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Articles 6241 - 6270 of 7238
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Treatment-Specific Approaches For Analysis And Control Of Left Ventricular Assist Devices, George Faragallah
Treatment-Specific Approaches For Analysis And Control Of Left Ventricular Assist Devices, George Faragallah
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) is a mechanical pump that helps patients with heart failure conditions. This rotary pump works in parallel to the ailing heart and provides an alternative path for blood flow from the weak left ventricle to the aorta. The LVAD is controlled by the power supplied to the pump motor. An increase in the pump motor power increases the pump speed and the pump flow. The LVAD is typically controlled at a fixed setting of pump power. This basically means that the controller does not react to any change in the activity level of the …
Multifunctional, Multimaterial Particle Fabrication Via An In-Fiber Fluid Instability, Joshua Kaufman
Multifunctional, Multimaterial Particle Fabrication Via An In-Fiber Fluid Instability, Joshua Kaufman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Spherical micro- and nano-particles have found widespread use in many various applications from paint to cosmetics to medicine. Due to the multiplicity of desired particle material(s), structure, size range, and functionality, many approaches exist for generating such particles. Bottom-up methods such as chemical synthesis have a high yield and work with a wide range of materials; however, these processes typically lead to large polydispersity and cannot produce structured particles. Top-down approaches such as microfluidics overcome the polydispersity issue and may produce a few different structures in particles, but at lower rates and only at the micro-scale. A method that can …
Quantifying Ultra-High Performance Concrete Flexural System Mechanical Response, Yulin Xiao
Quantifying Ultra-High Performance Concrete Flexural System Mechanical Response, Yulin Xiao
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The research and application of Ultra-high Performance Concrete (UHPC) has been developed significantly within the last 1-2 decades. Due to the specific property of high strength capacity, it is potential to be used in bridge deck system without shear reinforcement so that it provides even lighter self-weight of the deck. However, one of the shear component, dowel action, has not been adequately investigated in the past. In this dissertation, a particular test was designed and carried out to fully investigate the dowel action response, especially its contribution to shear resistance. In addition, research on serviceability and fatigue behaviors were expanded …
Functional Scaffolding For Musical Composition: A New Approach In Computer-Assisted Music Composition, Amy K. Hoover
Functional Scaffolding For Musical Composition: A New Approach In Computer-Assisted Music Composition, Amy K. Hoover
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
While it is important for systems intended to enhance musical creativity to define and explore musical ideas conceived by individual users, many limit musical freedom by focusing on maintaining musical structure, thereby impeding the user's freedom to explore his or her individual style. This dissertation presents a comprehensive body of work that introduces a new musical representation that allows users to explore a space of musical rules that are created from their own melodies. This representation, called functional scaffolding for musical composition (FSMC), exploits a simple yet powerful property of multipart compositions: The pattern of notes and rhythms in different …
Development Of Full Surface Transient Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Technique For Internal Cooling Channels, Lucky Tran
Development Of Full Surface Transient Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Technique For Internal Cooling Channels, Lucky Tran
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Proper design of high performance industrial heat transfer equipment relies on accurate knowledge and prediction of the thermal boundary conditions. In order to enhance the overall gas turbine efficiency, advancements in cooling technology for gas turbines and related applications are continuously investigated to increase the turbine inlet temperature without compromising the durability of the materials used. For detailed design, local distributions are needed in addition to bulk quantities. Detailed local distributions require advanced experimental techniques whereas they are readily available using numerical tools. Numerical predictions using a computational fluid dynamics approach with popular turbulence models are benchmarked against a semi-empirical …
