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Articles 2191 - 2220 of 3180

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Constraint Optimal Selection Techniques (Costs) For Linear Programming, Goh Saito Jan 2012

Constraint Optimal Selection Techniques (Costs) For Linear Programming, Goh Saito

Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Simplex pivoting algorithms remain the dominant approach to solve linear programming (LP) because they have advantages over interior-point methods. However, current simplex algorithms are often inadequate for solving a large-scale LPs because of their insufficient computational speeds. This dissertation develops the significantly faster simplex-based, active-set approaches called Constraint Optimal Selection Techniques (COSTs). COSTs specify a constraint-ordering rule based on constraints' likelihood of being binding at optimality, as well as a rule for adding constraints. In particular, new techniques for adding multiple constraints in an active-set framework, and an efficient constraint-ordering rule for LP are proposed. These innovations greatly reduce computation …


Design, Calibration And Testing Of A Force Balance For A Hypersonic Shock Tunnel, Pravin Vadassery Jan 2012

Design, Calibration And Testing Of A Force Balance For A Hypersonic Shock Tunnel, Pravin Vadassery

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

The forces acting on a flight vehicle are critical for determining its performance. Of particular interest is the hypersonic regime. Force measurements are much more complex in hypersonic flows, where those speeds are simulated in shock tunnels. A force balance for such facilities contains sensitive gages that measure stress waves and ultimately determine the different components of force acting on the model. An external force balance was designed and fabricated for the UTA Hypersonic shock tunnel to measure drag at Mach 10. Static and dynamic calibrations were performed to find the transfer function of the system. Forces were recovered using …


Guidance And Control Of Unmanned Airships For Waypoint Navigation In The Presence Of Wind, Ghassan M. Atmeh Jan 2012

Guidance And Control Of Unmanned Airships For Waypoint Navigation In The Presence Of Wind, Ghassan M. Atmeh

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Airships are a specific class of Lighter-Than-Air (LTA) vehicles. These vehicles achieve lift mainly through buoyancy; the usually ellipsoidal shaped hull contains a lifting gas such as helium, which produces the required lift though air displacement. Due to this method of operation an airship has the ability to conduct low-power hover, which makes it ideal for applications requiring hovering over long periods of time such as surveillance, terrain mapping, meteorology and GPS. In such applications the conventional fixed wing unmanned aircraft is less suitable. The work presented in this thesis deals with designing a controller that is capable of navigating …


Heat Transfer Enhancement In A Rectangular Channel Using Vortex Generator In A Laminar Flow, Ninad C. Maniar Jan 2012

Heat Transfer Enhancement In A Rectangular Channel Using Vortex Generator In A Laminar Flow, Ninad C. Maniar

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Enhancement of heat transfer through various means has been an intense area of research for many years. There are numerous applications where high performance heat exchange is desired. The cooling of electronics, such as microprocessors, is one example. The recent rise in the studies of heat exchange enhancement techniques has also lead to efficient and compact heat exchangers. This research involves the numerical analysis of heat exchange enhancement in a rectangular channel using different types of longitudinal vortex generators (LVG) for a laminar flow. A computational fluid dynamics software package was used to compute the 3-D steady viscous flows with …


Cfd Analysis Of Direct Evaporative Cooling Zone Of Air-Side Economizer For Containerized Data Center, Niket Shah Jan 2012

Cfd Analysis Of Direct Evaporative Cooling Zone Of Air-Side Economizer For Containerized Data Center, Niket Shah

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Conventional data centers are extremely large buildings that have complex power distribution and cooling systems. These traditional brick and mortar data centers employ relatively expensive cooling systems and are inefficient. It has in turn led to an increase in construction and operational costs. Jonathan Koomey, Ph.D. of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory estimated that worldwide data center power consumption was 152.5 Billion kWh in 2005. In 2007, the US EPA estimated that servers and data centers, “consumed about 61 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 2006 (1.5 percent of total U.S. electricity consumption) for a total electricity cost of about $4.5 billion. These …


