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Articles 1 - 30 of 477
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
The Role Of Membrane Porosity In Ion Removal By Ro/Nf Membranes And Development Of A Regenerable Pac-Loaded Membrane, Yizhi Hou
Dissertations (1934 -)
Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes are widely used for water treatment applications. They are charged porous materials, in which size exclusion and charge exclusion work together to dictate solute transport. In this study, membrane porosity was primarily determined by pore size. Thicker, more porous membranes with smaller pores had higher NaCl removal and less permeate water flux. Higher porosity membranes have greater inner pore surface area available to support a greater number of functional groups, thereby rejecting ion flux and increasing ion removal. The Donnan steric pore model (DSPM) was used to determine that the contribution of diffusion …
Improving Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Diagnosis, Sida Zhang
Improving Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Diagnosis, Sida Zhang
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most common causes of dizziness. Especially for people over 45, the risk of BPPV is substantial. On the other hand, BPPV is often misdiagnosed and may require expensive examinations. This thesis introduces a prediction model based on machine learning to quickly, inexpensively, and accurately diagnose BPPV. The thesis starts by introducing BPPV and the statistics of BPPV misdiagnosis. Then, a patient survey is introduced. The patient survey includes 50 BPPV-related questions, which are used as training data for the machine learning model. Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, and Naïve Bayes were compared …
Reduced Bias User Preference Methods For Determining The Pareto-Optimal Solution Point, Dylan Thomas Johnson
Reduced Bias User Preference Methods For Determining The Pareto-Optimal Solution Point, Dylan Thomas Johnson
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Engineering design is filled with tradeoffs between competing objectives such as performance, mass, cost, and schedule. A designer must navigate these complex multi-objective problems and deliver the right solution for their application. Multi-objective optimization techniques are powerful and widely used; however, a key drawback to these techniques is that they often output a set of equivalent solutions called the Pareto Front. The designer must perform an additional multi-objective down selection on the Pareto Front to determine a single Pareto-optimal solution point for their design. Existing Pareto Front processing techniques either use traditional infinitely adjustable weights, which can yield results that …
Design And Validation Of A Variable Stiffness Three Degree Of Freedom Planar Robot Arm, Andrew L. Bernhard
Design And Validation Of A Variable Stiffness Three Degree Of Freedom Planar Robot Arm, Andrew L. Bernhard
Master's Theses (2009 -)
The need exists for robotic manipulators that can interact with an environment having uncertain kinematic constraints. A robot has been designed and built for proof of concept of a passive variable compliance control strategy that can vary joint stiffness to achieve higher performance dexterous manipulation. This novel planar robot incorporating variable stiffness actuators and common industrial controls allows the robot to comply with its environment when needed but also have high stiffness for precise motion control in free space. To perform both functions well, a high stiffness ratio (max/min stiffness) is required. A stiffness ratio up to 492 was achieved. …
Creep Resistance And Microstructure In Binary Aluminum Cerium Alloy Produced By Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Jillian Ann Stinehart
Creep Resistance And Microstructure In Binary Aluminum Cerium Alloy Produced By Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Jillian Ann Stinehart
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Currently, the only commercially available aluminum alloy for additive manufacturing (AM) is AlSi10Mg, which is not suitable for high temperature applications. Al-Ce based alloys have been shown to be highly printable, cost-efficient alloys. Compared to cast Al-Ce alloys, the eutectic features are refined (<1μm), which give AM Al-10Ce favorable strength and ductility at room temperature. The low diffusivity and solubility of cerium in aluminum improve the retention of mechanical properties at high temperatures. In order to quantify the effect of cerium on the thermal stability of AM aluminum and show its suitability for high-temperature applications, Al-10Ce was creep tested between 60-77% of its absolute melting temperature. The creep performance of AM Al-10Ce was favorable compared to that of cast binary Al-Ce and AM AlSi10Mg and was comparable to that of cast ternary Al-Ce alloys. The stress exponent, n, was approximately 1 in the low stress regime and 5-7 in the high stress regime. The activation energy was 231kJ/mol. In comparison, both cast binary Al-Ce and AM AlSi10Mg have higher stress exponents and lower activation energies, showing AM Al-10Ce to be more creep resistant. After creep testing, slight grain coarsening was observed, while grain orientation remained unchanged. The melt pool boundaries (MPBs) faded in appearance after creep testing, and the number of columnar grains decreased.