A Framework For Workforce Management An Agent Based Simulation Approach, Mario Marin
A Framework For Workforce Management An Agent Based Simulation Approach, Mario Marin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In today's advanced technology world, enterprises are in a constant state of competition. As the intensity of competition increases the need to continuously improve organizational performance has never been greater. Managers at all levels must be on a constant quest for finding ways to maximize their enterprises' strategic resources. Enterprises can develop sustained competitiveness only if their activities create value in unique ways. There should be an emphasis to transfer this competitiveness to the resources it has on hand and the resources it can develop to be used in this environment. The significance of human capital is even greater now, …
Toward A Formalism Of Modeling And Simulation Using Model Theory, Saikou Y. Diallo, Jose Padilla, Ross Gore, Heber Herencia-Zapana, Andreas Tolk
Toward A Formalism Of Modeling And Simulation Using Model Theory, Saikou Y. Diallo, Jose Padilla, Ross Gore, Heber Herencia-Zapana, Andreas Tolk
VMASC Publications
This article proposes a Modeling and Simulation (M&S) formalism using Model Theory. The article departs from the premise that M&S is the science that studies the nature of truth using models and simulations. Truth in models and simulations is relative as they seek to answer specific modeling questions. Consequently, truth in M&S is relative because every model is a purposeful abstraction of reality. We use Model Theory to express the proposed formalism because it is built from the premise that truth is relative. The proposed formalism allows us to: (1) deduce formal definitions and explanations of areas of study in …
Behavior Of I-Section Gfrp Beam Including Retrofitting For Damage Effects, Mamadou Konate, Zia Razzaq
Behavior Of I-Section Gfrp Beam Including Retrofitting For Damage Effects, Mamadou Konate, Zia Razzaq
Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications
This paper presents the outcome of a study of an I-section Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) beam including retrofitting for damage effects. A total of three beam tests were conducted in the following sequence: GFRP beam with no retrofitting and a single mid-span web brace; the partially damaged (cracked) beam with GFRP plates used for retrofitting; and the retrofitted beam re-tested with the lateral brace at the top flange level. Both cracking and lateral-torsional buckling behavior is studied and experimental load-deflection relationships recorded. Using the mechanical properties of GFRP based on the experimental data, theoretical predictions are made for the …
Improving C2 Effectiveness Based On Robust Connectivity, S. Deller, A. Tolk, G. Rabadi, S. Bowling
Improving C2 Effectiveness Based On Robust Connectivity, S. Deller, A. Tolk, G. Rabadi, S. Bowling
Computational Modeling & Simulation Engineering Faculty Publications
This chapter describes an approach to develop an improved metric for network effectiveness through the use of Cares' (2005) Information Age Combat Model (IACM) as a context for combat (or competition) between networked forces. The IACM highlights the inadequacy of commonly used quantifiable metrics with regards to comparing networks that differ only by the placement of a few links. An agent-based simulation is used to investigate the potential value of the Perron-Frobenius Eigenvalue (λPFE) as an indicator of network effectiveness. The results validate this assumption. Another measurement is proven to be equally important, namely the robustness of a …
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Of Pd Nanoparticles Supported On Fe 3o4, Co3o4, And Ni(Oh)2 Nanoplates And Catalysis Application For Co Oxidation, Hany A. Elazab, Sherif Moussa, B. Frank Gupton, M. Samy El-Shall
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Of Pd Nanoparticles Supported On Fe 3o4, Co3o4, And Ni(Oh)2 Nanoplates And Catalysis Application For Co Oxidation, Hany A. Elazab, Sherif Moussa, B. Frank Gupton, M. Samy El-Shall
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In this paper, we report a simple, versatile, and rapid method for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticle catalysts supported on Fe3O4, Co3O4, and Ni (OH)2 nanoplates via microwave irradiation. The important advantage of microwave dielectric heating over convective heating is that the reactants can be added at room temperature (or slightly higher temperatures) without the need for high-temperature injection. Furthermore, the method can be used to synthesize metal nanoparticle catalysts supported on metal oxide nanoparticles in one step. We also demonstrate that the catalyst-support interaction plays an important role in the low …