Performance Of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe (Pccp) In Water Applilcations, Rahul Manda Jan 2012

Performance Of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe (Pccp) In Water Applilcations, Rahul Manda

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The analysis of water pipes failure data is of great importance as it has a significant impact society and the environment. These failures also have the overall impact on the financial burden on the water industry. This thesis evaluates the failure rate of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe (PCCP), which is one of the most conventional rigid pipes and are extensively used as the water and wastewater pipeline in the US and around the world. A statistical analysis of the failure rate based on the diameter size over multiple years will help in determining the performance of PCCP pipes. Also, the …


Effects Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Wrap On Reducing Chloride Penetration In Concrete, Gunther G. Garcia Jan 2012

Effects Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Wrap On Reducing Chloride Penetration In Concrete, Gunther G. Garcia

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of FRP wrap on reducing chloride penetration in concrete. It has been established that FRP wrap used to retrofit concrete structures offer a high resistance to chemical solutions. The ACI 318-11 Code allows for a reduction of clear cover depth if an equivalent clear cover depth can be establish. The FRP material used herein consisted of Tyfo SCH-41 and Tyfo SEH-51A composites fabricated from carbon and glass fibers, respectively. The wrapped FRP concrete specimens and control specimens without FRP wrap were tested according to ASTM C 1543 and ASTM C …


Determining The Effectiveness Of Chlorine-Based Biofilm Control On The Friction Factors Of Large Diameter Pipelines In Raw Water, Shelly Stamler Hattan Jan 2012

Determining The Effectiveness Of Chlorine-Based Biofilm Control On The Friction Factors Of Large Diameter Pipelines In Raw Water, Shelly Stamler Hattan

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Large diameter transmission mains pumping raw water experience capacity loss during the summer months due to the growth of biofilm. The loss of capacity impacts power costs at a time when power is obtained at a premium. Biofilm growth varies with the seasons and varies along the length of the pipeline. Biofilm growth and decay directly impacts the friction factors. Future design work should consider a seasonal friction factor rather than an aged friction factor over time.The method of controlling biofilm is with the application of chloramines at the lake pump stations. This study compares the difference between little to …


Water Permeability In Fiber Reinforced Plastic (Fpr)-Wrapped Concrete, Jyoti Ojha Jan 2012

Water Permeability In Fiber Reinforced Plastic (Fpr)-Wrapped Concrete, Jyoti Ojha

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

A finite element analysis is performed using ANSYS software to analyze progress of water and its circulation in FRP wrapped concrete. This paper presents the modeling of water diffusion in FRP. Finite element programs do not usually employ issue permeability or diffusion. Therefore, diffusion of water in FRP is modeled by analogy with thermal conduction. A brief description of theoretical background is presented in the paper. The recommended FE modeling procedures are listed. Diffusion coefficient of Tyfo SCH 41S-1 obtained from an inspection report is used to analyze water permeably of FRP. Tyfo SCH 41S-1 is the most popular FRP …


Resilient Moduli Properties Of Compacted Unsaturated Subgrade Materials, Pinit Ruttanaporamakul Jan 2012

Resilient Moduli Properties Of Compacted Unsaturated Subgrade Materials, Pinit Ruttanaporamakul

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

According to the new Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) and 1993 AASHTO flexible pavement design guide, Resilient Modulus (MR) has been used extensively as an important material property in structure design of pavement. The modulus is used as the primary input parameter to determine the stiffness parameters and constitutive behavior of pavement components. The system of pavement basically consists of the layers of surface, base, subbase (optional), and subgrade. The compacted subgrade soils supporting pavement structure are typically unsaturated with degrees of saturation varying from 75 to 90%. The effect of unsaturated soil behavior on the mechanical properties of …


