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Articles 61 - 90 of 6302
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Asic Package Design Optimization For 10 Gbps And Above Backplane Serdes Links, Jane Lim, Kai Soon Chow, Jiangfan Zhang, Jianmin Zhang, Kelvin Qiu, Rick Brooks
Asic Package Design Optimization For 10 Gbps And Above Backplane Serdes Links, Jane Lim, Kai Soon Chow, Jiangfan Zhang, Jianmin Zhang, Kelvin Qiu, Rick Brooks
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This paper discussed the package selection and BGA signal pin assignment consideration for high-end ASIC design with over 400 SerDes (Serializer Deserializer) pairs for >10Gbps backplane interface. the ASIC package is using advanced high-performance organic build-up (BU) materials like GX13, GZ41 and thinner core in the stack-up to help reduce the package loss and improve the signal transmission on the highspeed SerDes links. for return loss and insertion loss studies, the main objectives are to investigate the core thickness, BU material properties, and routing configurations impact on the differential signaling. the design suggestions are then made at each area for …
Speed-Up Of Peec Em/Ckt Solver Using Rank-Reduced Waveform Relaxation, Giulio Antonini, Albert E. Ruehli
Speed-Up Of Peec Em/Ckt Solver Using Rank-Reduced Waveform Relaxation, Giulio Antonini, Albert E. Ruehli
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The solution of EM/Circuit problems is important for the EMC/SI/PI system designs. an essential issue today is the solution of larger problems without excessive memory and compute time requirements. in this paper, we show the potential for a new speed-up approach using the PEEC method. One source of the speed-up is due to the use of the waveform relaxation (WR) technique, which is very suitable for parallel processing. Importantly, the dense part of the partial inductance and potential matrices are sparsified by taking advantage of the rank deficiency of the dense parts of the MNA matrix. We show that both …
Methods For Identifying Acoustic Emissions From The Front Face Of A Small Piezoelectric Blower, Brad K. Solomon
Methods For Identifying Acoustic Emissions From The Front Face Of A Small Piezoelectric Blower, Brad K. Solomon
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis focuses on identifying acoustic noise generating components in piezoelectric blowers through transverse velocity measurements and the development of a numerical fluid model. Piezoelectric ceramics have proven useful for many industries and areas of research involving: high precision actuators, noise control, ultrasonic devices, and many other areas. As of late, a unique adaptation of piezoelectric ceramics is surfacing in the area of pumping and cooling. Air pumps that use these ceramics replace the traditional electric motor, resulting in lower power consumption, less moving parts, constant pressure gradients, lower overall weight, and a low profile. The current drawback of this …
Manipulation Of Plants By Transformation With Sequences Promoting Cell Division, Victor B. Busov, Steven H. Strauss
Manipulation Of Plants By Transformation With Sequences Promoting Cell Division, Victor B. Busov, Steven H. Strauss
Michigan Tech Patents
Polynucleotides encode polypeptides for increasing the rate of growth of plants. Introduction of the polynucleotides into plants produces plants having altered characteristics, such as increased growth, increased leaf area and reduced fertility. Expression of polypeptides in plants or plant cells promotes cell division. Expression of the polynucleotides in plants in the antisense orientation produces plants that are sterile or have smaller leaves.
