States and worldwide. While the problem is an expensive one, costing billions annually in lost productivity, the greatest cost is to the patient suffering from mental health problems. Those who have the means to seek professional help may be prescribed medications that often have negative side effects and merely mitigate symptoms of these disorders without treating the underlying cause. Fortunately, there is a new and revolutionary therapy available called neurofeedback. It uses electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to self- regulate brain …


B.O.G.G.L.E.S.: Boundary Optical Geographic Lidar Environment System, Miguel Chapa, Evan Hoerl, Isaac Jorgensen, Carl Maggio Jun 2018

B.O.G.G.L.E.S.: Boundary Optical Geographic Lidar Environment System, Miguel Chapa, Evan Hoerl, Isaac Jorgensen, Carl Maggio

Interdisciplinary Design Senior Theses

The purpose of this paper is to describe a pseudo X-ray vision system that pairs a Lidar scanner with a visualization device. The system as a whole is referred to as B.O.G.G.L.E.S. There are several key factors that went into the development of this system and the background information and design approach are thoroughly described. B.O.G.G.L.E.S functionality is depicted through the use of design constraints and the analysis of test results. Additionally, many possible developments for B.O.G.G.L.E.S are proposed in the paper. This indicates that there are various avenues of improvement for this project that could be implemented in the …


Modeling & Simulation Technology In Manufacturing, Zhang Lin, Longfei Zhou Jun 2018

Modeling & Simulation Technology In Manufacturing, Zhang Lin, Longfei Zhou

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: With the continuous deepening of the application of information technology in the manufacturing field, the informatization of manufacturing systems is developing from unit digital manufacturing to integration networked manufacturing, and then to the comprehensive digital, networked and intelligent manufacturing. As a comprehensive information technology integrating computer, model theory, and scientific computing, modeling & simulation technology plays an irreplaceable role during the development of manufacturing informatization and is widely applied in all phases of the whole product lifecycle, such as design, manufacturing, testing, maintenance, purchase, sales and other phase. This paper reviews and summarizes the research and application of modeling …


Research On Maturity Evaluation Technology Of Complex Digital Industrial System, Geng Chao, Shiyou Qu, Tingyu Lin, Guoqiang Shi, Yingying Xiao, Wang Mei, Qiudan Ma, Ji Hang Jun 2018

Research On Maturity Evaluation Technology Of Complex Digital Industrial System, Geng Chao, Shiyou Qu, Tingyu Lin, Guoqiang Shi, Yingying Xiao, Wang Mei, Qiudan Ma, Ji Hang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Under the background of a new round of the innovation of science and technology and the revolution of industry, the complex digital industrial system is constantly innovating and shaping. Firstly, the paper established maturity evaluation model of the complex digital industrial system based on system engineering. Then, the paper proposed multi - index maturity analysis method and multi - enterprise maturity synthesis method of the complex digital industrial system. Combined with the digital industrial system of aerospace complex product, an evaluation example is presented. The results show that the maturity evaluation method can be used to standardize and guide …


Identification Of Closed Loop Projection Subspace For Motor Based On Hankel Correlation Function, Minghong She Jun 2018

Identification Of Closed Loop Projection Subspace For Motor Based On Hankel Correlation Function, Minghong She

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To solve estimation deviation problem of model parameter in the closed-loop system identification, the subspace identification model and state space model based on the estimation of the correlation function are presented, and through the correlation function estimation and zero space followed by projection, the block Hankel matrix of identification framework was filled so as to obtain the scope of the extended observability matrix; on the basis of the same projection on the time offset set of related data, the RQ decomposition of the projection is calculated by numerical calculation, and the dynamic estimation of the system model is obtained. …


High Frequency Blend Clips Matching Based Fire Sound Synthesis, Yin Qiang, Shiguang Liu Jun 2018