Reducing Porosity In Lpbf Ti-6al-4v By Parameter Optimization And Low Temperature Hot Isostatic Pressing Cycle, Penn Rawn
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Powder bed based additive manufacturing has advantages in its ability to make specialized parts with complex geometries. Unfortunately, components made through such processes of suffer from manufacturing defects including porosity. To study pore formation and removal, specimens of Ti-6Al-4V were built at varied levels of laser power, travel speed, hatch spacing, and layer thickness to obtain a variety of initial defect populations. The specimens were then subjected to a hot isostatic pressure (HIP) at 850 °C and 200 MPa to evaluate the low temperature high pressure (LTHP) cycle’s ability to remove pores. Image analysis was used to estimate the relative …
The Effect Of Microstructural Defects And Geometrical Features On Fatigue Behavior Of Superelastic Nitinol Wires, Parisa Shabani Nezhad
The Effect Of Microstructural Defects And Geometrical Features On Fatigue Behavior Of Superelastic Nitinol Wires, Parisa Shabani Nezhad
Dissertations (1934 -)
Nitinol is an alloy of nickel and titanium, which exhibits outstanding functional properties, such as shape memory and superelastic behavior. Superelastic nitinol wires exhibit recoverable strains that are significantly greater than traditional alloys. In most of its applications, nitinol is exposed to cyclic loads, which results in functional and/or structural fatigue that ultimately leads to failure. The classical fatigue theories do not appropriately address the fatigue performance of superelastic nitinol due to the complex nature of the martensitic transformation. It has been shown that the main fatigue crack initiation sites, other than surfaces, are microstructural inhomogeneities such as voids and …
Deep Learning Classification Of Deep Ultraviolet Fluorescence Images For Margin Assessment During Breast Cancer Surgery, Tyrell To
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is a widely used treatment for breast cancer, but ensuring the complete removal of cancer cells from the surgical margins remains a challenge. Deep ultraviolet (DUV) fluorescence scanning microscopy offers a potential solution by providing real-time whole-surface imaging of resected tissues during BCS. However, interpreting DUV images for margin assessment requires an automated classification method. This dissertation addresses this need by proposing a deep learning-based classification approach for DUV fluorescence images in intra-operative margin assessment of breast cancer.To overcome the limited availability of DUV image datasets and potential over- fitting, the study combines patch-level classification using transfer …
Transfer Learning, Model Interpretation, And Dataset Bias Analysis For Automated Violence Detection From Video, Erik Clemens
Transfer Learning, Model Interpretation, And Dataset Bias Analysis For Automated Violence Detection From Video, Erik Clemens
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Many communities have installed surveillance cameras in an effort to deter and respond to violence.Due to the difficulty of constantly monitoring such camera feeds, these systems are rarely used to provide real-time information. To enable rapid alerts and information for first responders, this thesis develops a proof-of-concept system capable of automatically detecting violence from video footage. This system is developed by fine-tuning a convolutional neural network that has previously demonstrated success on general action recognition tasks. This thesis explores two new techniques to improve the accuracy of the fine-tuned model. The first is a data augmentation technique that generates aspect …
Effect Of Storage Condition On Penetration Threshold Of Porcine Skin Tissue, Jared Michael Koser
Effect Of Storage Condition On Penetration Threshold Of Porcine Skin Tissue, Jared Michael Koser
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Buried blast explosions create small projectiles which can become lodged in the tissue of personnel as far away as hundreds of meters. Without appropriate treatment, these lodged projectiles can become a source of infection and prolonged injury to soldiers in modern combat. Human cadavers can be used as surrogates for living humans for ballistic penetration testing, but human cadavers are frozen during transport and storage. The process of freezing and thawing the tissue before testing may change the biomechanical properties of the tissue. The goal of the current study was to investigate the effect of tissue storage on penetration threshold …
Seismically Induced Column Buckling In Special Concentrically Braced Frames In Steel Buildings, Noah Meisner
Seismically Induced Column Buckling In Special Concentrically Braced Frames In Steel Buildings, Noah Meisner
