Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (1177)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (668)
- Mechanical Engineering (654)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (633)
- Electrical and Electronics (400)
-
- Civil Engineering (373)
- Computer Engineering (341)
- Physics (298)
- Electromagnetics and Photonics (292)
- Optics (270)
- Materials Science and Engineering (267)
- Computer Sciences (249)
- Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering (249)
- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering (229)
- Chemical Engineering (229)
- Industrial Engineering (216)
- Environmental Engineering (188)
- Power and Energy (111)
- Aerospace Engineering (106)
- Transportation Engineering (82)
- Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering (73)
- Life Sciences (70)
- Environmental Sciences (58)
- Biomechanical Engineering (53)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (49)
- Engineering Science and Materials (47)
- Biomechanics and Biotransport (46)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (46)
- Water Resource Management (44)
- Institution
- Keyword
-
- Daniel Felix Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science (332)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (90)
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering (88)
- Machine learning (67)
- Simulation (65)
-
- Modeling (38)
- Computer vision (37)
- Optimization (32)
- Renewable energy (27)
- Additive manufacturing (26)
- Artificial intelligence (26)
- Computer Science (26)
- Deep learning (26)
- Computational fluid dynamics (22)
- Robotics (22)
- CFD (20)
- Optics (20)
- Finite element analysis (18)
- Remote sensing (18)
- Biomechanics (17)
- Data mining (17)
- MEMS (17)
- Machine Learning (17)
- Heat transfer (16)
- Nonlinear optics (16)
- Classification (15)
- Diffusion (15)
- Microstructure (15)
- Nanoparticles (15)
- Corrosion (14)
- Publication Year
Articles 1681 - 1710 of 4180
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Characterization Of Mechanical Properties Of Gamma Irradiated Additively Manufactured Articles For In-Space Manufacturing, Behzad Rankouhi
Characterization Of Mechanical Properties Of Gamma Irradiated Additively Manufactured Articles For In-Space Manufacturing, Behzad Rankouhi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) has opened many doors to engineers across various industries, such as medical, bio-engineering, automotive and recently, aerospace. In an effort to contribute to the development of AM in aerospace industry, a series of experiments were designed to help understand the behavior of 3D printed parts and extend its capabilities and possible uses. The first chapter of this project will focus on understanding the mechanical behavior of additively manufactured articles. In this chapter, a comprehensive effort was undertaken to represent the strength of a 3D printed object as a function of layer thickness by investigating the correlation …
Frequency Control Of Wind And Pv Based Isolated Microgrid, Lekhnath Kafle
Frequency Control Of Wind And Pv Based Isolated Microgrid, Lekhnath Kafle
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The wind and solar PV based isolated microgrid can be economical and reliable for the remote area where the grid is not available. The frequency and voltage fluctuation are major problems in such remote microgrid due to intermittent nature of renewable resources like wind and solar PV. The frequency fluctuation should remain within acceptable limits for stable operation of the remote microgrid. This thesis work focuses on frequency control of wind and photovoltaic (PV) based isolated micro-grid using traditional droop control technique. The battery system acts as a master unit which is responsible for setting up the common AC bus …
Implementation Of Solar Irradiance Forecasting Using Markov Switching Model And Energy Management System, Ayush Shakya
Implementation Of Solar Irradiance Forecasting Using Markov Switching Model And Energy Management System, Ayush Shakya
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Photovoltaic (PV) systems integration is increasingly being used to reduce fuel consumption in diesel-based remote microgrids. However, uncertainty and low correlation of PV power availability with load reduce the benefits of PV integration. These challenges can be handled by introducing reserve, which however leads to increased operational cost. Solar irradiance forecasting helps to reduce reserve requirement, thereby improving the utilization of PV energy. In this thesis, a new solar irradiance forecasting method for remote microgrids based on the Markov Switching Model (MSM) is presented. This method uses locally available data to predict one-day-ahead solar irradiance for scheduling energy resources in …
Fully Solution Processed Pedot:Pss And Silver Nanowire Semi-Transparent Electrodes For Thin Film Solar Cells, Bjorn Vaagensmith