High Frequency Blend Clips Matching Based Fire Sound Synthesis, Yin Qiang, Shiguang Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aimed at the problem which generated by fire sound simulation in virtual reality field, a new fire sound synthesis method was proposed. Most of the sound synthesis methods currently separate the fire sound into low and high frequencies for synthesizing. The influence of low frequency fire sound models was considered and the low frequency signal was synthesized based on the physical visual fire model data. The high frequency sound signal was synthesized based on high frequency blend clips matching method. According to the characteristics of the fire's high frequency, the different frequency bands of high noise signal …


Clustering Method Based On Graph Data Model And Reliability Detection, Yanyun Cheng, Huisong Bian, Changsheng Bian Jun 2018

Clustering Method Based On Graph Data Model And Reliability Detection, Yanyun Cheng, Huisong Bian, Changsheng Bian

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the data in feature space, traditional clustering algorithm can take clustering analysis directly. High-dimensional spatial data cannot achieve intuitive and effective graphical visualization of clustering results in 2D plane. Graph data can clearly reflect the similarity relationship between objects. According to the distance of the data objects, the feature space data are modeled as graph data by iteration. Cluster analysis based on modularity is carried out on the modeling graph data. The two-dimensional visualization of non-spherical-shape distribution data cluster and result is achieved. The concept of credibility of the clustering result is proposed, and a method is proposed, …


Aerodynamic Simulation Of Multi-Dof Flapping-Wing Air Vehicle Of Bird-Like Based On Xflow Software, Yonggang Yang, Hanping Su Jun 2018

Aerodynamic Simulation Of Multi-Dof Flapping-Wing Air Vehicle Of Bird-Like Based On Xflow Software, Yonggang Yang, Hanping Su

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The aerodynamic characteristics analysis of flapping-wing is of great significance to the design, manufacturing and control of the aircraft. In this paper, a simple motion model of multiple-Degrees-of- Freedom (multi-DOF) of “swing-torsion-bending and folding” is established by analyzing the flight characteristics of bird-like flapping wing. The flapping-wing air vehicle of multi-DOF is numerically simulated in the case of unsteady flow at low Reynolds number by XFlow software. The effects of flapping wing shape, frequency and inflow on surrounding air are analyzed. The simulation results provide theory and technique supports for the flapping-wing air vehicle'research and development.


Simulation Analysis Of Magnetic Field Effect In Induction Heating Coil Of Porous Silicon Core Furnace, Jingang Li, Gaoyuan Liu Jun 2018

Simulation Analysis Of Magnetic Field Effect In Induction Heating Coil Of Porous Silicon Core Furnace, Jingang Li, Gaoyuan Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A new technology of porous coil disposable drawing a plurality of single crystal silicon rod can solve the problem of low efficiency and high cost of zone melting method of single induction heating coil in drawing monocrystalline silicon. However,the missing of the theoretical research and mature technology leads to different sizes of monocrystalline silicon rods. According to electromagnetic theory,Some characterisitics of the porous coil are studied,including magnetic field model,operating principle,magnetic field distribution.To prove the mechanism of the technology, a mathematical model of the porous coil is constructed based on Matlab and Ansys software. The magnetic flux density distribution …


Synthesizing Rotational Human Motion With Physical Reality, Wei Yi, Shihong Xia Jun 2018

Synthesizing Rotational Human Motion With Physical Reality, Wei Yi, Shihong Xia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Both keyframes and their timings play an important role in synthesizing physically realistic human motion. However, physically plausible timings are hard to set by manual. By combing keyframes and the physics-based optimization, a new method is proposed to solve physically plausible timings of given keyframes. Firstly, the keyframes and the initial value of the timings of keyframes are set through a graphical user interface. Secondly, the physically plausible timings of keyframes are obtained by optimizing a small-size nonlinear optimization model. Finally, the rotational human motion is synthesized by the keyframes and the computed timings of keyframes. Experiments are performed …