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) are efficient lateral-force-resisting systems that are specifically detailed for steel buildings in regions with high seismic hazard. Current design standards for SCBFs intend to ensure inelastic deformation capacity through strict ductile and capacity-based design requirements. Braces are intended to yield in tension and buckle in compression to dissipate seismic energy. The current standards apply expected brace forces to all framing elements and connections to concentrate yielding in the braces. In these standards it is conservatively assumed that brace yielding and buckling simultaneously occur on all stories, and columns are designed considering the accumulated brace demands …
Usage Of Drone For Building Facade Inspection, Sahara Adhikari
Usage Of Drone For Building Facade Inspection, Sahara Adhikari
Master's Theses (2009 -)
The taller the building the higher the risk caused by pieces breaking off from the building façade. 13 major cities in the USA have regulations that mandate building façade inspected by a certified professional as per regulations imposed by local authority. Conventional ways of inspecting build facades are manual contact methods where a certified professional inspects the building façade with the help of scaffolding, mobile cranes, or monorails. Visual inspections with contact methods face several challenges, including poor safety, productivity, and reliability. The results of visual inspection can be reliable when dealing with small structures with easily visible parts, but …
Feasibility Of Sewer Overflow Treatment Using Chemical Oxidation After Rapid Solids Removal, Paige Peters
Feasibility Of Sewer Overflow Treatment Using Chemical Oxidation After Rapid Solids Removal, Paige Peters
Dissertations (1934 -)
Sewer overflows discharge 850 billion gallons of untreated sewage into U.S. lakes and rivers every year during high-intensity precipitation events. Common approaches include storage tanks or rapid solids removal followed by chlorine disinfection. These approaches can be capital intensive and only achieve partial treatment. A decentralized, end-of-pipe sewer overflow treatment system would eliminate detrimental overflow effects while handling highly variable flow and pollutant loading. Specifically, the rapid reaction rate of chemical oxidation can achieve soluble organics removal and disinfection of chlorine-resistant pathogens in a small footprint. To address the overflow issue, an advanced high-rate treatment system (AH-RTS) was developed and …
Downstream Task Self-Supervised Learning For Object Recognition And Tracking, Abubakar Siddique
Downstream Task Self-Supervised Learning For Object Recognition And Tracking, Abubakar Siddique
Dissertations (1934 -)
This dissertation addresses three limitations of deep learning methods in image and video understanding-based machine vision applications. Firstly, although deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are efficient for image recognition applications such as object detection and segmentation, they perform poorly under perspective distortions. In real-world applications, the camera perspective is a common problem that we can address by annotating large amounts of data, thus limiting the applicability of the deep learning models. Secondly, the typical approach for single-camera tracking problems is to use separate motion and appearance models, which are expensive in terms of computations and training data requirements. Finally, conventional …
Evaluating The Impact Of Land Use Changes, Drivers Of Tmdl Development, And Green Infrastructure On Stream Impairments, Charitha Jayasri Gunawardana
Evaluating The Impact Of Land Use Changes, Drivers Of Tmdl Development, And Green Infrastructure On Stream Impairments, Charitha Jayasri Gunawardana
Dissertations (1934 -)
Despite the water quality improvements and regulatory advancements over the last 50 years since the enactment of the Clean Water Act, water bodies within the United States are still impaired for a broad range of contaminants from non-point source pollution. Improving watershed management approaches to meet this challenge will require a greater understanding of (1) how changes within a watershed, such as changing land use, impact stream water quality, (2) what influence socioeconomic, spatial and political factors may have on the progress towards meeting water quality goals, such as those set within Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), and (3) how …
Design And Advanced Model Predictive Control Of Wide Bandgap Based Power Converters, Waqar Ahmed Khan
Design And Advanced Model Predictive Control Of Wide Bandgap Based Power Converters, Waqar Ahmed Khan
Dissertations (1934 -)