Fully Solution Processed Pedot:Pss And Silver Nanowire Semi-Transparent Electrodes For Thin Film Solar Cells, Bjorn Vaagensmith
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), such as semitransparent organic solar cells (OSC) for power generating windows, is a promising method for implementing renewable energy under the looming threat of depleting fossil fuels. OSC require a solution processed transparent electrode to be cost effective; but typically employ a nonsolution processed indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrode. PEDOT:PSS and silver nanowire transparent electrodes have emerged as a promising alternative to ITO and are solution processed compatible. However, PEDOT:PSS requires a strong acid treatment, which is incompatible with high throughput solution processed fabrication techniques. Silver nanowires suffer from a short lifetime when subject to …
Product Authentication Using Hash Chains And Printed Qr Codes, Harshith R. Keni
Product Authentication Using Hash Chains And Printed Qr Codes, Harshith R. Keni
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis explores the usage of simple printed tags for authenticating products. Printed tags are a cheap alternative to RFID and other tag based systems and do not require specialized equipment. Due to the simplistic nature of such printed codes, many security issues like tag impersonation, server impersonation, reader impersonation, replay attacks and denial of service present in RFID based solutions need to be handled differently. An algorithm that utilizes hash chains to secure such simple tags while still keeping cost low is discussed. The security characteristics of this scheme as well as other product authentication schemes that use RFID …
Application Of New Materials And Innovative Detailing For Reinforced Concrete Structures, Ishtiaque Ahmed Tuhin
Application Of New Materials And Innovative Detailing For Reinforced Concrete Structures, Ishtiaque Ahmed Tuhin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Confinement enhances mechanical properties of concrete sections specifically its strain capacity thus results is higher displacement capacity for reinforced concrete members. Even though the behavior of concrete confined with external jackets has been extensively investigated in previous studies, the use of rubber-based material as an external confinement is new, and was investigated for the first time in the present study. Thirty concrete cylinders were tested under uniaxial compression to investigate mechanical properties of rubber confined concrete. It was found that rubber does not increase the strength of confined concrete. However, the strain capacity of rubber confined concrete was more than …
Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte For Lithium Ion Batteries, Roya Naderi
Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte For Lithium Ion Batteries, Roya Naderi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Batteries have been ubiquitously utilized in enormous applications such as portable electronics, satellites, computers, medical instruments, and electric cars. The development of battery technology has been through a long journey since the 17th century, paving its way to commercialization of lithium ion batteries in 1991 by Sony. Rechargeable lithium ion batteries represent the most favorable type of batteries for portable applications due to their high energy density compared to other alkali metals. In 1997, lithium polymer batteries with solid polymer/composite electrolyte were introduced where the safety drawbacks of the liquid electrolyte were eliminated but the ionic conductivity of the batteries …
Study Of Moisture And Water Effects In Low Temperature Crystallization Of Perovskite Film For Efficient Solar Cells, Ashish Dubey
Study Of Moisture And Water Effects In Low Temperature Crystallization Of Perovskite Film For Efficient Solar Cells, Ashish Dubey
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have become a promising alternative to fossil fuel based energy sources due to their unique properties such as tunable low bandgap, long charge diffusion length, low exciton binding energy and balanced charge transport. The semiconducting perovskite films are typically prepared from low temperature solution processing and the corresponding solar cells have exhibited power conversion efficiency (PCE) of more than 20%. However, perovskite solar cells suffer from poor stability in presence of moisture and use of toxic element (Pb). Understanding the crystallization process and the effects of moisture and water is important to obtain high quality perovskite …
Precast Full-Depth Deck Panels Supported On Inverted Bulb-Tee Bridge Girders, Michael James Mingo