Image-Based Pore-Scale Modeling Of Inertial Flow In Porous Media And Propped Fractures, Yijie Shen
Image-Based Pore-Scale Modeling Of Inertial Flow In Porous Media And Propped Fractures, Yijie Shen
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Non-Darcy flow is often observed near wellbores and in hydraulic fractures where relatively high velocities occur. Quantifying additional pressure drop caused by non-Darcy flow and fundamentally understanding the pore-scale inertial flow is important to oil and gas production in hydraulic fractures. Image-based pore-scale modeling is a powerful approach to obtain macroscopic transport properties of porous media, which are traditionally obtained from experiments and understand the relationship between fluid dynamics with complex pore geometries. In image-based modeling, flow simulations are conducted based on pore structures of real porous media from X-ray computed tomographic images. Rigorous pore-scale finite element modeling using unstructured …
Bayesian Saltwater Intrusion Prediction And Remediation Design Under Uncertainty, Nima Chitsazan
Bayesian Saltwater Intrusion Prediction And Remediation Design Under Uncertainty, Nima Chitsazan
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Groundwater resources are vital for sustainable economic and demographic developments. Reliable prediction of groundwater head and contaminant transport is necessary for sustainable management of the groundwater resources. However, the groundwater simulation models are subjected to uncertainty in their predictions. The goals of this research are to: (1) quantify the uncertainty in the groundwater model predictions and (2) investigate the impact of the quantified uncertainty on the aquifer remediation designs. To pursue the first goal, this study generalizes the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method and introduces the hierarchical Bayesian model averaging (HBMA) method that segregates and prioritizes sources of uncertainty in …
Image Enhancement Methods And Applications In Computational Photography, Qinchun Qian
Image Enhancement Methods And Applications In Computational Photography, Qinchun Qian
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Computational photography is currently a rapidly developing and cutting-edge topic in applied optics, image sensors and image processing fields to go beyond the limitations of traditional photography. The innovations of computational photography allow the photographer not only merely to take an image, but also, more importantly, to perform computations on the captured image data. Good examples of these innovations include high dynamic range imaging, focus stacking, super-resolution, motion deblurring and so on. Although extensive work has been done to explore image enhancement techniques in each subfield of computational photography, attention has seldom been given to study of the image enhancement …
Development Of Remote Sensing Assisted Water Quality Nowcasting And Forecasting Models For Coastal Beaches, Zaihong Zhang
Development Of Remote Sensing Assisted Water Quality Nowcasting And Forecasting Models For Coastal Beaches, Zaihong Zhang
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
A remote sensing assisted water quality modeling framework is developed in this dissertation for nowcasting and forecasting recreational water quality of Holly Beach in Louisiana, USA. The modeling framework is composed of four models/systems: (1) an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model (Model 1) and an US EPA Virtual Beach (VB) Program-based model for predicting early morning enterococci (ENT) levels in beach waters; (2) an ANN model (Model 2) and an VB model for predicting early morning Fecal Coliform (FC) levels in beach waters; (3) a remote sensing assisted modeling system (Model 3) for predicting near real time ENT levels during …
Damage Prediction Of Low-Rise Buildings Under Hurricane Winds, Fang Pan
Damage Prediction Of Low-Rise Buildings Under Hurricane Winds, Fang Pan
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Low-rise buildings are defined as the buildings with a mean roof height less than the least horizontal dimension and less than 18.3 m in ASCE 7-10. They represent the majority of commercial, residential, and industrial buildings. Approximate 90% of the existing low-rise residential buildings are constructed as wood light-frame buildings that are not fully engineered and thus more vulnerable to extreme wind pressures, wind borne debris and rain water intrusion. The resulting hurricane-induced economic loss is primarily attributed to the insufficient performance of building envelope instead of the catastrophic failure of their main structural system for Category 1 to 4 …