Equipment Rul Prediction Oriented Parallel Simulation Framework, Chenglong Ge, Yuanchang Zhu, Yanqiang Di, Zhiwei Hu, Zhihua Dong Jun 2018

Equipment Rul Prediction Oriented Parallel Simulation Framework, Chenglong Ge, Yuanchang Zhu, Yanqiang Di, Zhiwei Hu, Zhihua Dong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: As the equipment states are complicated with uncertainty, predicting remaining useful life with self-updating ability has become a hard task. Simulation provides an effective way to solve the problem. The concept and technology framework of equipment remaining useful life prediction oriented parallel simulation are proposed based on parallel system theory and the concept, characteristics, capacity demands and functional compositions of parallel simulation are introduced. The main modeling technologies of equipment remaining useful life prediction oriented parallel simulation are discussed, which include awareness of equipment degradation state, construction of equipment degradation state space model and evolution of equipment degradation state …


Matlab-Based Physical Real-Time Simulation Platform Of Pmsm In Intelligent Test System, Mengru Wang, Zhou Shan, Jinbo Wang, Panpan Xue Jun 2018

Matlab-Based Physical Real-Time Simulation Platform Of Pmsm In Intelligent Test System, Mengru Wang, Zhou Shan, Jinbo Wang, Panpan Xue

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: As the physical objects cannot simulate multiple failure modes to cooperate with space controller test, a solution that establishing the real-time physics simulation platform which contains the controlled object and the control system is proposed in this paper. In this solution, we established permanent magnet synchronous motor vector control model using MATLAB /Simulink toolbox of System Generator, then implemented on FPGA; After hardware extension, a complete closed-loop test system is constructed with the DUT(controller) and the motor simulation model; the model has high pointing and tracking precision. Besides simulating motor's normal functions, the model's parameters can be changed …


Monkey Algorithm For Solving Logistics Center Location Selection Problem, Xiaoping Xu, Dongjie Zhang Jun 2018

Monkey Algorithm For Solving Logistics Center Location Selection Problem, Xiaoping Xu, Dongjie Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The location selection of logistics center is the most basic problem that affects the whole development of logistics center; an improved monkey algorithm is used to solve the problem. The basic idea is that the chaos variables are used to generate the initial feasible solution of the monkey algorithm, the decreasing factor is taken as the climbing step in the climbing process and a chaotic search method is introduced in the looking process to improve the performance of the algorithm. Through simulation experiment, the solution results of typical function and logistics center location problem are given to illustrate the …


Simulation Analysis Of Nearest Neighbor Searching For Anti-Ship Missile Target Selector Performance, Sun Jie, Tianyun Wang, Huanyao Dai, Cuiqiong Mo, Zhao Jing Jun 2018

Simulation Analysis Of Nearest Neighbor Searching For Anti-Ship Missile Target Selector Performance, Sun Jie, Tianyun Wang, Huanyao Dai, Cuiqiong Mo, Zhao Jing

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of that the current admission comparing searching mode is difficult to adapt to the offshore operation of anti-ship missile in multi target selection, the nearest neighbor selector applied to the target search scheme is put forward. By setting the typical searching situation, a target searching model is established; and on the basis of reasonable simplification, the nearest neighbor selector capture probability of display expression is deduced. Typical scenes in numerical simulation show that the scheme based on distance criterion for admission multiple targets for prioritization effectively improves the search performance of the target. A …


New Phase-Lock Method For Tracking Low-Voltage Ride-Through On Photovoltaic Inverters, Bobo Li, Shouzhi Li, Yanxiao Zhang Jun 2018