Productivity Analysis Of Box Jacking, Hossein Tavakoli Jan 2012

Productivity Analysis Of Box Jacking, Hossein Tavakoli

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Trenchless Technology (TT) offers methods to install utilities through the ground without damaging the surface. Box Jacking is a trenchless method for installation of prefabricated box and drainage structures without digging a trench. The concept of box jacking is similar to pipe jacking operations by first excavating an entry shaft, building the thrust block and concrete base, and setting jacking equipment. The process starts with pushing boxes while excavating at face, however, the movement of each box is achieved each time excavation at the shield is completed. Additionally, a pilot tube might be required in advance of box jacking operations. …


Assessment And Rating Of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls, Noel Janacek Jan 2012

Assessment And Rating Of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls, Noel Janacek

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls have been increasingly utilized in the United States since 1972 and in Texas since 1979. MSE walls provide earth retention for commercial, industrial and transportation projects throughout Texas. Within the transportation industry, the traditional design life of MSE walls is 75 years, with new projects requiring 100 year design life. The millions of square feet of existing MSE walls are generally less than half of the anticipated design life, making identifying and assessing the existing wall inventory a significant asset management component for optimizing maintenance expenditures. This thesis proposes and applies a system that assesses …


Resilient Properties Of Unsaturated Base Materials, Ranjan Kumar Rout Jan 2012

Resilient Properties Of Unsaturated Base Materials, Ranjan Kumar Rout

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

A pavement system basically consists of a surface layer, a base course, a subbase (optional) and the subgrade. As per MEPDG and 1993 AASHTO flexible pavement design guide Resilient Modulus (MR) is used as the primary input parameter to determine the stiffness parameters and the constitutive behavior of pavement components, such as subgrade and unbound bases. Generally, pavements are constructed on compacted soils that are typically unsaturated with degrees of saturation varying from 75 to 90%. The main focus of this research is to determine the effect of matric suction on the resilient moduli property of the base materials. The …


Design Of Controlled Low Strength Material For Bedding And Backfilling Using High Plasticity Clay, Anil Kumar Raavi Jan 2012

Design Of Controlled Low Strength Material For Bedding And Backfilling Using High Plasticity Clay, Anil Kumar Raavi

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Flowable fill or Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) is a self-compacted cementitious material used in the field in the place of compacted fill. It is also known as unshrinkable fill, controlled density fill, flowable mortar, plastic-soil cement, soil-cement slurry, and others. The advantages of this material include lesser soil settlements, elimination of compaction, and lower costs when compared to chemically treated and compacted subsoils. CLSMs have a wide range of applications such as using them as a backfill, bedding material, trench filling material, void filling material, bridge abutment and embankment materials and also in pavement bases. Current research is aimed …


Selecting A Shaft/Pit Construction Method For Trenchless Technology, Bassam Abusad Jan 2012

Selecting A Shaft/Pit Construction Method For Trenchless Technology, Bassam Abusad

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The word shaft describes a vertical access point that is created by excavating, vertical boring, or blasting required before the start of tunneling or boring operations. Most trenchless technologies require entry shafts and exit shafts and in some cases and intermediate shaft Trenchless technologies are methods used for the construction and rehabilitation of underground utility pipes. Since pits and shafts are excavated below the ground surface level, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) rules and regulations are enforced for the safety of the workers. The focus of this research is to describe shaft and pit construction methods as applied to …


Comparison Of Measured And Predicted Response Of Six Mnroad Asphalt Test Sections, Veni Valli Nagarajan Jan 2012

Comparison Of Measured And Predicted Response Of Six Mnroad Asphalt Test Sections, Veni Valli Nagarajan

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

The study, sponsored by MnRoad, aimed to compare the measured and predicted values of strains and stresses for six cells 33, 34, 35, 77, 78 and 79 of the third MnRoad experiments. Cells 33, 34 and 35 were constructed for studying the polyphosphoric acid study while cells 77, 78 and 79 for the fly-ash stabilization study, during 2007. Each cell is instrumented with three transverse strain gauges and three longitudinal strain gauges at the bottom of HMA layer while three pressure cells were located at the top of the subgrade layer to measure vertical compressive stress.The FWD deflection data collected …