The Effects Of Asymmetric Micro Ratchets On Pool Boiling Performance, Lance Austin Brumfield
The Effects Of Asymmetric Micro Ratchets On Pool Boiling Performance, Lance Austin Brumfield
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Nucleate boiling is an attractive method for achieving high heat flux at low superheat temperatures. It is frequently used for industrial applications such as heat exchangers and is being considered to cool advanced central processing units (CPU) which produce heat fluxes on the order of 1 MW/m2 and are becoming increasingly less efficient to cool via forced conduction of air. The issue with implementing nucleate boiling as a cooling mechanism lies in the difficulty of quantifying the numerous and complex mechanisms which control the process. A comprehensive nucleate boiling model has yet to be formulated and will be required in …
Advanced Statistical Signal Processing Methods In Sensing, Detection, And Estimation For Communication Applications, Hongting Zhang
Advanced Statistical Signal Processing Methods In Sensing, Detection, And Estimation For Communication Applications, Hongting Zhang
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The applications of wireless communications and digital signal processing have dramatically changed the way we live, work, and learn over decades. The requirement of higher throughput and ubiquitous connectivity for wireless communication systems has become prevalent nowadays. Signal sensing, detection and estimation have been prevalent in signal processing and communications for many years. The relevant studies deal with the processing of information-bearing signals for the purpose of information extraction. Nevertheless, new robust and efficient signal sensing, detection and estimation techniques are still in demand since there emerge more and more practical applications which rely on them. In this dissertation work, …
Piecemeal Versus Integrated Design: Framing Meets Design Thinking, Stephen Secules, Ayush Gupta, Andrew Elby
Piecemeal Versus Integrated Design: Framing Meets Design Thinking, Stephen Secules, Ayush Gupta, Andrew Elby
Design Thinking Research Symposium
Systems thinking is an important component of engineering design thinking but one that is often difficult for beginning designers. In this paper, we present an empirically grounded case that sometimes the novice-like design behaviors emerge, not due to a lack of skills/knowledge on part of the student designers, but by the nature of the way the activity is structured and the implicit and explicit messages communicated to the students on the nature of the design task. Our analysis draws on video-records of brainstorming and design review and briefing meetings between students, instructors, and stakeholders in the context of a service-learning …
Distance In Matrices And Their Applications To Fuzzy Models And Neutrosophic Models, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Distance In Matrices And Their Applications To Fuzzy Models And Neutrosophic Models, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors for the first time introduce the notion of distance between any two m n matrices. If the distance is 0 or m n there is nothing interesting. When the distance happens to be a value t; 0 < t < m n the study is both innovating and interesting. The three cases of study which is carried out in this book are 1. If the difference between two square matrices is large, will it imply the eigen values and eigen vectors of those matrices are distinct? Several open conjectures in this direction are given. 2. The difference between parity check matrix and the generator matrix for the same C(n, k) code is studied. This will help in detecting errors in storage systems as well as in cryptography.
Multi-Criteria Decision Making Based On Dsmt-Ahp, Jean Dezert, Jean Marc Tacnet, Mireille Batton-Hubert, Florentin Smarandache
Multi-Criteria Decision Making Based On Dsmt-Ahp, Jean Dezert, Jean Marc Tacnet, Mireille Batton-Hubert, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this paper, we present an extension of the multicriteria decision making based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) which incorporates uncertain knowledge matrices for generating basic belief assignments (bba’s). The combination of priority vectors corresponding to bba’s related to each (sub)- criterion is performed using the Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule no. 5 proposed in Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) of plausible and paradoxical reasoning. The method presented here, called DSmT-AHP, is illustrated on very simple examples.