2012 Fall Engr333 Project Final Report, 2012 Fall Engr333
2012 Fall Engr333 Project Final Report, 2012 Fall Engr333
ENGR 333
Calvin College is considering an addition to the West Wing of the Spoelhof Center to provide additional space for the art and business programs. The construction of this new addition provides the opportunity to investigate the feasibility of installing new, sustainable technology. This semester the students of Engineering 333 were presented with the following challenge: “What it will take for Calvin College to install a geothermal HVAC system for the West Wing?” A geothermal HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system utilizes the relatively constant temperature of the earth to provide heating during winter and cooling during summer. Geothermal HVAC …
Reliability Techniques For Data Communication And Storage In Fpga-Based Circuits, Yubo Li
Reliability Techniques For Data Communication And Storage In Fpga-Based Circuits, Yubo Li
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation studies the effects of radiation-induced single-event upsets (SEUs) on field-programmable gate array(FPGA)-based circuits. It analyzes and quantifies a special case in data communication, that is, the synchronization issue of signals when they are sent across clock domains in triple modular redundancy (TMR) circuits with the presence of SEUs. After demonstrating that synchronizing errors cannot be eliminated in such case, this dissertation continues to present novel synchronizer designs that can guarantee reliable synchronization of triplicated signals. Fault injection tests then show that the proposed synchronizers provide between 6 and 10 orders of magnitude longer mean time to failure (MTTF) …
Method For Removing Co2 From Coal-Fired Power Plant Flue Gas Using Ammonia As The Scrubbing Solution, With A Chemical Additive For Reducing Nh3 Losses, Coupled With A Membrane For Concentrating The Co2 Stream To The Gas Stripper, Kunlei Liu, James K. Neathery, Joseph E. Remias, Xiansen Li
Method For Removing Co2 From Coal-Fired Power Plant Flue Gas Using Ammonia As The Scrubbing Solution, With A Chemical Additive For Reducing Nh3 Losses, Coupled With A Membrane For Concentrating The Co2 Stream To The Gas Stripper, Kunlei Liu, James K. Neathery, Joseph E. Remias, Xiansen Li
Center for Applied Energy Research Faculty Patents
A method for removing and capturing carbon dioxide from a fluid stream includes the steps of exposing the fluid stream to an aqueous scrubbing solution that removes and holds carbon dioxide from the fluid stream, passing the aqueous scrubbing solution through a membrane in order to separate excess water from the scrubbing solution and increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the scrubbing solution, heating the scrubbing solution having an increased concentration of carbon dioxide so as to release carbon dioxide gas and recycling the scrubbing solution. A carbon dioxide capture apparatus includes a carbon dioxide scrubber, a membrane downstream …
Microgrids - A Review Of Modeling, Control, Protection, Simulation And Future Potential, Shyam Naren Bhaskara, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Microgrids - A Review Of Modeling, Control, Protection, Simulation And Future Potential, Shyam Naren Bhaskara, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Results of a literature survey done on microgrids from conception to installation is presented. the purpose is to evaluate the current status, major obstacles and existing research efforts directed toward establishing functional microgrids within utility systems. This review paper covers technical issues associated with frequency control and re-synchronization associated with typical distributed energy sources. Also evaluated are regulatory and policy issues associated with ownership, maintenance, availability, coordinated equipment control, obligation to provide adequate power quality, etc. associated with operating an islanded microgrid within a utility company's service territory. Actual microgrids in operation today are described. Benchmark test systems for steady …
Solid State Fault Interruption Devices In Medium Voltage Microgrid Distribution Systems With Distributed Energy Resources, Mehul K. Madan, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Solid State Fault Interruption Devices In Medium Voltage Microgrid Distribution Systems With Distributed Energy Resources, Mehul K. Madan, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The solid-state fault interruption device (SSFID) is used for the purpose of quickly isolating sections of power networks under permanent faults. the SSFID is tested for performance by simulation in a simulated medium voltage system. a comparison with the conventional breaker is presented in response to system faults in the presence of wind power plants and other distributed energy resources. the SSFID appears to be a superior alternative to the contemporary mechanical circuit breaker in isolating faulted sections. However, some high transients may appear on the network because of the operation of the device. © 2012 IEEE.
