Engineering Commons^™

An Algorithm For Adaptive Determination Of Radar Coherent Integration Time, Jakob Delong, Joel T. Johnson

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A method for adaptively determining a desirable coherent integration time for radar observations of a moving clutter target is examined. A signal model appropriate for such measurements is first defined, along with an approach for estimating the coherence time from measured data. This coherence time estimate is then used as the coherent integration time in a reprocessing of the measured data. Simulations are shown that illustrate the potential advantages of this approach in reducing the variance of the clutter power estimate, particularly at low clutter to noise ratios, as compared to a purely incoherent integration. However, the initial correlation time …

Numerical Solution Of Strongly Guided Modes Propagating In Sapphire Crystal Fibers (Α-Al2o3) For Uv, Vis/Ir Wave-Guiding, Farhan Mumtaz, Muhammad Aqueel Ashraf, Yutang Dai, Wenbin Hu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A numerical solution, using the general formulation of the transcendental equation and eigenmode values, is proposed to demonstrate number of strongly guided modes propagating in sapphire crystal fibers (SCF). The SCF is considered to have hexagonal geometry of a single crystal and multimode step-index profile. Several distinguished characteristics are naturally embedded in SCF compared to other ordinary optical fibers. The eigenmodes of the SCF are numerically determined and are a combination of transverse electric, transverse magnetic, and hybrid modes. The numerical solution for wave-guiding in ultra-violet (UV), visible infrared (VIS/IR) spectrum, is investigated by the number of modal propagations under …

Evaluation Of Standard And Semantically-Augmented Distance Metrics For Neurology Patients, Daniel B. Hier, Jonathan Kopel, Steven U. Brint, Donald C. Wunsch, Gayla R. Olbricht, Sima Azizi, Blaine Allen

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Background: Patient distances can be calculated based on signs and symptoms derived from an ontological hierarchy. There is controversy as to whether patient distance metrics that consider the semantic similarity between concepts can outperform standard patient distance metrics that are agnostic to concept similarity. The choice of distance metric can dominate the performance of classification or clustering algorithms. Our objective was to determine if semantically augmented distance metrics would outperform standard metrics on machine learning tasks.

Methods: We converted the neurological findings from 382 published neurology cases into sets of concepts with corresponding machine-readable codes. We calculated patient distances by …

Fext Reduction Using Mushroom Structures Thickened Soldermask For Ddr5 Pcbs, Xiao Bo Yu, Qiang Ming Cai, Liang Zhang, Chao Zhang, Lin Zhu, Yinglei Ren, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Far-end crosstalk (FEXT) between adjacent signal lines is one of the most critical factors affecting signal integrity (SI) in double data rate 5 (DDR5) printed circuit boards (PCBs). In this paper, a new method for FEXT reduction, based on mushroom structures thickened solder mask (MSTS) for coupled signal lines, is proposed and investigated. From the simulated S-parameters results, FEXT of this proposed method can be suppressed among a very wide frequency range. Additionally, the FEXT is decreased more than 25dB around the main frequency of DDR5, compared with the traditional signal routing. Finally, both frequency and time domains results show …

A U-Shaped Complementary Open Loop Defective Ground Structure With Slow Wave Structure For Mode Conversion And Common Mode Noise Suppression, Liang Zhang, Qiang Ming Cai, Xiao Bo Yu, Lin Zhu, Chao Zhang, Yinglei Ren, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

With the increase of signal rate, differential interconnection becomes more and more widely used. However, when the differential pair is asymmetric in layout, e.g., bending lines, common mode noise will be produced in the circuit, which may further cause EMI problems. In this paper, an efficient method, i.e., combing a U-shaped complementary open loop defective ground structure (DGS) with adding slow wave structure at the inner bending line, is proposed to suppress the differential-to-common mode conversion and common-mode noise of right-angle bend discontinuity for differential signaling. The simulation results show that the mode conversion can be reduced to less than-50dB …

Mismatch In Ebg Common-Mode Filters Implemented On Pcbs, Marina Y. Koledintseva, Sergiu Radu, Joseph Nuebel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this article, impedance mismatch effects on the characteristics of common-mode (CM) electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) filters are studied using three-dimensional (3-D) full-wave numerical simulations. The CM EBG filters considered herein are designed using standard printed circuit board technology and contain either microstrip (MS) differential pairs running above the EBG plane, or strip line (SL) differential pairs running on one of the layers next to the EBG plane. First, the terminations are fixed at 50 Ω, and the effects of the differential line impedance variations on the EBG filter parameters are studied. Overall, the considered variations in the widths of the …

