Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (1177)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (668)
- Mechanical Engineering (654)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (633)
- Electrical and Electronics (400)
-
- Civil Engineering (373)
- Computer Engineering (341)
- Physics (298)
- Electromagnetics and Photonics (292)
- Optics (270)
- Materials Science and Engineering (267)
- Computer Sciences (249)
- Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering (249)
- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering (229)
- Chemical Engineering (229)
- Industrial Engineering (216)
- Environmental Engineering (188)
- Power and Energy (111)
- Aerospace Engineering (106)
- Transportation Engineering (82)
- Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering (73)
- Life Sciences (70)
- Environmental Sciences (58)
- Biomechanical Engineering (53)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (49)
- Engineering Science and Materials (47)
- Biomechanics and Biotransport (46)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (46)
- Water Resource Management (44)
- Institution
- Keyword
-
- Daniel Felix Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science (332)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (90)
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering (88)
- Machine learning (67)
- Simulation (65)
-
- Modeling (38)
- Computer vision (37)
- Optimization (32)
- Renewable energy (27)
- Additive manufacturing (26)
- Artificial intelligence (26)
- Computer Science (26)
- Deep learning (26)
- Computational fluid dynamics (22)
- Robotics (22)
- CFD (20)
- Optics (20)
- Finite element analysis (18)
- Remote sensing (18)
- Biomechanics (17)
- Data mining (17)
- MEMS (17)
- Machine Learning (17)
- Heat transfer (16)
- Nonlinear optics (16)
- Classification (15)
- Diffusion (15)
- Microstructure (15)
- Nanoparticles (15)
- Corrosion (14)
- Publication Year
Articles 1651 - 1680 of 4180
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Performance Evaluation Of Connectivity And Capacity Of Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Osama Al-Tameemi
Performance Evaluation Of Connectivity And Capacity Of Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Osama Al-Tameemi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Recent measurements on radio spectrum usage have revealed the abundance of under- utilized bands of spectrum that belong to licensed users. This necessitated the paradigm shift from static to dynamic spectrum access (DSA) where secondary networks utilize unused spectrum holes in the licensed bands without causing interference to the licensed user. However, wide scale deployment of these networks have been hindered due to lack of knowledge of expected performance in realistic environments and lack of cost-effective solutions for implementing spectrum database systems. In this dissertation, we address some of the fundamental challenges on how to improve the performance of DSA …
Application Of Landfill Treatment Approaches For The Stabilization Of Municipal Solid Waste, Stephanie Bolyard
Application Of Landfill Treatment Approaches For The Stabilization Of Municipal Solid Waste, Stephanie Bolyard
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This research focused on the fundamental requirements of stabilizing a mature landfill using three treatment approaches as well as the implications of discharging leachate organic matter (LOM) to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Three treatment approaches aimed at removing releasable carbon and nitrogen from mature landfills including flushing with clean water, leachate recirculation with ex-situ chemical oxidation, and leachate recirculation with ex-situ chemical oxidation and in-situ aeration were evaluated. After extensive treatment of the waste in the flushing bioreactor (FB) scenarios, the overall biodegradable fraction was reduced relative to mature waste. Leachate quality improved for all FBs but through different mechanisms. …
A Comparison Of Four Methods To Estimate Groundwater Recharge For Northeastern South Dakota, Badr Qablawi
A Comparison Of Four Methods To Estimate Groundwater Recharge For Northeastern South Dakota, Badr Qablawi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The rate of groundwater recharge is one of the most important elements in the analysis and management of groundwater resources. In addition, it is also the most difficult quantity to determine. This thesis, which is the result of a study made in northeastern South Dakota, presents an overview of four methods for estimating groundwater recharge, including an evaluation of the accuracy and suitability of each. These methods are the soil water balance, Chaturvedi formula, seasonal recession method (Meyboom method), and the well level data. Furthermore, this study seeks to find a selection of methods best suited based on climate classification. …
Economic Analysis Of A Data Center Virtual Power Plant Participating In Demand Response, Labi Bajracharya