Electronic Device, Display And Touch-Sensitive User Interface (Dec 2012), Michael E. Miller, Jerald J. Muszak, Michael J. Telek
Electronic Device, Display And Touch-Sensitive User Interface (Dec 2012), Michael E. Miller, Jerald J. Muszak, Michael J. Telek
AFIT Patents
Display devices and methods for operating the same are provided. In one embodiment, the display device has an electronic display having an active area for presenting visual content; a housing holding the electronic display and having an opening allowing a person to view a first portion of the active area; and a bezel about the opening, the bezel covering a second portion of the active area and providing a window through which at least a part of the second portion can be viewed. A sensor system senses when a person is close to touching the bezel or when a person …
Towards On-Line Voltage Stability Assessment Using Synchrophasors, Himanshu S. Hirlekar, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Towards On-Line Voltage Stability Assessment Using Synchrophasors, Himanshu S. Hirlekar, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Advances in technology has made possible the online monitoring and assessment of voltage stability. Synchrophasors measure voltage and current phasors with accurate time stamping with respect to Global Positioning System (GPS) clock reference. a novel voltage stability prediction algorithm using synchrophasors is proposed. Synchrophasor data is used to perform a fast state estimation of the system. This is a departure from conventional SCADA-Based state estimation. the traditional method of VQ analysis for voltage stability is put to use in this algorithm to estimate the voltage stability margin. Since the data refresh rate is faster with synchrophasor data than SCADA-Based data, …
Economics Of Grid-Tied Customer-Owned Photovoltaic Power Generation, Badrul H. Chowdhury, Fanjun Meng
Economics Of Grid-Tied Customer-Owned Photovoltaic Power Generation, Badrul H. Chowdhury, Fanjun Meng
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Currently, there are only a handful of methods used to calculate prices for the energy generated from photovoltaic and other renewable resources. Some of these are net metering, feed-in-tariffs, etc. However, none of the methods in use today are widely used. This paper will discuss a new methodology to calculate energy prices in the sense of locational marginal prices for future smart distribution systems with renewable energy resources as the primary energy supply. the scheme calculates the marginal energy price for renewable generations and storage, as well as the marginal congestion and loss prices in order to determine optimal economic …
Increased Normal Incidence Photocurrent In Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors, Jiayi Shao, Thomas E. Vandervelde, Ajit Barve, Andreas Stintz, Sanjay Krishna
Increased Normal Incidence Photocurrent In Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors, Jiayi Shao, Thomas E. Vandervelde, Ajit Barve, Andreas Stintz, Sanjay Krishna
Birck and NCN Publications
We have increased the ratio of s-polarization (normal incidence) to p-polarization photocurrent to 50% in a quantum dot-in-a-well based infrared photodetector form the typical s-p polarization ratio about 20%. This improvement was achieved by engineering the dot geometry and the quantum confinement via post growth capping materials of the Stranski Krastanov growth mode quantum dots (QDs). The TEM images show that the height to base ratio of shape engineered QDs was increased to 8 nm/12 nm from the control sample's ratio 4 nm/17 nm. The dot geometry correlates with the polarized photocurrent measurements of the detector. (C) 2012 American Institute …
The Far Field Transformation Using The Iterative Srm Based On The Phaseless Data, Ping Li, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang
The Far Field Transformation Using The Iterative Srm Based On The Phaseless Data, Ping Li, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Conventional equivalent source reconstruction methods (SRM) require both phase and amplitude information of the field data. However, there are situations where the phase information is not easy to obtain. Hence, developing novel SRM based on phaseless data is necessary. In this paper, a novel iterative SRM based on two sets of measured phaseless data is presented. It can reproduce the 3D radiation pattern with very good accuracy. Integral equation (IE) is employed to build reconstruct equivalent source. Combined field IE (CFIE) is also employed to obtain more physical current distribution. © 2012 IEEE.