The field of power electronics (PE) is experiencing a revolution by harnessing the superior technical characteristics of wide-band gap (WBG) materials, namely Silicone Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN). Semiconductor devices devised using WBG materials enable high temperature operation at reduced footprint, offer higher blocking voltages, and operate at much higher switching frequencies compared to conventional Silicon (Si) based counterpart. These characteristics are highly desirable as they allow converter designs for challenging applications such as more-electric-aircraft (MEA), electric vehicle (EV) power train, and the like. This dissertation presents designs of a WBG based power converters for a 1 MW, 1 …
Urban Water Quality: Socio-Economic Distribution Of Stream Degradation, And The Influence Of Climate On Bmp Performance, Isabelle Horvath
Urban Water Quality: Socio-Economic Distribution Of Stream Degradation, And The Influence Of Climate On Bmp Performance, Isabelle Horvath
Dissertations (1934 -)
Urban water quality impairments have long burdened urban aquatic ecosystems in a phenomenon termed “urban stream syndrome”. The symptoms of this “syndrome” include physical changes in stream morphology and water level, biologically stressed environments, and perturbations in ecosystem processes. Despite years of research and costly investments in restoration and rehabilitation, urban waterways are still plagued by degradation. Improvement in urban water quality will require multi-faceted efforts, including progress on 2 key fronts 1) increased understanding of current impairments, and 2) increased knowledge about urban stormwater infrastructure like best management practices (BMPs). Towards both topics, engineers have quantified the influence of …
Electrocoagulation For Treatment Of Disinfection Byproducts, Organic Matter, And Per-And Polyfluoroalykl Substances., Donald Rockwood Ryan
Electrocoagulation For Treatment Of Disinfection Byproducts, Organic Matter, And Per-And Polyfluoroalykl Substances., Donald Rockwood Ryan
Dissertations (1934 -)
Technologies are needed to treat contaminants such as disinfection byproducts (DBPs), trace organic compounds (TOrCs), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water to improve consumer safety and mitigate chronic risk. This dissertation focused on evaluating electrocoagulation (EC) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-enhanced EC (peroxi-electrocoagulation; EC:H2O2) for treatment of these contaminants. The impacts of source water quality (such as natural organic matter [NOM]) on overall performance was assessed and the non-destructive and destructive pathways involved in treatment were evaluated. The first objective focused on EC performance for mitigating the formation of regulated DBPs in water to better substantiate EC’s performance relative …
Soot Formation And Ignition Characteristics Of Gasoline/Ethanol Fuel Blends Using A Rapid Compression Machine, Joseph Richard Keller Gross
Soot Formation And Ignition Characteristics Of Gasoline/Ethanol Fuel Blends Using A Rapid Compression Machine, Joseph Richard Keller Gross
Master's Theses (2009 -)
With the growing societal concern toward vehicle emissions, renewableforms of fuel are garnering increased interest in the fuel research world. While electrification is prevalent amongst the light duty sector, many challenges arise for such type of powerplant in heavy duty vehicles. Further, current heavy duty mixing-controlled combustion uses diesel fuel, which produces significant black carbon emissions in the exhaust. Alcohol fuels from biological sources serve as a promising source ofrenewable energy for heavy duty engines. The soot emissions and thermodynamic properties of ethanol/gasoline blended fuels must be understood and quantified in order to develop heavy duty combustion engine technology capable …
Design, Realization, And Verification Of A Planar, Tendon-Driven, Variable Stiffness Finger, Allison Goetz
Design, Realization, And Verification Of A Planar, Tendon-Driven, Variable Stiffness Finger, Allison Goetz
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Traditional robotic manipulators are designed for accurate absolute positioning and require a highly structured environment to perform simple operations. They are unable to compensate for small discrepancies in the relative positioning of the robot end-effector with respect to its environment. A task-appropriate compliance allows a robotic manipulator to compensate for small discrepancies in the position or orientation of an object when the object is constrained. A better means of realizing task-appropriate structured compliant behavior is needed to allow a robot to perform dexterous manipulation.In this thesis, three agonist-antagonist variable stiffness actuators (VSAs) are used to independently control the joint stiffnesses …