Economic Analysis Of A Data Center Virtual Power Plant Participating In Demand Response, Labi Bajracharya
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Data centers consume a significant amount of energy from the grid, and the number of data centers are increasing at a high rate. As the amount of demand on the transmission system increases, network congestion reduces the economic efficiency of the grid and begins to risk failure. Data centers have underutilized energy resources, such as backup generators and battery storage, which can be used for demand response (DR) to benefit both the electric power system and the data center. Therefore, data center energy resources, including renewable energy, are aggregated and controlled using an energy management system (EMS) to operate as …
The Impact Of Different Battery Technologies For Remote Microgrids, Ali Barjs Allruwaili
The Impact Of Different Battery Technologies For Remote Microgrids, Ali Barjs Allruwaili
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Energy storage systems are considered an effective solution for remote microgrids. They allow to increase the overall system reliability, performance, and reduce operational cost by increasing the energy utilization of renewable energy resources (PV and wind energy). A battery can reduce the system's operational cost by matching a diesel generator with the load demand. There are many types of batteries which can be used in remote microgrids, such as Lead-acid, Lithium-ion, Zinc-bromine and Aqueous Hybrid Ion. By selecting a battery which provides low operational cost and longer battery life is complex, relying on many key technical features which affect the …
Lead Free Ch3nh3sni3 Perovskite Thin-Film With P-Type Semiconducting Nature And Metal-Like Conductivity, Anastasiia Iefanova
Lead Free Ch3nh3sni3 Perovskite Thin-Film With P-Type Semiconducting Nature And Metal-Like Conductivity, Anastasiia Iefanova
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
CH3NH3SnI3 and CH3NH3PbI3 have become very promising light absorbing materials for photovoltaic devices over the last several years. CH3NH3PbI3 based perovskite solar cells have reached a solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency of ~ 22%. Nevertheless, CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells contain lead, which has serious consequences for the environment and human health. In this work, the lead was replaced with less toxic tin. Lead free CH3NH3SnI3 perovskite thin film was prepared by two low temperature solution processing methods and characterized using various tools such as Xray Diffraction (XRD) and absorption spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The distinctive p-type semiconducting nature and metal like conductivity of CH3NH3SnI3 …
Sickle Blood Cell Detection Based On Image Segmentation, Kholoud Alotaibi
Sickle Blood Cell Detection Based On Image Segmentation, Kholoud Alotaibi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Red blood cells have a vital role in human health. Red blood cells have a circular shape and a concave surface and exchange the gasses between the inside and outside of the body. However, at times, these normally round cells become sickle shaped, which is an indication of sickle cell disease. This paper introduces a unique approach to detect sickle blood cells in blood samples using image segmentation and shape detection. This method is based on calculating the max axis and min axis of the cell. The form factor is computed using these properties to determine whether the cell is …
Urea Pre-Treatment Of N2-Annealed Transition Metal Oxides For Low Cost And Efficient Counter Electrodes In Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell, Hytham Elbohy
Urea Pre-Treatment Of N2-Annealed Transition Metal Oxides For Low Cost And Efficient Counter Electrodes In Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell, Hytham Elbohy
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Photovoltaic cells have shown great promise as an alternative to fossil fuel-based energy sources. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have shown potential as low-cost replacement to silicon solar cells owing to their reduced material costs and simple fabrication techniques. Platinum (Pt) was used as a catalyst in the counter electrode for DSSCs. Metal oxides have been used as an alternative material to Pt. The introduction of oxygen vacancies inside metal oxides helps to facilitate electron transport to the electrolyte to enhance the reduction process of triiodide ions. Annealing n-type metal oxides under a reducing agent gas such as hydrogen (H2) at …
Game Theoretical Approach For Joint Relay Selection And Resource Allocation In Mobile Device Networks, Runan Yao
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