Evaluating The Crosstalk Current And The Total Radiated Power Of A Bent Cable Harness Using The Generalized Mtl Method, Yansheng Wang, Ying S. Cao, Dazhao Liu, Richard W. Kautz, Nevin Altunyurt, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents a general formulation of the generalized multiconductor transmission line (GMTL) method to model a parallel cable harness including straight and bent wires. The parallel cable harness here indicates the uniform cross-sectional wire distribution. The GMTL equations are solved recursively based on the perturbation theory. This GMTL method facilitates an accurate evaluation of the current distributed on a cable harness. On top of that, the current obtained in a radiation problem is decomposed into two traveling currents, i.e., the positive-going and the negative-going currents, based on the least-squares method. With the decomposed currents, the steepest descent method is …

A Novel Data-Driven Analysis Method For Electromagnetic Radiations Based On Dynamic Mode Decomposition, Yanming Zhang, Lijun Jiang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Electromagnetic radiations in complex electronic systems such as cell phones and computers are complex spatial oral correlations signals. Decomposing the electromagnetic radiation measured in the spatial oral domain is useful to gain physical insights into the process that generates radio frequency interference and the radiated spurious emission. In this article, a novel data-driven characterization method is proposed to analyze the electromagnetic radiations of both linear and nonlinear circuits. It employs the dynamic mode decomposition to simultaneously extract the temporal patterns and their corresponding dynamic modes. The temporal patterns show high-order harmonics generated by the nonlinearity. Then, these spatial oral coherent …

Measurement Techniques To Identify Soft Failure Sensitivity To Esd, Jianchi Zhou, Yuandong Guo, Satyajeet Shinde, Ahmad Hosseinbeig, Abhishek Patnaik, Omid Hoseini Izadi, Chen Zeng, Jun Shi, Junji Maeshima, Hideki Shumiya, Kenji Araki, David Pommerenke

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Electrostatic discharge (ESD)-induced soft failures are a critical issue for electronic systems as the failures are mostly found after the hardware design is completed. Any changes applied to the hardware may delay the project. Diagnostic tools capable of identifying soft failure-induced malfunctions in an early stage of product design help to reduce the risk of late stage ESD-induced project delays. In many cases, soft failures can be directly observed by the user interface, system crash, or other obvious indicators. However, in an early product design stage the operation system may be marginal, and applications may not be available. To improve …

Automated Detection And Characterization Of Esd-Induced Soft Failures Using Image-And Audio-Based Methods, Omid Hoseini Izadi, Javad Meiguni, Kenji Araki, Hideki Shumiya, David J. Pommerenke

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Audio-and image-based soft failure detection methods are developed, which can detect both severe failures (such as system hang) and subtle ones (such as glitch or a momentary disturbance on display). Incorporating the developed detection methods with a robotic ESD (electrostatic discharge) tester, we developed a fully automated soft failure investigation tool. Using this fully automated tool, we obtained failure-specific susceptibility maps for a camera (our target device). These susceptibility maps not only illustrated the sensitive locations of the device, but they also showed what type of soft failure is correlated with which locations.

Cable Harness Modeling Using Mtl Parameters Derived From Integral Equations, Muqi Ouyang, Xu Wang, Nevin Altunyurt, Varittha Sanphuang, Nitin Parsa, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A method to calculate equivalent Multiconductor Transmission-Line (MTL) parameters through integral equations is proposed in this paper. In the mixed-potential integral equations (MPIE), the elements of harness part are converted to MTL parameters based on the relations between MTL parameters and partial elements of 1-D wire segments. Then, to include the effects of reference metal plane nearby, the equivalent MTL parameters can be derived from the MPIE equations with modified harness elements by keeping the solutions on harness part the same. The current distributions on wires calculated using the equivalent MTL parameters have good correlations with the results from the …

Calibration Loop Antenna For Multiple Probe Antenna Measurement System, Yuming Zheng, Zibin Weng, Yihong Qi, Jun Fan, Fuhai Li, Zhiping Yang, James L. Drewniak