A Single-Layer Compact Hf-Uhf Dual-Band Rfid Tag Antenna, Zi Long Ma, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang, Jingtian Xi, Terry Tao Ye
A Single-Layer Compact Hf-Uhf Dual-Band Rfid Tag Antenna, Zi Long Ma, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang, Jingtian Xi, Terry Tao Ye
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This letter presents a novel dual-band (HF and UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna. Two key challenges are faced: the compact dimension and the impaired bandwidth due to the couplings between two band structures. To enable the implementation of whole design on a credit-card-size single-layer support, a spiral coil along the edges of the card is designed to handle the HF (13.56 MHz) near-field coupling, and the UHF antenna is placed inside the coil instead of outside. Meanwhile, a diagonal symmetric design consisting of two meander lines inside the spiral coil is adopted for UHF band. This structure supports …
Integral Equation Method For Analyzing Purcell Effect In Plasmonic System, Yongpin P. Chen, Weng Cho Chew, Wei E.I. Sha, W. C.H. Choy, Lijun Jiang
Integral Equation Method For Analyzing Purcell Effect In Plasmonic System, Yongpin P. Chen, Weng Cho Chew, Wei E.I. Sha, W. C.H. Choy, Lijun Jiang
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Integral equation method is applied to analyze the Purcell effect in plasmonic system in this paper. By applying the Fermi's golden rule, the Purcell effect of a quantum emitter can be calculated from the local density of states (LDOS), which can be further expressed by the imaginary part of the Green's function of the whole system. To obtain this Green's function numerically, the layered medium Green's function is utilized to simplify the modeling of planarly layered substrate, where the surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) can be sustained. The metallic nano scatterers are introduced to excite the localized surface plasmons (LSP), and …
An Efficient Method For Highly Oscillatory Physical Optics Integrals, Yu Mao Wu, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang, Weng Cho Chew
An Efficient Method For Highly Oscillatory Physical Optics Integrals, Yu Mao Wu, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang, Weng Cho Chew
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In this work, we use the steepest descent path (SDP) method in the complex analysis to calculate the highly oscillatory physical optics (PO) integral with quadratic phase and amplitude variations on the triangular patch. Compared with traditional approximate asymptotic expansion approach, our method has significantly improved the PO integral accuracy by one to two digits (10 1 to 102) for evaluating the PO integral. Moreover, the computation effort for the highly oscillatory integral is frequency independent. © 2012 IEEE.
Distribution System Operation With Solid State Controller And Energy Storage Management, F. Meng, D. Shah, B. H. Chowdhury, M. L. Crow
Distribution System Operation With Solid State Controller And Energy Storage Management, F. Meng, D. Shah, B. H. Chowdhury, M. L. Crow
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A novel distribution system infrastructure is proposed with solid state controller locating at load sites. an energy storage management algorithm is developed to optimize battery charge/discharge operation using forward dynamic programming method. This algorithm is implemented in a system test bed in PSCAD. the simulation results present economic benefits to private customers with reduced energy cost. It also reduces system peak demand which may improve system reliability. © 2012 IEEE.
Enabling Wind Power Plants With Frequency And Voltage Regulation Capability By Forced Curtailment, Anshuman Vaidya, Badrul H. Chowdhury, Manohar Chamana
Enabling Wind Power Plants With Frequency And Voltage Regulation Capability By Forced Curtailment, Anshuman Vaidya, Badrul H. Chowdhury, Manohar Chamana
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
With higher penetration of renewable energy resources like wind energy, its utilization for the provision of ancillary services, such as frequency and voltage regulation, is imminent. This paper deals with allowing the wind power plant to provide these services in a microgrid environment with the consideration of different generation mixes of wind and conventional energy resources. a novel hysteresis control algorithm is implemented in the wind control system to compensate for the shortcomings of droop control during low wind conditions. a microgrid model test system is simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment to compare the performance of the control strategy, henceforth called …