With the improvement of hardware, more and more multimedia applications are allowed to run in the mobile device. However, due to the limited radio bandwidth, wireless network performance becomes a critical issue. Common mobile solutions are based on the centralized structure, which require an access point to handle all the communication requirement in the work area. The transmission performance of centralized framework relies on the density of access points. But increasing the number of access points will cost lot of money and the interference between access point will reduce the transmission quality. Thanks to the wireless sensor network implementations, the …
Predicting Field Water Balance, Crop Yield, And The Economics Of Drainage Under Various Cropping Systems Using Drainmod, Shailendra Singh
Predicting Field Water Balance, Crop Yield, And The Economics Of Drainage Under Various Cropping Systems Using Drainmod, Shailendra Singh
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Subsurface drainage received considerable attention during the recent few years in South Dakota. While subsurface drainage is a widely accepted water management practice for increasing crop yield, research implicated tile drainage in surface and groundwater quality problems. Conservation practices such as crop rotation and controlled drainage may decrease tile flows and improve water quality. A two-year (2014-2015) subsurface drainage study was conducted at South Dakota State University Southeast Research Farm (SERF) near Beresford, South Dakota to evaluate the effectiveness of selected conservation practices in reducing drainage volume and nitrate losses. Six experimental plots, under corn-soybean rotation, divided into drained and …
Breast Cancer Classification Of Mammographic Masses Using Circularity Max Metric, A New Method, Tae Keun Heo
Breast Cancer Classification Of Mammographic Masses Using Circularity Max Metric, A New Method, Tae Keun Heo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Breast cancer classification can be divided into two categories. The first category is a benign tumor, and the other is a malignant tumor. The main purpose of breast cancer classification is to classify abnormalities into benign or malignant classes and thus help physicians with further analysis by minimizing potential errors that can be made by fatigued or inexperienced physicians. This paper proposes a new shape metric based on the area ratio of a circle to classify mammographic images into benign and malignant class. Support Vector Machine is used as a machine learning tool for training and classification purposes. The improved …
Data Center Load Forecast Using Dependent Mixture Model, Md Riaz Ahmed Khan
Data Center Load Forecast Using Dependent Mixture Model, Md Riaz Ahmed Khan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The dependency on cloud computing is increasing day by day. With the boom of data centers, the cost is also increasing, which forces industries to come up with techniques and methodologies to reduce the data center energy use. Load forecasting plays a vital role in both efficient scheduling and operating a data center as a virtual power plant. In this thesis work a stochastic method, based on dependent mixtures is developed to model the data center load and is used for day-ahead forecast. The method is validated using three data sets from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and one other …
Virtual Inertia Emulation To Improve Dynamic Frequency Stability Of Low Inertia Microgrids, Dipesh Shrestha
Virtual Inertia Emulation To Improve Dynamic Frequency Stability Of Low Inertia Microgrids, Dipesh Shrestha
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Due to low inertia and the intermittent nature of photovoltaic systems, dynamic frequency stability issues arise in microgrids with large photovoltaic systems. This limits the maximum amount of photovoltaic systems that can be penetrated in the microgrid. In order to increase the penetration of photovoltaic systems, the dynamic frequency controller, that is faster than the primary frequency controller (governor control) needs to be added in the microgrid system. For dynamic frequency control, inertial response can be provided from the energy storage system (such as battery, ultra-capacitor, photovoltaic system, etc.), which is termed as virtual inertia. A virtual inertia can be …
Integrated Tandem Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (Dssc)-Lithium Ion Battery, Geetha Varnekar
Integrated Tandem Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (Dssc)-Lithium Ion Battery, Geetha Varnekar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Efficient renewable energy harvesting and storage are needed for present challenges related to clean environment and increasing energy demand. Different types of energy harvesting technologies such as solar, thermal and wind require excess energy to be stored in batteries, which further adds to the complication and increase in cost to the overall renewable energy system. Integrating the generation and storage of solar energy in a single device would be a more cost effective way towards meeting the increasing energy demand due to its simplicity in design and less space consumptions. Herein, a sustainable photovoltaic cell integrated with an energy storage …