Development Of An In Vitro Model To Assess Endothelial Dysfunction From Coarctation Of The Aorta, Dylan James Schock
Development Of An In Vitro Model To Assess Endothelial Dysfunction From Coarctation Of The Aorta, Dylan James Schock
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a common congenital heart defect characterized by a stenosis of the descending thoracic aorta. Surgical treatment can alleviate the stenosis and restore physiologic blood flow; however, patients frequently develop cardiovascular morbidity with hypertension (HTN) being most common. Identifying the mechanisms involved with the onset of HTN in CoA patients is difficult due to confounding factors including the severity of coarctation, age of correction, and general lifestyle factors. To account for the variability seen in humans, a rabbit model of CoA and correction was developed previously. Microarray analysis of aortic samples from the model showed …
Simulation Of A Rapid Compression Machine For Evaluation Of Ignition Chemistry And Soot Formation Using Gasoline/Ethanol Blends, Musharrat Chowdhury
Simulation Of A Rapid Compression Machine For Evaluation Of Ignition Chemistry And Soot Formation Using Gasoline/Ethanol Blends, Musharrat Chowdhury
Master's Theses (2009 -)
With the projected decline of demand for gasoline in light duty engines and the advent of ethanol as a green fuel, the use of gasoline-ethanol blend fuels in heavy duty applications are being investigated where the primary mode of combustion is mixing controlled combustion. In mixing controlled combustion, a wide range of mixture conditions (equivalence ratio) exist inside the engine cylinder. The sooting tendencies of light fuels at richer conditions are not well understood. The goal of this research is to model the particulate matter emissions for gasoline/ethanol fuel blends, especially at fuel rich conditions. The computational models can then …
Near Infrared Light Penetration In Human Tissue: An Analysis Of Tissue Structure And Heterogeneities, Paul Murray Koster
Near Infrared Light Penetration In Human Tissue: An Analysis Of Tissue Structure And Heterogeneities, Paul Murray Koster
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Low level laser irradiation (LLLI) has been a controversial method of therapy due to a limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms that could cause the irradiation to provide its proposed benefits – increased blood flow, vasodilation, cell attachment, and wound healing. Near infrared (NIR) light appears able to function with nitrates and enzymes around the electric transport chain to allow biologically available nitric oxide to be released from hemoglobin and myoglobin. Nitric oxide has been shown to be a part of a mechanism that promotes blood flow, vasodilation, and wound healing.NIR penetration in biological tissue is not well described due …
Improving Char Combustion Models Using Micro-Ct, Automated Image Analysis, And Pore-Resolving Simulations, Dongyu Liang
Improving Char Combustion Models Using Micro-Ct, Automated Image Analysis, And Pore-Resolving Simulations, Dongyu Liang
Dissertations (1934 -)
Combustion of pulverized coal and biomass in furnaces and boilers involves millions of particles with a distribution of sizes and morphologies. Because char particles typically react under zone II conditions, in which pore-diffusion and heterogenous reaction both influence the rate of conversion, the morphology of the porous particles affects reactor-scale outputs. To understand the impacts of complex morphology, 3-D pore-resolving simulations employing real char geometries obtained from high-resolution X-ray microtomography are first used to study combustion of 150 coal char particles and 30 biomass char particles. Localized reactant penetration into the innermost regions of the particles is observed, facilitated by …
Continuous Myoelectric Prediction Of Future Ankle Kinematics And Kinetics For The Control Of Active Powered Prostheses, Erika Virginia Zabre González
Continuous Myoelectric Prediction Of Future Ankle Kinematics And Kinetics For The Control Of Active Powered Prostheses, Erika Virginia Zabre González
Dissertations (1934 -)
The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a continuous predictive model of gait that incorporates user intent, vis-à-vis surface electromyography (EMG) signals of the lower limb, to continuously predict future ankle kinematics and kinetics across multiple terrains and their transitions for the control of an active ankle-foot prosthesis. Continuously predicting variations in gait, particularly during transitions and noncyclic activities, is limited in lower limb prostheses. Despite performance improvements in active lower limb prostheses, there remains a need for robust and accurate control that incorporates direct user intent (e.g., myoelectric control) to limit physical and cognitive demands and provide more …