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In order to achieve high accuracy in measurements of the multiple probe antenna measurement system (MPAMS), an omnidirectional calibration antenna with a small gain variation in the horizontal polarization (named calibration loop antenna, in convention) is required. This article presents such an antenna design. The proposed calibration loop antenna consists of four arc-folded dipoles with dimensions of 52 mm x52 mm x 1 mm, balun structures for suppressing common mode current, and four parasitic strips for impedance matching on each of the top and bottom planes. The experimental results show that the proposed calibration loop antenna has a small gain …

Total Isotropic Sensitivity Measurement In Switched Beam Antenna Systems, Jun Li, Yihong Qi, Wei Yu, Fuhai Li, Jun Fan, Zhiping Yang, Songping Wu, James L. Drewniak

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Smart antenna systems (SAS) play an important role in wireless communication systems, especially in rapidly developing fifth generation (5G) systems. In normal device under test (DUT) applications with SAS, the antenna's state may change in different external environments in order to obtain higher antenna gains and better connection with the base station, resulting in high uncertainties for over-the-air (OTA) tests using conventional methods. Before evaluating the transceiver performance, additional application programs are necessary to control the DUT, which increases the inconvenience for engineers and makes it impossible to reflect the real usage scenario. This article proposes a new convenient method …

Physics-Based Circuit Modeling Methodology For System Power Integrity Analysis And Design, Biyao Zhao, Siqi Bai, Samuel Connor, Wiren Dale Becker, Matteo Cocchini, Jonghyun Cho, Albert E. Ruehli, Bruce Archambeault, James L. Drewniak

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A physics-based circuit modeling methodology for system-level power integrity (PI) analysis and design is presented herein. The modeling methodology is based on representing the current paths in the power distribution network (PDN) with appropriate circuits based on cavity model and plane-pair partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC). The PDN input impedance looking from on-chip sources can be computed. A commercial simulation tool is used to corroborate the modeling approach where the system consists of a commercial integrated circuit, a complex organic package and a very high-layer-count printed circuit board. Two types of circuit models are proposed from the methodology with physical …

Transceivers As A Resource: Scheduling Time And Bandwidth In Software-Defined Radio, Nathan D. Price, Maciej Jan Zawodniok, Ivan G. Guardiola

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In the future, software-defined radio may enable a mobile device to support multiple wireless protocols implemented as software applications. These applications, often referred to as waveform applications, could be added, updated, or removed from a software-radio device to meet changing demands. Current software-defined radio solutions grant an active waveform exclusive ownership of a specific transceiver or analog front-end. Since a wireless device has a limited number of front-ends, this approach puts a hard constraint on the number of concurrent waveform applications a device can support. A growing trend in software-defined radio research is to virtualize front-ends to allow sharing and …

Investigation Of Honey Thin Film As A Resistive Switching Material For Nonvolatile Memories, Aleksey A. Sivkov, Yuan Xing, Kuan Yew Cheong, Xiangqun Zeng, Feng Zhao

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, we report, for the first time, honey thin film as a resistive switching material and its memory behaviors. A dried honey film was sandwiched in between a CuxO bottom electrode and a Cu top electrode to form a metal-insulator-metal structure on a glass substrate. Current-voltage measurements showed that the device exhibited bipolar switching characteristics with Ohmic conduction behavior and a read memory window of 2.6 V. When biased at a read voltage of 0.2 V, the data retention time is over an interval of 10⁴ s and ON/OFF ratio is in the order of 10^{7 …}

A Novel Self-Restrained Decoupling Technique For Two Antennas, Min Li, Muhammad Yasir Jamal, Lijun Jiang, Kwan Lawrence Yeung

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, a novel self-restrained (SR) decoupling technique (DT) is presented to increase the isolation between two antennas. The 'self-restrained' feature means that the decoupling structure is only attached to the individual antenna itself without demanding any connection to other being coupled ones. The design parameters of the resultant decoupling structure can be precisely derived to achieve high isolations. A two-element monopole array is employed as a benchmark. Results show that good matching and high isolation are achieved simultaneously.

A Novel Planar Dual Cp Mimo Antenna With Polarization Diversity And High Isolation, Muhammad Yasir Jamal, Min Li, Lijun Jiang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, a low cost planar two-port circularly polarized MIMO patch antenna with the polarization diversity is presented. Three grounded stubs and a mirrored F defected ground slot are used to achieve simultaneous matching and isolation between the two patch and offset feeding for circular polarization. The proposed antenna covering 2.5-2.55 GHz is fabricated and measured. Its measured performance show that \mathbf{\mathrm{S}_{11} < -10\ \mathrm{dB},\ \mathrm{S}_{12} < -20\ \mathrm{dB}} and axial ratio \mathbf{< 3\mathrm{dB}} for the whole band. Its radiation patterns and gain are also measured and an agreement with the simulation result has been achieved.