Fiber Orientation Prediction And Strength Evaluation Of Composite Spur Gears Reinforced By Discontinuous Fiber, Nawrin Jahan
Fiber Orientation Prediction And Strength Evaluation Of Composite Spur Gears Reinforced By Discontinuous Fiber, Nawrin Jahan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Composite materials have been extensively used for their important role in attenuation of components design, low specific weight, high mechanical performance, and excellent corrosion resistance offer significant advantages over metallic materials. These superlative properties can be attained by tailoring different material in an appropriate combination of the reinforcing phase (carbon fiber, alumina, etc.) and matrix phase (polymer, ceramic, metals, etc.). Carbon fiber reinforced composites are mostly used on intricate stress sensitive structures like wings of aero plane or gear. Amount of fiber, fiber type, and size of the fiber and the orientation of reinforcing fibers directly influence the mechanical properties …
Feasibility Study Of Energy Storage Technologies For Remote Microgrid’S Energy Management System, Md Habib Ullah
Feasibility Study Of Energy Storage Technologies For Remote Microgrid’S Energy Management System, Md Habib Ullah
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Energy storage systems (ESSs) play a significant role in remote microgrids energy management system (EMS) with the large penetration rate of renewable energy which is intermittent in nature. Energy storage improves system reliability and efficiency in remote microgrids by optimizing the power demand and generation to reduce operational costs. Moreover, it increases the dispatch ability of the energy sources in remote microgrid systems. Lead acid battery (PbA) can be used as an energy storage device in remote microgrids due to its low cost; however, the response rate, short life cycle, and depth of discharge (DoD) lead to high operational costs. …
Foundation Design Of Low Volume Roads: Evaluation And Performance, Alyssa Clemen
Foundation Design Of Low Volume Roads: Evaluation And Performance, Alyssa Clemen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A majority of roads in the state of SD are low volume roads (LVRs). The SDDOT has developed simplified methods for LVR pavement thickness selection. These guides allow users to obtain recommended asphalt surfacing and base course layer thickness based on the subgrade support and the average daily traffic (ADT) of the road. The main objective of this study is to relate the surface condition of LVRs to their ADT, layer thicknesses, foundation material properties, and maintenance. A secondary objective was to evaluate if the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) is an acceptable tool in determining the subgrade support by using …
Plasma Treatment Of Zinc Oxide Thin Film And Temperature Sensing Using The Zinc Oxide Thin Film, Al-Ahsan Talukder
Plasma Treatment Of Zinc Oxide Thin Film And Temperature Sensing Using The Zinc Oxide Thin Film, Al-Ahsan Talukder
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Zinc oxide is a direct and wide bandgap, II-VI semiconductor. It has large exciton binding energy, large piezoelectric constant, strong luminescence, and high thermal conductivity. These properties make zinc oxide as a suitable material for various optoelectronic applications. Vacuum based processes of fabrication of zinc oxide thin film dominate the market for their better electrical and optical properties. In this work, zinc oxide thin films were prepared by easy and low cost solution method with oriented crystal growth along (002) plane. To improve electrical and optical property of the fabricated zinc oxide thin films, films were treated with oxygen, hydrogen, …
Efficiency And Reliability Analysis Of Ac And 380v Dc Data Centers, Bijen Raj Shrestha
Efficiency And Reliability Analysis Of Ac And 380v Dc Data Centers, Bijen Raj Shrestha
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The rapid growth of the Internet has resulted in colossal increase in the number of data centers. A data center consume a tremendous amount of electricity resulting in high operation cost. Even a slight improvement in the power distribution system of a data center could save millions of dollars in electricity bills. Benchmarks for both AC and 380V DC data centers are developed and efficiency analyses thereof have been performed for an entire year. The efficiency of the power distribution system can be increased if number of power conversion stages can be reduced and more efficient converters are used. Use …
Nanoscale Study Of Perovskite Solar Cells For Efficient Charge Transport, Nirmal Adhikari
Nanoscale Study Of Perovskite Solar Cells For Efficient Charge Transport, Nirmal Adhikari