New Phase-Lock Method For Tracking Low-Voltage Ride-Through On Photovoltaic Inverters, Bobo Li, Shouzhi Li, Yanxiao Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The low-voltage ride-through in photovoltaic power generation is a key problem for photovoltaic inverters connected to grid. Aiming at the frequency- and phase-locking of low-voltage ride-through on the photovoltaic inverter during asymmetric fault on the grid and using positive and negative sequence separation, a dual second-order generalized integral frequency- and phase-locking algorithm (DSOGI-FLL-PLL) is proposed, and a simple FLL is used so that positive and negative sequence separation can be performed for various frequencies. The conventional phase-lock- loop (PLL) is also used to capture the grid-side voltage, which greatly reduces response time and error of PLL during asymmetric faults …


Impact Of Hysteresis Heating Of Railroad Bearing Thermoplastic Elastomer Suspension Pad On Railroad Bearing Thermal Management, Oscar O. Rodriguez, Arturo A. Fuentes, Constantine Tarawneh Jun 2018

Impact Of Hysteresis Heating Of Railroad Bearing Thermoplastic Elastomer Suspension Pad On Railroad Bearing Thermal Management, Oscar O. Rodriguez, Arturo A. Fuentes, Constantine Tarawneh

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

It is a known fact that polymers and all other materials develop hysteresis heating due to the viscoelastic response or internal friction. The hysteresis or phase lag occurs when cyclic loading is applied leading to the dissipation of mechanical energy. The hysteresis heating is induced by the internal heat generation of the material, which occurs at the molecular level as it is being disturbed cyclically. Understanding the hysteresis heating of the railroad bearing elastomer suspension element during operation is essential to predict its dynamic response and structural integrity, as well as to predict the thermal behavior of the railroad bearing …


Defect Prognostics Models For Spall Growth In Railroad Bearing Rolling Elements, Nancy De Los Santos, Constantine Tarawneh, Robert E. Jones, Arturo A. Fuentes Jun 2018

Defect Prognostics Models For Spall Growth In Railroad Bearing Rolling Elements, Nancy De Los Santos, Constantine Tarawneh, Robert E. Jones, Arturo A. Fuentes

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

Prevention of railroad bearing failures, which may lead to catastrophic derailments, is a central safety concern. Early detection of railway component defects, specifically bearing spalls, will improve overall system reliability by allowing proactive maintenance cycles rather than costly reactive replacement of failing components. A bearing health monitoring system will provide timely detection of flaws. However, absent a well verified model for defect propagation, detection can only be used to trigger an immediate component replacement. The development of such a model requires that the spall growth process be mapped out by accumulating associated signals generated by various size spalls. The addition …


Creep Of Hi-Nicalon™ S Ceramic Fiber Tows At 1100°C In Air And In Silicic Acid-Saturated Steam, Logan M. Gumucio Jun 2018

Creep Of Hi-Nicalon™ S Ceramic Fiber Tows At 1100°C In Air And In Silicic Acid-Saturated Steam, Logan M. Gumucio

Theses and Dissertations

Innovations in SiC based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have yielded exceptional high-temperature properties and performance in aggressive oxidizing environments. These material characteristics provide potential avenues for future advancements in many applications where current metallic alloys perform near their operating temperature limits in a harsh environment. As steam (typically present in these environments) enters through cracks in the matrix of a SiC/SiC composite, it leaches Si and becomes saturated with silicic acid, Si(OH)4, prior to attacking the reinforcing SiC fibers. Therefore, it is paramount that a thorough understanding of the performance and durability of SiC fibers be obtained under …


Mitigating Interference With Knowledge-Aided Subarray Pattern Synthesis And Space Time Adaptive Processing, Yongjun Yoon Jun 2018

Mitigating Interference With Knowledge-Aided Subarray Pattern Synthesis And Space Time Adaptive Processing, Yongjun Yoon

Theses and Dissertations

Phased arrays are essential to airborne ground moving target indication (GMTI), as they measure the spatial angle-of-arrival of the target, clutter, and interference signals. The spatial and Doppler (temporal) frequency is utilized by space-time adaptive processing (STAP) to separate and filter out the interference from the moving target returns. Achieving acceptable airborne GMTI performance often requires fairly large arrays, but the size, weight and power (SWAP) requirements, cost and complexity considerations often result in the use of subarrays. This yields an acceptable balance between cost and performance while lowering the system’s robustness to interference. This thesis proposes the use of …