Precast Full-Depth Deck Panels Supported On Inverted Bulb-Tee Bridge Girders, Michael James Mingo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) currently uses precast double-tee bridge deck systems for many of its county bridges because they are economical and fast in construction. Current bridges are designed for a service life of 75 years. However, many double-tee girder bridges are deteriorating and some need total replacement after 40 years in service. Furthermore, the double-tee bridge system only has one supplier in South Dakota. Alternative durable precast or prefabricated bridge systems are needed to provide more options to local governments when designing a new bridge. Different alternatives will also give local governments more flexibility to select …
Reflectance-Based Calibration And Validation Of The Landsat Satellite Archive, Sandeep Kumar Chittimalli
Reflectance-Based Calibration And Validation Of The Landsat Satellite Archive, Sandeep Kumar Chittimalli
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The primary objective of this project was to consistently calibrate the entire Landsat series to a common reflectance scale by performing cross-calibration corrections from Landsat-8 OLI to Landsat- 1 MSS. A consistent radiance-based calibration was already performed from Landsat-8 OLI through Landsat-1 MSS using bright targets and dark targets. The MSS radiance-based calibration results showed an uncertainty of about ±5%. Typically to convert from radiance to reflectance a solar model is used. Unfortunately, there are numerous solar models, all with various levels of accuracies. It was also seen that there is a data format inconsistency for different types of MSS …
Reuse Of Aqueous Waste Streams For Transportation-Related Applications, Gregory L. Hansen
Reuse Of Aqueous Waste Streams For Transportation-Related Applications, Gregory L. Hansen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Aqueous waste streams produced from commercial, industrial, and municipal processes may be potentially reused for transportation applications. The objectives of this project were to identify potential transportation-related applications for aqueous waste streams available in South Dakota, develop guidance for the beneficial reuse of aqueous waste streams, and evaluate the reuse of MIEX® brine generated by the Watertown Municipal Water Treatment Plant (WMWTP). This study identified many aqueous wastes from municipal water and wastewater treatment facilities, industrial and agricultural processes in South Dakota that can be potentially used for ice and dust control. Beneficial reuse of these waste streams requires a …
Bidirectional Distribution Reflection Function Of Algodones Dunes, Mahesh Shrestha
Bidirectional Distribution Reflection Function Of Algodones Dunes, Mahesh Shrestha
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The primary objective of this project was to develop the Algodones Dunes as a pseudo-invariant calibration site (PICS) suitable for absolute calibration of satellite sensors based on a surface reflectance model. Two approaches were taken during this research: a field campaign and laboratory measurements. The first approach, the field campaign, was accomplished with a trip to the Algodones Dunes from the 8th to the 13th of March, 2015. During the field campaign, several test points from spatially different regions of the Algodones Dunes were studied. Reflectance of the sand at each test point was observed from different view angles. The …
Behavior Of Light In A Photobioreactor And Design Of Light Guides, Anand Rajendran
Behavior Of Light In A Photobioreactor And Design Of Light Guides, Anand Rajendran
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purposes of the thesis is to explain the microalgae cultivation in a photobioreactor system; demonstrate the light activity in a flat-plate photobioreactor; and design the light channeling system. Generally, microalgae are cultivated in open ponds and in closed photobioreactor systems. In open ponds, the productivity of microalgal biomass is very low, due to lack and improper use of carbon and energy sources. In photobioreactor systems, all required inputs can be supplied effectively to the microalgae which in turn increases the biomass productivity. However, these systems are expensive to build and to maintain in a largescale basis. In a photobioreactor, …
Techno-Economic Feasibility Of Distributed Torrefaction Systems Using Corn Stover Feedstock, Evan Almberg
Techno-Economic Feasibility Of Distributed Torrefaction Systems Using Corn Stover Feedstock, Evan Almberg
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study investigated the economic feasibility of distributed torrefaction biorefining systems using corn stover feedstock to generate value-‐added products. Distributed torrefaction systems have the potential to operate on private agricultural enterprises as well as community-‐scale processing facilities, similar in scale to local grain elevators. Distributed systems will thus, reduce the need for large capital investments for dedicated commercial biorefining facilities and decrease logistical concerns for harvesting and marketing the torrefied corn stover products. In this study, a techno-‐economic model was developed to analyze the economics of harvesting techniques, logistics, processing requirements, and end product utilization. Results were determined using baseline …