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The effect of temperature, humidity and water on the grain boundary potential and charge transport within the grains of pervoskite films prepared by sequential deposition technique. Grain boundary potential of perovskite films exhibited variation in electrical properties with humidity level, temperature and water concentration in methyl ammonium iodide solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates the formation of PbI2 phase in perovskite film with increasing temperature, humidity and adding larger quantity of water in methyl ammonium iodide solution. It is found that optimum amount of lead iodide helps for the passivation of perovskite film. Spatial mapping of surface potential in the …
Impacts Of Land Use And Climate Changes On Hydrological Processes In South Dakota Watersheds, Manashi Paul
Impacts Of Land Use And Climate Changes On Hydrological Processes In South Dakota Watersheds, Manashi Paul
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study aims to evaluate the impacts of climate and land use change on the hydrology of South Dakota’s watersheds using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The study analyzed the hydrologic impacts of climate and land use changes in two ways. The first aspect consists of characterizing hydrological changes between two recent decades in three representative watersheds – Bad River watershed, Skunk Creek watershed and Upper Big Sioux River watershed. Two historical land use maps (NLCD 1992 and 2011) were used to represent land use change on these watersheds, and two historical climate datasets (1981-1990 and 2005-2014) were …
Effects Of Defects On The Performance Of Hierarchical Honeycomb Metamaterials Realized Through Additive Manufacturing, Kazi Moshiur Rahman
Effects Of Defects On The Performance Of Hierarchical Honeycomb Metamaterials Realized Through Additive Manufacturing, Kazi Moshiur Rahman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Cellular metamaterials are of immense interest for many current engineering applications. Tailoring the structural organization of cellular structures leads to new metamaterials with superior properties providing lightweight and very strong/stiff structures. The incorporation of hierarchy to regular cellular structures enhances the properties and introduces novel tailorable metamaterials. For many complex cellular metamaterials, the only realistic manufacturing process is additive manufacturing (AM). The use of AM to manufacture large structures may lead to several types of defects during the manufacturing process, such as imperfect cell walls, irregular thickness, flawed joints, partially missing layers, and irregular elastic plastic behavior due to toolpath. …
Evaluating Steel Byproducts And Natural Minerals For Phosphate Adsorption From Agricultural Subsurface Drainage, Bjorn Sellner
Evaluating Steel Byproducts And Natural Minerals For Phosphate Adsorption From Agricultural Subsurface Drainage, Bjorn Sellner
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The loss of phosphorus (P) from agricultural soils to surface waters is recognized as a key contributing factor to eutrophication in surface waters. Recent studies have shown that in addition to surface runoff, subsurface drainage can contribute substantially to the loss of P from soils. The use of adsorption materials to bind P has emerged as a promising technology for P removal. The objective of this study was to perform batch and column experiments to investigate the P adsorption potential of several materials for agricultural subsurface drainage treatment. Laboratory batch adsorption experiments were performed to determine the P adsorption capacities …
Understanding The Effect Of Extrusion Processing Parameters On Physical, Nutritional And Rheological Properties Of Soy White Flakes Based Aquafeed In A Single Screw Extruder, Sushil Kumar Singh
Understanding The Effect Of Extrusion Processing Parameters On Physical, Nutritional And Rheological Properties Of Soy White Flakes Based Aquafeed In A Single Screw Extruder, Sushil Kumar Singh
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The rapid expansion of aquaculture has increased the demand for aquafeed. As fishmeal is expensive, alternative plant based protein sources such as soybean has shown to be a good alternative for aquafeed production. The present study was done to investigate the effect of soy white flakes (SWF) as an alternative source of protein in the production of aquaculture feed through extrusion processing. Ingredient blends containing different levels of SWF along with distiller dried grains, corn flour, corn gluten meal, fish meal, vitamin and mineral mix with net protein adjusted to 32% protein were formulated. The ingredient blends were extruded in …
Mechanical Property Characterization Of Polymeric Composites Reinforced By Continuous Microfibers, Ali Zubayar