A Study On The Hierarchical Control Structure Of The Islanded Microgrid, Fahad Shumran Alshammari
A Study On The Hierarchical Control Structure Of The Islanded Microgrid, Fahad Shumran Alshammari
Dissertations (1934 -)
The microgrid is essential in promoting the power system’s resilience through its ability to host small-scale DG units. Furthermore, the microgrid can isolate itself during main grid faults and supply its demands. However, islanded operation of the microgrid is challenging due to difficulties in frequency and voltage control. In islanded mode, grid-forming units collaborate to control the frequency and voltage. A hierarchical control structure employing the droop control technique provides these control objectives in three consecutive levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary. However, challenges associated with DG units in the vicinity of distribution networks limit the effectiveness of the islanded mode …
Impact Of Pipe Material On Microbial Communities In Biofilm Samples From Full-Scale Drinking Water Distribution Systems, San Marie Victoria Thomson
Impact Of Pipe Material On Microbial Communities In Biofilm Samples From Full-Scale Drinking Water Distribution Systems, San Marie Victoria Thomson
Master's Theses (2009 -)
The drinking water distribution system (DWDS) provides a habitat particularly supportive to biofilm-forming bacteria that can attach to pipe walls. These biofilms comprise the majority of bacteria in the DWDS, yet they have been understudied with respect to the pipe material on which they form. Biofilms can accelerate disinfectant decay, promote corrosion of pipes, and harbor opportunistic pathogens (OPs). The choice of pipe material could have a long-lasting effect on the characteristics of the biofilms formed in DWDSs. In this study, the impact of pipe material on biofilms residing in full-scale drinking water pipes was investigated by obtaining biofilm samples …
Comparison Of 3d Bio-Printed Ipsc-Cms Derived From Healthy Donors And Patients With Hlhs, Wei He
Comparison Of 3d Bio-Printed Ipsc-Cms Derived From Healthy Donors And Patients With Hlhs, Wei He
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is an extremely severe form of congenital heart disease, but current treatments are not adequate. In order to find more effective treatments, we need to reproduce in vitro the physiological characteristics of cardiomyocytes associated with HLHS. Such a tissue model could be of great help to current medical research, and 3D printing technology is an effective tool for this purpose. We print layer-by-layer cardiomyocytes from both healthy and HLHS patients with laminin-based bioink to form a three-dimensional model. With our 3D cell culture technology, this model can simulate the growth conditions of cardiomyocytes in vivo. …
Deep Learning-Based Prediction Of Ppb-Level Metal Ions In Drinking Water With Explainable Ai, Shaokun Yu
Deep Learning-Based Prediction Of Ppb-Level Metal Ions In Drinking Water With Explainable Ai, Shaokun Yu
Master's Theses (2009 -)
In the research on detecting different ppb-level metal ions in drinking water in multiple areas. Through the block loop gap resonator (BLGR), this kind of metal ion sensor can continuously measure the concentrations of different metal ions in the water sample. The BLGR can classify different ions and measure the Cu and Pb ions in different ppb-level water in the city. According to the different magnitude and phases in continuous frequency in the testing. A better model can be trained by using deep learning, the convolution neural network. A neural network is often regarded as a black-box model because its …
Improving The Hardware Security Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Against Side Channel Analysis Using Motor Noise, Timothy Radtke
Improving The Hardware Security Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Against Side Channel Analysis Using Motor Noise, Timothy Radtke
Master's Theses (2009 -)
This thesis investigates the efficacy of side channel analysis based attacks to recover the encryption key of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) which have become increasingly important internet of things devices in both the public and military sectors. Additionally, this thesis proposes a method based on noise injection to safeguard against side channel analysis based attacks. The proposed method is unique because it is ultra-low power and uses as a noise source the brushless motors of the unmanned aerial vehicle. Verification through experimentation on an in-house build UAV system is presented. Firstly, side channel analysis techniques are overviewed and the correlation …