Biophysical Assessment Of Single Cell Toxicity: Diesel Exhaust Particle-Treated Human Aortic Endothelial Cells, Kytai Truong Nguyen, Hao Xu, ​Yangzhe Wu, Anhong Zhou, Tian Yu, Timothy A. Gilbertson Jan 2012

Biophysical Assessment Of Single Cell Toxicity: Diesel Exhaust Particle-Treated Human Aortic Endothelial Cells, Kytai Truong Nguyen, Hao Xu, ​Yangzhe Wu, Anhong Zhou, Tian Yu, Timothy A. Gilbertson

Bioengineering Faculty Publications - Archive

Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), a major source of traffic-related air pollution, has become a serious health concern due to its adverse influences on human health including cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. To elucidate the relationship between biophysical properties (cell topography, cytoskeleton organizations, and cell mechanics) and functions of endothelial cells exposed to DEPs, atomic force microscope (AFM) was applied to analyze the toxic effects of DEPs on a model cell line from human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were also applied to further explore DEP-induced cytotoxicity in HAECs. Results revealed that DEPs could negatively impair …


Multifunctionality Of Indocyanine Green-Loaded Biodegradable Nanoparticles For Enhanced Optical Imaging And Hyperthermia Intervention Of Cancer, Kytai Truong Nguyen, Ronak H. Patel, Nimet L. Patel, Venkaiah C. Kavuri, Hanli Liu Jan 2012

Multifunctionality Of Indocyanine Green-Loaded Biodegradable Nanoparticles For Enhanced Optical Imaging And Hyperthermia Intervention Of Cancer, Kytai Truong Nguyen, Ronak H. Patel, Nimet L. Patel, Venkaiah C. Kavuri, Hanli Liu

Bioengineering Faculty Publications - Archive

The aim of this study was to develop and characterize multifunctional biodegradable and biocompatible poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) as an optical-imaging contrast agent for cancer imaging and as a photothermal therapy agent for cancer treatment. PLGA-ICG nanoparticles (PIN) were synthesized with a particle diameter of 246 11 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.10 0.03, and ICG loading efficiency of 48.75 5.48%. PIN were optically characterized with peak excitation and emission at 765 and 810 5 nm, a fluorescence lifetime of 0.30 0.01 ns, and peak absorbance at 780 nm. The cytocompatibility study of PIN …


Computational Benchmarks In Simulation Of Cyclic Performance Of Steel Connections Using Three Dimensional Nonlinear Finite Element Method, Ali Abolmaali, Mohammad Razavi, Roozbeh Kiamanesh Jan 2012

Computational Benchmarks In Simulation Of Cyclic Performance Of Steel Connections Using Three Dimensional Nonlinear Finite Element Method, Ali Abolmaali, Mohammad Razavi, Roozbeh Kiamanesh

Civil Engineering Faculty Publications - Archive

The presented manuscript is intended to introduce accurate computational benchmarks to predict the hysteresis behavior of beam-column steel connections by means of a 3D non-linear finite element analysis. In this study, element type, inelastic material behavior, bolts pre-tensioning, and contact properties between different components of connections are discussed. Incremental nonlinear analysis takes into account all three types of nonlinearities including material, geometry, and contact properties in predicting moment-rotation hysteresis loops. A series of full-scale structural tests are performed to validate the results obtained from the finite element analyses. This study shows that cost efficient numerical analysis simulation is capable of …


Investigation Of Spectral Properties Of A Dfb Laser Source, Gokul Krishna Srinivasan Jan 2012

Investigation Of Spectral Properties Of A Dfb Laser Source, Gokul Krishna Srinivasan