Mechanical Property Characterization Of Polymeric Composites Reinforced By Continuous Microfibers, Ali Zubayar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Innumerable experimental works have been conducted to study the effect of polymerization on the potential properties of the composites. Experimental techniques are employed to understand the effects of various fibers, their volume fractions and matrix properties in polymer composites. However, these experiments require fabrication of various composites which are time consuming and cost prohibitive. Advances in computational micromechanics allow us to study the various polymer based composites by using finite element simulations. The mechanical properties of continuous fiber composite strands are directional. In traditional continuous fiber laminated composites, all fibers lie in the same plane. This provides very desirable increases …
Power Management Of Remote Microgrids Considering Battery Lifetime, Santosh Chalise
Power Management Of Remote Microgrids Considering Battery Lifetime, Santosh Chalise
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Currently, 20% (1.3 billion) of the world’s population still lacks access to electricity and many live in remote areas where connection to the grid is not economical or practical. Remote microgrids could be the solution to the problem because they are designed to provide power for small communities within clearly defined electrical boundaries. Reducing the cost of electricity for remote microgrids can help to increase access to electricity for populations in remote areas and developing countries. The integration of renewable energy and batteries in diesel based microgrids has shown to be effective in reducing fuel consumption. However, the operational cost …
Oscillating Heat Pipe Performance With Evaporator Section Modifications, Mitchell Hoesing
Oscillating Heat Pipe Performance With Evaporator Section Modifications, Mitchell Hoesing
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The continuous development of electronic components to become faster and smaller has led to an increasing problem with thermal management. Thermal management ensures that the component operating temperatures are within a safe range, which maintains performance and improves reliability and lifespan. Traditional thermal management devices, such as the extruded-fin heat sink, are incapable of maintaining the safe operating temperature range for current and future high heat flux cooling applications. A device that has the capability to meet this growing need is the oscillating heat pipe. Oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) are passive, two-phase cooling devices that have been shown to transfer …
The Effects Of Diffuser Exit Velocity And Distance Between Supply And Return Apertures On The Efficiency Of An Air Distribution System In An Office Space, Khaled Abdel Razzaq Saadeddin
The Effects Of Diffuser Exit Velocity And Distance Between Supply And Return Apertures On The Efficiency Of An Air Distribution System In An Office Space, Khaled Abdel Razzaq Saadeddin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The distance between supply air diffusers and return air grilles is an important design parameter that has not been properly investigated. Sometimes, design and installation constraints force the engineer or the contractor to place the return duct close to the supply duct which can have a huge impact on the overall efficiency of air distribution in the zone. When the return grille is too close to the supply diffuser, air by-passes the room and flows directly back into the return duct. By-passing of the air in a zone of a building will prevent the heat transfer and the circulation that …
A Compilation Of Research On Self-Consolidating Concrete For Prestressed Bridge Girders, Eduardo S. Torres
A Compilation Of Research On Self-Consolidating Concrete For Prestressed Bridge Girders, Eduardo S. Torres
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) is a relative new concrete technology developed in the 1980s in Japan. Since, SCC has been used for several applications around the world. Initially, SCC was used for on-site applications where it was difficult to place concrete. SCC workability benefits facilitated construction procedures by freely flowing, filling space and passing through dense reinforcement without vibration mechanism. Meanwhile, SCC has also been used in other applications such as the precast industry, where the benefits of the workability SCC delivers can be utilized to improve fabrication of prestressed girders. SCC has been used in the precast industry with a …
Cascading Failures And Contingency Analysis For Smart Grid Security, Shiva Poudel
Cascading Failures And Contingency Analysis For Smart Grid Security, Shiva Poudel
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The modern electric power grid has become highly integrated in order to increase the reliability of power transmission from the generating units to end consumers. In addition, today’s power system are facing a rising appeal for the upgrade to a highly intelligent generation of electricity networks commonly known as Smart Grid. However, the growing integration of power system with communication network also brings increasing challenges to the security of modern power grid from both physical and cyber space. Malicious attackers can take advantage of the increased access to the monitoring and control of the system and exploit some of the …