Enhancing The Insulation Of Wide-Range Spectrum In The Pva/N Thin Film By Doping Zno Nanowires, Yu-Chen Lin, Ching-Hsiang Vhen, Liang-Yih Chen, Shih-Chieh Hsu, Shizhi Qian
Enhancing The Insulation Of Wide-Range Spectrum In The Pva/N Thin Film By Doping Zno Nanowires, Yu-Chen Lin, Ching-Hsiang Vhen, Liang-Yih Chen, Shih-Chieh Hsu, Shizhi Qian
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications
In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/nitrogen (PVA/N) hybrid thin films doped with sharp-sword ZnO nanowires with insulating effect and wide-range spectrum are demonstrated for the first time. PVA/N doped ZnO nanocomposites were developed by blending PVA and N-doped ZnO nanowires in water at room temperature. Measurements from the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, and photoluminescence emission (PL) spectra of the products show that nitrogen is successfully doped into the ZnO wurtzite crystal lattice. In addition, the refractive index of PVA/N doped ZnO hybrid thin films can be controlled by varying the doped ZnO nanowires under different …
Generic Incident Model For Investigating Traffic Incident Impacts On Evacuation Times In Large-Scale Emergencies, Andrew J. Collins, Peter Foytik, Erika Frydenlund, R. Michael Robinson, Craig A. Jordan
Generic Incident Model For Investigating Traffic Incident Impacts On Evacuation Times In Large-Scale Emergencies, Andrew J. Collins, Peter Foytik, Erika Frydenlund, R. Michael Robinson, Craig A. Jordan
VMASC Publications
Traffic incidents cause a ripple effect of reduced travel speeds, lane changes, and the pursuit of alternative routes that results in gridlock on the immediately affected and surrounding roadways. The disruptions caused by the secondary effects significantly degrade travel time reliability, which is of great concern to the emergency planners who manage evacuations. Outcomes forecast by a generic incident model embedded in a microscopic evacuation simulation, the Real-Time Evacuation Planning Model (RtePM), were examined to quantify the change in time required for an emergency evacuation that results from traffic incidents. The incident model considered vehicle miles traveled on each individual …
Where Are The People? The Human Viewpoint Approach For Architecting And Acquisition, Holly A. H. Handley, Beverly G. Knapp, Defense Acquisition Univ Ft Belvoir Va
Where Are The People? The Human Viewpoint Approach For Architecting And Acquisition, Holly A. H. Handley, Beverly G. Knapp, Defense Acquisition Univ Ft Belvoir Va
Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications
The U.S. Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) provides a standard framework for transforming systems concepts into a consistent set of products containing the elements and relationships required to represent a complex operational system. However, without a human perspective, the current DoDAF does not account for the human performance aspects needed to calculate the human contribution to system effectiveness and cost. The Human Viewpoint gives systems engineers additional tools to integrate human considerations into systems development by facilitating identification and collection of human-focused data. It provides a way to include Human Systems Integration (HSI) constructs into mainstream acquisition and systems …
Rheological Signatures In Limit Cycle Behaviour Of Dilute, Active, Polar Liquid Crystalline Polymers In Steady Shear, M. Gregory Forest, Panon Phuworawong, Qi Wang, Ruhai Zhou
Rheological Signatures In Limit Cycle Behaviour Of Dilute, Active, Polar Liquid Crystalline Polymers In Steady Shear, M. Gregory Forest, Panon Phuworawong, Qi Wang, Ruhai Zhou
Mathematics & Statistics Faculty Publications
We consider the dilute regime of active suspensions of liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs), addressing issues motivated by our kinetic model and simulations in Forest et al. (Forest et al. 2013 Soft Matter 9, 5207-5222 (doi:10.1039/c3sm27736d)). In particular, we report unsteady two-dimensional heterogeneous flow-orientation attractors for pusher nanorod swimmers at dilute concentrations where passive LCP equilibria are isotropic. These numerical limit cycles are analogous to longwave (homogeneous) tumbling and kayaking limit cycles and two-dimensional heterogeneous unsteady attractors of passive LCPs in weak imposed shear, yet these states arise exclusively at semi-dilute concentrations where stable equilibria are nematic. The results in Forest …
Synthesis, Processing And Characterization Of Polymer Derived Ceramic Nanocomposite Coating Reinforced With Carbon Nanotube Preforms, Hongjiang Yang
Synthesis, Processing And Characterization Of Polymer Derived Ceramic Nanocomposite Coating Reinforced With Carbon Nanotube Preforms, Hongjiang Yang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Ceramics have a number of applications as coating material due to their high hardness, wear and corrosion resistance, and the ability to withstand high temperatures. Critical to the success of these materials is the effective heat transfer through a material to allow for heat diffusion or effective cooling, which is often limited by the low thermal conductivity of many ceramic materials. To meet the challenge of improving the thermal conductivity of ceramics without lowering their performance envelope, carbon nanotubes were selected to improve the mechanical properties and thermal dispersion ability due to its excellent mechanical properties and high thermal conductivity …