Implementation Of A Microgrid Central Controller In A Laboratory Microgrid Network, Md Rasheduzzaman, Shyam N. Bhaskara, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Implementation Of A Microgrid Central Controller In A Laboratory Microgrid Network, Md Rasheduzzaman, Shyam N. Bhaskara, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
When distributed generation (DG) units operate in a microgrid environment, there is a need for coordinated operation between the DGs, the utility grid and the loads. a Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC) can keep track of the status from the systemic point of view and command the local micro source controllers (MC) to ensure system stability. in various modes of operation, vis-à-vis grid-connected, islanded and during transition from grid-connected to islanded mode and vice versa, the MGCC can support the MCs by feeding the necessary information to contribute towards stable system operation. This paper discusses the implementation of the MGCC for …
Recovery Of Metallic Materials From Printed Wiring Boards By Green Pyrolysis Process, Alex Luyima, Lifeng Zhang, Jaan Kers, Viktor Laurmaa
Recovery Of Metallic Materials From Printed Wiring Boards By Green Pyrolysis Process, Alex Luyima, Lifeng Zhang, Jaan Kers, Viktor Laurmaa
Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Currently, the main options for the treatment of electronic waste are involved in reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling, as well as incineration and land filling. Recycling of e-waste can be broadly divided into three major steps: (a) disassembly: selectively disassembly, targeting on singling out hazardous or valuable components for special treatment, is an indispensable process in recycling of e-waste; (b) upgrading: using mechanical processing and/or metallurgical processing to up-grade desirable materials content, i. e. preparing materials for refining process; (c) refining: in the last step, recovered materials are retreated or purified by using chemical (metallurgical) processing so as to be acceptable …
Reliability Evaluation Of Distribution Systems Containing Renewable Distributed Generations, Abdulaziz A. Alkuhayli, Srinath Raghavan, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Reliability Evaluation Of Distribution Systems Containing Renewable Distributed Generations, Abdulaziz A. Alkuhayli, Srinath Raghavan, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Reliability evaluation of distribution networks under grid-tied and islanded microgrid modes is presented. the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) algorithm is applied to a modified RBTS Bus 2 distribution network. the network includes three types of distributed energy resources, namely, solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and diesel turbine generator (DTG). These distributed generators contribute to supply part of the load during grid-connected mode but supply 100% of the load in the islanded microgrid mode. This study shows that the implementation of distributed generations can improve the reliability indices of the distribution network. © 2012 IEEE.
A Circular Polarization Hybrid-Integrated Rectangular Ring Antenna For Rfid Reader, Yan Li, Sheng Sun, Lijun Jiang, Terry T. Ye
A Circular Polarization Hybrid-Integrated Rectangular Ring Antenna For Rfid Reader, Yan Li, Sheng Sun, Lijun Jiang, Terry T. Ye
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In this paper, a compact hybrid-integrated microstrip rectangular ring antenna with circular polarization is proposed for RFID reader. By integrating a cross-slotted patch hybrid with a rectangular ring antenna in the same plane, the proposed antenna has the features of circular polarization, compact size, low cost, light weight and unique flexibility for RFID applications. A prototype operating at 915 MHz is designed and fabricated. The measured results agree well with the simulated results. © 2012 IEEE.
An Automated Forward Operating Base Electrical Distribution System Simulator, Onur Kahveci, Mariesa L. Crow, Steven Corns
An Automated Forward Operating Base Electrical Distribution System Simulator, Onur Kahveci, Mariesa L. Crow, Steven Corns
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In this paper, an automated forward operating base electrical distribution system simulator (ODCC) is developed. the ODCC has been developed based on the open platform distribution system simulator (DSS) that is able to create variable models of electrical systems and performing many types of analysis. © 2012 IEEE.