Dynamic And Thermal Properties Of Cellulose Nanocrystal/Epoxy Nanocomposites, Jaeyong Shin
Dynamic And Thermal Properties Of Cellulose Nanocrystal/Epoxy Nanocomposites, Jaeyong Shin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Reverse-Selective Behavior Of The Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Based Membranes, Amir Khakpay
Reverse-Selective Behavior Of The Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Based Membranes, Amir Khakpay
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This experimental study explore the reverse-selective potential of RTIL based membranes by lowering the solubility of the non-condensing gases like N2 and CH4. It explored reverse-selectivity by measuring the permeance of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, propylene, propane, 1-butene, and butane in supported ionic liquid membranes (SILM). Particular attention was given to the reverse-selective behavior in the propane/methane and propane/nitrogen separations. For this purpose, a series of experiments were conducted in a batch gas permeance system. The permeance of the above-mentioned gases was obtained using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as the support and [emim][Tf2N], [emim][BF4], [emim][TfO], [emim][DCA], [emim][SCN], and [bmim][NO3] as immobilized …
Validation Of Integrated Coast-Ocean Model Cche2d-Coast And Development Of Wind Model, Afshin Gazerzadeh
Validation Of Integrated Coast-Ocean Model Cche2d-Coast And Development Of Wind Model, Afshin Gazerzadeh
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The eastern and southern coastlines of the United States are two of the most cyclone-prone areas of the world. The effects of tropical cyclones vary mainly depending on wind intensity and geological features of the coast that it is crossing. Higher winds potentially generate higher storm surges and consequently larger floods occur along the coastlines. Therefore, it is critical to accurately predict winds, storm surge, and waves associated with a hurricane. In the present study, an integrated coastal and ocean process model, CCHE2D-Coast, is validated by assessing the model’s capabilities in simulating coast-ocean circulations driven by the astronomical tides on …
Flood Disaster Resilient Bridge Structures For Sustainable Bridge Management Systems, Alper Durmus
Flood Disaster Resilient Bridge Structures For Sustainable Bridge Management Systems, Alper Durmus
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Extreme weather events are occurring at an increasing ferocity and frequency. Floods are the most comand damaging natural disaster. More than 4,400 occurrences of flood disasters have been reported globally between 1900 and 2016. As a result, around seven million people were killed and millions more were displaced. Climate impacts are expected to intensify weather related flooding events, and sea level rise expected worldwide will increase the risk of coastal disasters. Transportation infrastructure, vital to the economy and society of every country, is especially prone to the inland and coastal floods. Bridge structures are under the constant threat of these …
Reduction Of Mutual Coupling In Antenna Technology Using Elliptically Shaped Metasurfaces, Gabriel Moreno
Reduction Of Mutual Coupling In Antenna Technology Using Elliptically Shaped Metasurfaces, Gabriel Moreno
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis is devoted to the use of metasurfaces for the goals of the reduction of mutual coupling between closely spaced antennas and the increase of antenna bandwidth. This is done first using a graphene monolayer as a cloak to decrease mutual coupling and restore radiation patterns for closely spaced antennas at THz frequencies. The introduction of the graphene monolayer was also extensively studied in regards to the effect on the radiation properties of the antennas. The use of metasurfaces also has other applications, in particular with the bandwidth of antennas, where an anisotropic metasurface can be used to drastically …
Field Use Of An Acoustic Surrogate System To Monitor Gravel Bed Load Flux, Jarrod Grant Bullen
Field Use Of An Acoustic Surrogate System To Monitor Gravel Bed Load Flux, Jarrod Grant Bullen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
There has long been an interest in monitoring the movement of large particle sediments traveling through fast-moving streams and rivers. However, there have been numerous challenges concerning the methodology best suited to collect these data. Many studies have been done to alleviate this problem, both through physical and surrogate methods. Physical methods include bed load traps that provide data over a specific time frame, but the fluctuation of sediment can change drastically over hours; thus, bed load traps are unable to provide a reliable predictive model. Since studies have shown a relationship between acoustic energy and particle impacts, the field …