Decentralized Power Management In Microgrids, Amit Bhattacharjee
Decentralized Power Management In Microgrids, Amit Bhattacharjee
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A large number of power sources, operational in a microgrid, optimum power sharing and accordingly controlling the power sources along with scheduling loads are the biggest challenges in modern power system. In the era of smart grid, the solution is certainly not simple paralleling. Hence it is required to develop a control scheme that delivers the overall power requirements while also adhering to the power limitations of each source. As the penetration of distributed generators increase and are diversifi ed, the choice of decentralized control becomes preferable. In this work, a decentralized control framework is conceived. The primary approach is …
Synthetic Generators For Simulating Social Networks, Awrad Mohammed Ali
Synthetic Generators For Simulating Social Networks, Awrad Mohammed Ali
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
An application area of increasing importance is creating agent-based simulations to model human societies. One component of developing these simulations is the ability to generate realistic human social networks. Online social networking websites, such as Facebook, Google+, and Twitter, have increased in popularity in the last decade. Despite the increase in online social networking tools and the importance of studying human behavior in these networks, collecting data directly from these networks is not always feasible due to privacy concerns. Previous work in this area has primarily been limited to 1) network generators that aim to duplicate a small subset of …
Diversity Order And Coding Gain Of General-Order Rectangular Qam In Mimo Relay With Tas/Mrc In Nakagami-M Fading, Won Mee Jang
Diversity Order And Coding Gain Of General-Order Rectangular Qam In Mimo Relay With Tas/Mrc In Nakagami-M Fading, Won Mee Jang
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering: Faculty Publications
Recently, multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) relay networks have been an active area of research, particularly with combining single transmit antenna selection (TAS) and receiver maximal ratio combining (MRC). Moreover, generalorder rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) has received much attention for its high spectral efficiency and flexible modulation scheme. However, the analytical performance of general-order rectangular QAM has not been found in the literature forMIMO relay with TAS/MRC in Nakagami-mfading channels in spite of its practical usefulness. In addition, the analytical performance of general-order rectangular QAM often comes with enormous computational complexity. Therefore, it is hardly possible to understand the analytical solution unless …
The Effects Of Low-Level Ethanol Blends In 4-Stroke Small Non-Road Engines, Chris Reek
The Effects Of Low-Level Ethanol Blends In 4-Stroke Small Non-Road Engines, Chris Reek
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
Small Non-Road Engines (SNRE's) abound in numbers and are used daily by consumers and businesses alike. Considering the atmosphere of change looming in the air regarding alternative fuels, this particular engine classification will also be affected by any change in standardization of fuels. This body of research attempts to address possible ways SNRE's can change their operational characteristics after being fueled by specific yet differing fuels. These characteristics will be contrasted against blends of ethanol with gasoline, from 0% ethanol to 20% ethanol, run on test engines to determine patterns, if any, of these characteristics. Topics include: materials compatibility, engine …
The Effects Of Layer Thickness On Dry-Sliding Wear Of Binder Jet Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel And Bronze Composite, Cody Ingenthron
The Effects Of Layer Thickness On Dry-Sliding Wear Of Binder Jet Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel And Bronze Composite, Cody Ingenthron
All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects
Pin on disk wear testing was used to compare additively manufactured binder jet metal matrix composites. The process parameters were changed. The layer thickness and applied forces were varied for the experimental study. Three different layer thicknesses used were, 50μm, 100μm, and 200μm. The pin used was a 420 stainless pin. The wear characteristics of the disk were examined using pin-on-disc method. The material tested was a composite of 420 stainless steel, and 90-10 bronze. Samples were weighed before, during, and after the test to determine differences in mass. Wear tracks were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope. The results …