Characterization Of Wave Physics Using The Rigorous Helmholtz Decomposition Based On The Surface Integral Equation, Xiaoyan Y.Z. Xiong, Wei E.I. Sha, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang
Characterization Of Wave Physics Using The Rigorous Helmholtz Decomposition Based On The Surface Integral Equation, Xiaoyan Y.Z. Xiong, Wei E.I. Sha, Li (Lijun) Jun Jiang
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Helmholtz decomposition (HD) is a fundamental tool of vector calculus and plays an important role in electromagnetics. In this work, arbitrary vector field defined on the open or closed surface is decomposed into the sum of an irrotational (curl-free) vector field and a solenoidal (divergence-free) vector field by using the surface integral equation method. Unlike the popular loop-tree decomposition that is only a quasi-HD suitable for the circuit physics in the low frequency regime, the HD developed in this paper is rigorous and can capture both circuit and wave physics from very low frequency to high frequency regimes. The work …
Predicting Stock Market Using Online Communities Raw Web Traffic Streams, Pierpaolo Dondio
Predicting Stock Market Using Online Communities Raw Web Traffic Streams, Pierpaolo Dondio
Articles
This paper investigates the predictive power of online communities traffic in regard to stock prices. Using the largest dataset to date, spanning 8 years and almost the complete set of SP500 stocks, we analyze the predictive power of raw unstructured traffic by filtering stock daily returns with traffic features. Our results partially challenge the assumption that raw traffic simply trails stock prices, as expected from a noisy signal without the sentiment direction. Raw traffic is shown to predict prices with statistical significance but with small economic impact. Anyway, this impact rises to moderate under the following conditions: 3 to 7 …
Developing Life Cycle Management Plans For Power Plant Components, Srinath Raghavan, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Developing Life Cycle Management Plans For Power Plant Components, Srinath Raghavan, Badrul H. Chowdhury
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
A process to develop life cycle management (LCM) plans for power plant components is described. an LCM plan is a guide to make operational decision for a piece of equipment over its life cycle. an LCM typically consists of preventive maintenance schedule, condition monitoring and inspection activities, replacement or refurbishment plans and spares management. It is developed on the basis of component failure modes, operating history, maintenance practices, ageing, spares and obsolescence. Once an LCM plan has been formulated it can be compared with other alternative LCM strategies in order to minimize the long-term costs over the plant lifetime. for …
Fokker-Planck Equation Application To Analysis Of A Simplified Wind Turbine Model, Keyou Wang, Mariesa L. Crow
Fokker-Planck Equation Application To Analysis Of A Simplified Wind Turbine Model, Keyou Wang, Mariesa L. Crow
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
This paper presents a new method to evaluate the stochastic dynamic model of the wind turbine system using stochastic differential equations (SDE). the wind speed is described by the Rayleigh distribution which is constructed as the stationary solution of a one-dimensional nonlinear SDE. the dynamic model of the wind turbine system can be combined with this SDE of wind speed to expand to multi-dimensional stochastic differential equations. the time evolution of the probability density function of the system is described by the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) which can be derived from the corresponding stochastic differential equations. the procedure is illustrated using …
The Effects Of Freestream Turbulence On Serpentine Diffuser Distortion Patterns, Jesse Scott Johnson
The Effects Of Freestream Turbulence On Serpentine Diffuser Distortion Patterns, Jesse Scott Johnson
Theses and Dissertations
Serpentine diffusers have become a common feature in modern aircraft as they allow for certain benefits that are impossible with a traditional linear configuration. With the benefits, however, come certain disadvantages, namely flow distortions that reduce engine efficiency and decrease engine surge stability margins. These distortions are now being researched comprehensively to determine solutions for mitigating the adverse effects associated with them. This study investigates how varying the freestream turbulence intensity of the flow entering a serpentine diffuser affects the distortion patterns that are produced by the diffuser. Experiments were performed with a model serpentine diffuser on the Annular Cascade …
Analysis Of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Gas-Turbine Hybrid System Technology For Use In Aircraft, Jeremy Milliner, Rory Roberts
Analysis Of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Gas-Turbine Hybrid System Technology For Use In Aircraft, Jeremy Milliner, Rory Roberts
Explorations – The Journal of Undergraduate Research, Scholarship and Creativity at Wright State
Solid oxide fuel-cell-gas-turbine (SOFC/GT) hybrid systems are a technology that provides a more efficient source of energy for a variety of uses. One potential use is to provide more efficient energy to aircraft, which is the subject of this work. Potential applications to aircraft and results from a computer model of a SOFC/GT are presented here.