A Novel Wideband Decoupling Network For Two Antennas, Min Li, Muhammad Yasir Jamal, Lijun Jiang, Kwan Lawrence Yeung

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, a novel wideband decoupling network (DN) is presented, which consists of two 2-way Wilkinson power dividers (WPDs), three transmission lines, and two reactive components. Rigorous design formulas are presented along with systematic design procedures. The transmission-line lengths and component reactances are precisely calculated to achieve high antenna isolation. Measurement results show that a very wide isolation bandwidth of 23.7% can be achieved after using the proposed DN.

Investigation And Mitigation Of Radio Frequency Interference Caused By Weak Grounding Of Usb Type-C Receptacle Connector, Anfeng Huang, Xin Yan, Jingdong Sun, Qiaolei Huang, Jun Fan, Songping Wu, Dave Zhang, Huan Liao, Shuai Jin, Zhiping Yang

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In modern mobile electronic systems, USB connector has been identified as one of the dominant noise sources for desense issues. In this paper, the noise coupled to the Wi-Fi antenna from a USB connector is investigated. With the assistance of full-wave simulations, the root cause of desense noise is identified as the non-ideal electrical connection between the metal chassis and the USB receptacle shell where it is installed. The proposed radiation mechanism is validated through measurements of a real tablet device, and 15 dB noise level reduction is observed with a better grounding structure.

Distributed Adaptive State Estimation And Tracking Scheme For Nonlinear Systems Using Active Passive Sensor Networks, Akhilesh Raj, S. Jagannathan, Tansel Yucelen

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper proposes a novel adaptive neural network (NN) based distributed state estimation scheme for a heterogeneous sensor network (HSN), to estimate the state vector of an unknown nonlinear process/target by using sensed output when the target input remains unknown. The active nodes in the HSN can sense the target output based on the detection range. By using a connected graph, the active nodes will communicate their estimated state vector from their adaptive NN observer to other passive nodes in the neighborhood that cannot sense the target, so that they can estimate the target state vector. Next, a subset of …

Improved Classification Of Medical Data Using Meta-Best Feature Selection, Matthew Chaplin, Jacob Grubb, Thomas Clifford, Justin Bruce, Tayo Obafemi-Ajayi, John Matta

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Feature selection provides a useful method for reducing the size of large data sets while maintaining integrity, thereby improving the accuracy of neural networks and other classifiers. However, running multiple feature selection models and their accompanying classifiers can make interpreting results difficult. To this end, we present a data-driven methodology called Meta-Best that not only returns a single feature set related to a classification target, but also returns an optimal size and ranks the features by importance within the set. This proposed methodology is tested on six distinct targets from the well-known REGARDS dataset: Deceased, Self-Reported Diabetes, Light Alcohol Abuse …

A Design Of Taper-Like Etched Multicore Fiber Refractive Index-Insensitive A Temperature Highly Sensitive Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, Farhan Mumtaz, Pu Cheng, Chi Li, Shu Cheng, Cheng Du, Minghong Yang, Yutang Dai, Wenbin Hu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

We propose and demonstrate Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), which is the refractive index (RI) insensitive and temperature highly sensitive based on etched multi-core fiber (MCF) structure. The MCF and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) are used as hybrid sensing elements. The fabrication of the interferometer is provided a new taper-like structure by etching the MCF to further expose the side cores to the surroundings. The interferometer has produced a sensitivity of 103.2pm/°C within the ambient temperature up-to 70°C. Moreover, the superior temperature sensitivity is 89.19pm/°C, 66.64pm/°C, 56.42pm/°C in the range of 24°C to 130°C, and RI-insensitive in the range of 1.34 to …

Adaptive Interference Mitigation Using Frequency-Selective Limiters Over Gps Band For Automotive Applications, Mahima Shukla, Marina Y. Koledintseva, Michael Geiler, Scott Gillette, Michael Hunnewell, Anton L. Geiler

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this work, we address the challenges associated with the necessity to protect Global Positioning system (GPS) receivers from various types of electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by internal or external sources. We have developed a compact, lightweight, and passive frequency selective limiter (FSL) technology that automatically and adaptively protects vulnerable input circuits of a GPS receiver from unwanted emissions and prevents a GPS receiver from going into saturation. This technology is based on using magnetostatic surface waves in a magnetically biased ferrite film. The nonlinear processes in ferrite films enable discrimination of signals based on their power levels. In these …