Reconstructing Lithofacies Of The Norphlet Formation (Jurassic) As Potential Exploration Targets: Little Cedar Creek And Brooklyn Fields, Southwest Alabama, Catherine E. Henry
Reconstructing Lithofacies Of The Norphlet Formation (Jurassic) As Potential Exploration Targets: Little Cedar Creek And Brooklyn Fields, Southwest Alabama, Catherine E. Henry
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Norphlet Formation is a Jurassic-aged siliciclastic unit located across the southeastern United States and offshore Gulf of Mexico. The eolian dune sands present in the Norphlet Formation serve as oil and gas reservoirs, making the formation of particular interest to oil and gas companies. Stable Appalachian ridges are the source of the Norphlet Formation, however deposition is related to complex faults and structures resulting from movement of the Louann Salt. Erosion of the ancestral Appalachian Mountains resulted in the deposition of four main lithofacies: basal shales, conglomerates and conglomeratic sandstones, the Denkman Sandstone member, and a redbed succession. Additionally, …
A Study Of The Mechanical Behavior Of Composite Materials Exposed To Corrosive Environments, Ryan Keith Hedgepeth
A Study Of The Mechanical Behavior Of Composite Materials Exposed To Corrosive Environments, Ryan Keith Hedgepeth
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A collaborative study was conducted to examine the degradation of commercially pultruded uni-directional e-glass composites. The case study specimens, including a variety of commercially pultruded polyester/e-glass and vinylester/e-glass composites were exposed to corrosive environments, namely: distilled water (h2o), bleach (naclo), and hydrochloric acid (hcl) for a minimum of 60 days, and the degradation was analyzed. Such a study was chosen on two accounts, 1) to contribute viable data to industry and research and 2) to provide data to be used to develop a standardized practice to characterize the durability for pultruded composites used for structural applications. A control group was …
Computation Aided Design Of Multicomponent Refractory Alloys With A Focus On Mechanical Properties, Paul Daniel Clark
Computation Aided Design Of Multicomponent Refractory Alloys With A Focus On Mechanical Properties, Paul Daniel Clark
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Quantum mechanical calculations paired with exponential growth in computer processing speed has created a paradigm shift in materials discovery. Simulations can be carried out to accurately predict structure-composition-property relationships of novel systems. This work focuses on calculating elastic properties of high entropy alloys, a new class of alloys that are built from 4+ elements in equi-atomic proportion. These alloys often exhibit simple microstructures and each constituent element contributes its properties to the overall bulk properties of the amalgamated material. This "cocktail" effect has led to the discovery of many alloys which could drive technical advances in the future. Elastic properties …
Constant Velocity Combustion Scramjet Analysis, Lakshmi Srikanth Tiruveedula
Constant Velocity Combustion Scramjet Analysis, Lakshmi Srikanth Tiruveedula
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The supersonic combustion ramjet or scramjet, is the most suitable engine cycle for sustained hypersonic flight in the atmosphere. The present work deals with the performance of a scramjet engine by parametrically analyzing the performance of the ideal scramjet using the engine parameters: specific thrust, fuel-to-air ratio, thrust specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, propulsive efficiency, overall efficiency and thrust flux. The objective of the work is to determine the desirable performance terms of the ideal scramjet, by varying three different candidate fuels and three different candidate materials for the combustion chamber. The engine parameters are related by the lower heating …
Statistical Scaling Of Turbulent Surface Pressure In The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Gregory William Lyons
Statistical Scaling Of Turbulent Surface Pressure In The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Gregory William Lyons
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Turbulence in the atmosphere produces fluctuations in static pressure through a variety of mechanisms. These fluctuations are of interest both to atmospheric scientists, as a fluid dynamic property, and to acousticians, as a source of wind noise. At the ground surface, previous work has found the dominant source of pressure fluctuations to be an interaction of the turbulent vertical velocity with the shear rate in the mean wind. In this work, the existing theoretical framework was extended to investigate the effects of atmospheric stability, shear anisotropy, and different turbulence models. A rapid-distortion model was introduced and compared with the existing …