Vascular Image Enhancement Using Steerable Filters, Yiren Wang, Guoqing Deng, Yingwei Xia, Zhang Long, Liu Yong, Zhang Wen Jun 2018

Vascular Image Enhancement Using Steerable Filters, Yiren Wang, Guoqing Deng, Yingwei Xia, Zhang Long, Liu Yong, Zhang Wen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on the weakness of traditional image enhancement algorithms, an enhancement algorithm with steerable filter is put forward, which uses computer vision system as hardware platform. A steerable filter is applied for taking vein information in different directions. The wavelet transform is used to fuse image for high frequency information on vein. The nonlinear unsharp masking enhancement algorithm is used to escalate vein image. Experiment results show that the new algorithm can effectively suppress noise, reduce information loss and achieve better enhancement.


Key Technology Of Oil Spill Visualization At Sea Surface, Changjun Zou, Yin Yong, Xiuwen Liu, Feifei Wan Jun 2018

Key Technology Of Oil Spill Visualization At Sea Surface, Changjun Zou, Yin Yong, Xiuwen Liu, Feifei Wan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An intensive study is made on the visualization method and oil equipment interaction. To solve the blind area problem and to realize the interactive of oil film, the following methods are proposed: new visualization method based on texture projection; modeling technique of oil boom based on mass-spring model; dynamic interaction method between oil boom and oil film texture based on polygon clipping. Real-time oil spill visualization at sea is implemented on GPU, the test results show the correctness and reliability of the methods.


3d Visual Effects Assessment Based On Comprehensive Weight, Yanyang Zeng, Zhenjing Feng Jun 2018

3d Visual Effects Assessment Based On Comprehensive Weight, Yanyang Zeng, Zhenjing Feng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: There are various indicators for assessing the 3D visual effects, while the general weight of each index needs pre-determined coefficients individually, for which either the expert knowledge model or theoretical model used has advantages and disadvantages empowerment. Based on expert knowledge and theoretical models, the comprehensive weight method, optimization model, and direct solution of the index weight vectors have subjective and objective information. Experimental results show that the method of determining the weight vector different sort results of the assessment is also slightly different. Integrated weighting method to determine the weight of each index and the corresponding results of …


Svm Prediction Of Performance Degradation Of Rolling Bearings With Fusion Of Kpca And Information Granulation, Jiya Xu, Wang Yan, Dahu Yan, Zhicheng Ji Jun 2018

Svm Prediction Of Performance Degradation Of Rolling Bearings With Fusion Of Kpca And Information Granulation, Jiya Xu, Wang Yan, Dahu Yan, Zhicheng Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To effectively predict the performance degradation index and its fluctuation ranges of the rolling bearing, a prediction method based on kernel principal component analysis algorithm and fuzzy information granulation using support vector machine is proposed. The kernel principal component analysis is utilized to preprocess the data to acquire the main feature vector, construct T2 and SPE statistics, and to analyze its trend. The statistical information is used as the performance degradation index. Theory of fuzzy information granulation is used to granulate the performance degradation index and extract the useful information. The granulated data are put to the support …


Detail-Preserving Shape Deformation In Sph Fluid Control, Feng Gang, Shiguang Liu Jun 2018

Detail-Preserving Shape Deformation In Sph Fluid Control, Feng Gang, Shiguang Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: It remains a challenging problem to drive particles-based fluid simulation to match target shape and deform fluid shape between different models smoothly in fluid control, especially when the natural fluid motion should be preserved. To achieve the desired behavior, the models are divided into source objects and target objects, and the control particles are generated from them. According to a space point correspondence between source control particles and target control particles, the control particles' movements are calculated which drive fluid to match different models. The control energy from source control particles is transferred to target control particles so as …