Optimal Control Of Linear Continuous-Time Systems In The Presence Of State And Input Delays With Application To A Chemical Reactor, Rohollah Moghadam, Sarangapani Jagannathan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, the optimal regulation of linear continuous-time systems with state and input delays is introduced by utilizing a quadratic cost function and state feedback. The Lyapunov-Krakovskii functional incorporating state and input delays is defined as a value function. Next, the Bellman type equation is formulated, and a delay Algebraic Riccati equation (DARE) over infinite time horizon is derived. By using the stationarity condition for the Bellman type equation, the optimal control input is obtained. It is demonstrated that the proposed optimal control input makes the closed-loop system asymptotically stable. Finally, simulation results confirm the theoretical claims by applying …

Complex Permittivity Extraction From Synthetic Aperture Radar Images, Yuan Gao, Mohammad Tayeb Al Qaseer, Reza Zoughi

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Microwave and millimeter wave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging techniques are commonly used to generate high-resolution qualitative images showing the reflectivity (or complex permittivity) contrast in a sample-under-test (SUT). These techniques have been successfully applied for many diverse applications. However, these images lack quantitative information about the SUT, namely, its complex permittivity distribution. In this article, a novel method to extract the spatial distribution of complex permittivity from SAR images is proposed. The principle of the proposed method is outlined, then verified by a series of electromagnetic simulations, demonstrating that the proposed method can accurately extract the complex permittivity. Additionally, …

Noise Coupling Mechanism Analysis And Mitigation Method For Receiver Sensitivity Improvement In An Optical Qsfp Transceiver Module, Yuandong Guo, Shuai Jin, Xinglin Sun, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The increasingly growth of the traffic in data centers demands for high-speed data transition and high bandwidth density. Optical communication is a promising way for the propagation of high-speed signals with less distortions. The quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP) transceiver module is an essential component converting an electrical signal into an optical signal for point-to-point data transition. Considerable attentions have been paid to the signal integrity (SI) optimization for the optical QSFP transceiver modules with different data rates, where the receiver sensitivity is generally considered to be critical. In this paper, the receiver sensitivity problem of a typical QSFP transceiver …

Dynamic Trajectory Generation And A Robust Controller To Intercept A Moving Ball In A Game Setting, Ravi Prakash, Laxmidhar Behera, Santhakumar Mohan, Sarangapani Jagannathan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Complex and interactive robot manipulation skills, such as playing a game of table tennis against a human opponent, are a novel problem with multifaceted challenges. Accurate dynamic trajectory generation in order to respond to the tennis ball from the opponent and a novel control scheme for robust and high-performance tracking of the ball in such dynamic situations is a prerequisite to winning the game. In this paper, the dynamic movement primitives (DMPs) are employed for the stable generation of dynamic trajectories in the presence of environmental uncertainties such as ball position and velocity, opponent position and velocity and so on. …

Effect Of Rf Signals On Tvs Diode Trigger Voltage For Esd Protection, Giorgi Maghlakelidze, Shubhankar Marathe, Wei Huang, Joost Willemen, David Pommerenke

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Discrete transient voltage suppressor devices are used in addition to the on-chip ESD protection to protect the ICs from ESD damage. In applications involving snapback TVS devices, the trigger voltage is selected to be higher than the desired signals on the net. The presence of RF on the net affects the TVS behavior, even if the RF levels are less than the snapback trigger voltage. Known effects are RF intermodulation and harmonic generation, which diminish SNR. This work describes the other effect on the TVS diodes - the observed reduction of the snapback trigger voltage, monotonically dependent on the amplitude …

Generic Modeling Of Differential Striplines Using Machine Learning Based Regression Analysis, Srinath Penugonda, Shaohui Yong, Anna Gao, Kevin Cai, Bidyut Sen, Jun Fan

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, a generic model for a differential strip line is created using machine learning (ML) based regression analysis. A recursive approach of creating various inputs is adapted instead of traditional design of experiments (DoE) approach. This leads to reduction of number of simulations as well as control the data points required for performing simulations. The generic model is developed using 48 simulations. It is comparable to the linear regression model, which is obtained using 1152 simulations. Additionally, a tabular W-element model of a differential strip line is used to take into consideration the frequency-dependent dielectric loss. In order …