The Mechanical Response And Parametric Optimization Of Ankle-Foot Devices, Kevin Smith
The Mechanical Response And Parametric Optimization Of Ankle-Foot Devices, Kevin Smith
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
To improve the mobility of lower limb amputees, many modern prosthetic ankle-foot devices utilize a so called energy storing and return (ESAR) design. This allows for elastically stored energy to be returned to the gait cycle as forward propulsion. While ESAR type feet have been well accepted by the prosthetic community, the design and selection of a prosthetic device for a specific individual is often based on clinical feedback rather than engineering design. This is due to an incomplete understanding of the role of prosthetic design characteristics (e.g. stiffness, roll-over shape, etc.) have on the gait pattern of an individual. …
Intrinsic Modulation Response Modeling And Analysis For Lithographic Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers, Mingxin Li
Intrinsic Modulation Response Modeling And Analysis For Lithographic Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers, Mingxin Li
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been greatly improved and successfully commercialized over the past few decades owing to their ability to provide both mode and current confinement that enables low energy consumption, high efficiency and high modulation speed. However, further improvement of oxide VCSELs is limited by the nature of the oxide aperture because of self-heating, internal strain and difficulties in precise size control. In this dissertation, VCSELs using lithographic approach are demonstrated to overcome the limitations of oxide VCSELs, in which an intra-cavity phase shifting mesa is applied to define the device size and provide optical mode and electrical …
The Woz Recognizer: A Tool For Understanding User Perceptions Of Sketch-Based Interfaces, Jared Bott
The Woz Recognizer: A Tool For Understanding User Perceptions Of Sketch-Based Interfaces, Jared Bott
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Sketch recognition has the potential to be an important input method for computers in the coming years; however, designing and building an accurate and sophisticated sketch recognition system is a time consuming and daunting task. Since sketch recognition is still at a level where mistakes are common, it is important to understand how users perceive and tolerate recognition errors and other user interface elements with these imperfect systems. A problem in performing this type of research is that we cannot easily control aspects of recognition in order to rigorously study the systems. We performed a study examining user perceptions of …
Broad Bandwidth Optical Frequency Combs From Low Noise, High Repetition Rate Semiconductor Mode-Locked Lasers, Anthony Klee
Broad Bandwidth Optical Frequency Combs From Low Noise, High Repetition Rate Semiconductor Mode-Locked Lasers, Anthony Klee
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Mode-locked lasers have numerous applications in the areas of communications, spectroscopy, and frequency metrology. Harmonically mode-locked semiconductor lasers with external ring cavities offer a unique combination of benefits in that they can produce high repetition rate pulse trains with low timing jitter, achieve narrow axial mode linewidths, have the potential for entire monolithic integration on-chip, feature high wall-plug efficiency due to direct electrical pumping, and can be engineered to operate in different wavelength bands of interest. However, lasers based on InP/InGaAsP quantum well devices which operate in the important telecom C-band have thus far been relatively limited in bandwidth as …
Advanced Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Displays, Daming Xu
Advanced Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Displays, Daming Xu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have become indispensable in our daily lives. Their widespread applications range from smartphones, laptops, TVs to navigational devices, data projectors and wearable displays. Over past decades, massive efforts have been invested in device development, material characterization and manufacturing technology. As a result, the performance of LCDs, such as viewing angle, contrast ratio, color gamut and resolution, have been improved significantly. Nonetheless, there are still urgent needs for fast response time and low power consumption. Fast response time helps reduce motion image blurs and enable color sequential displays. The latter is particularly attractive since …