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

We determine the linewidth characteristic of a DFB laser source by conducting experiments employing a coherent detection setup. We use an instrument grade external semiconductor laser device as the local oscillator and the DFB laser as the signal. We analyze the photocurrent using real-time oscilloscope and RF spectrum analyzer. We compute the auto-correlation and the power spectral density of the photocurrent. We model the natural width of the DFB and compare the simulated plot with the experiment data. We determine the intrinsic linewidth of the DFB laser source with this plot. We design a LabView program to record the beat …


Implementation Of Fast Inter-Prediction Mode Decision In H.264/Avc Video Encoder, Amruta Kiran Kulkarni Jan 2012

Implementation Of Fast Inter-Prediction Mode Decision In H.264/Avc Video Encoder, Amruta Kiran Kulkarni

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 or AVC (advanced video coding) is currently one of the most widely used industry standards for video compression. There are several video codec solutions, both software and hardware, available in the market for H.264. This video compression technology is primarily used in applications such as video conferencing, mobile TV, blu-ray discs, digital television and internet video streaming. This thesis uses the JM 17.2 reference software [15], which is available for all users and can be downloaded from http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml. The software is mainly used for educational purposes; it also includes the reference software manual which has information about …


Investigation Of Instabilities Affecting Detonations: Improving The Resolution Using Block-Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement, Prashaanth Ravindran Jan 2012

Investigation Of Instabilities Affecting Detonations: Improving The Resolution Using Block-Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement, Prashaanth Ravindran

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The unstable nature of detonation waves is a result of the critical relationship between the hydrodynamic shock and the chemical reactions sustaining the shock. A perturbative analysis of the critical point is quite challenging due to the multiple spatio-temporal scales involved along with the non-linear nature of the shock-reaction mechanism. The author's research attempts to provide detailed resolution of the instabilities at the shock front. Another key aspect of the present research is to develop an understanding of the causality between the non-linear dynamics of the front and the eventual breakdown of the sub-structures. An accurate numerical simulation of detonation …


Active Nanophotonics For Quantum- And Classical-Optics Applications, Lei Zhu Jan 2012

Active Nanophotonics For Quantum- And Classical-Optics Applications, Lei Zhu

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

This thesis presents theoretical and experimental development of the interaction enhancement between the photon and matter. We propose one single photon emitter by integrating a single CdSe /ZnS quantum dot into a plasmonic nano-cavity. We experimentally observe directional spontaneous emission with angular half-width of about 10 degrees from a single CdSe/ZnS quantum dot positioned in a slit nanoaperture surrounded by periodic corrugations. Aware of the intrinsic loss limitation of single-photon emitter based on plasmonic nano-cavity, we go on to exploit the relationship between the fluorescence decay times of CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots and the refractive index of the surrounding medium. …


Data Mining Based Threshold Development For Novelty Detection, Poovich Phaladiganon Jan 2012

Data Mining Based Threshold Development For Novelty Detection, Poovich Phaladiganon

Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The objective of this dissertation is to develop thresholds for novelty detection with applications to statistical process control (SPC). SPC is a widely used technique for improving process and product quality. The primary tool of SPC is a control chart that is used to monitor and detect abnormal processes. Traditional control chart techniques usually require a specific distributional assumption, typically the normal distribution, to establish their control limits. However, in modern manufacturing processes, the normality assumption is often violated. Novelty detection more generally seeks abnormal (or novel) patterns in data, and novelty detection techniques can be applied to control charts …


Multivariate Modeling For A Multiple Stage, Multiple Objective Green Building Framework, Pin Kung Jan 2012

Multivariate Modeling For A Multiple Stage, Multiple Objective Green Building Framework, Pin Kung

Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Green building is a sustainable concept to reduce environmental impact. Decision–making for green building is a complex task. A multi–stage green building framework will guide future development of a comprehensive multiple stage, multiple objective (MSMO) decision–making framework. The software eQUEST is utilized in a design and analysis of computer experiments (DACE) approach to study building options that potentially impact energy usage and cost metrics. The DACE approach uses experimental design and statistical analysis to uncover multivariate patterns that will provide guidance for green building decisions. The computer experiments execute the green building software tools ATHENA [11] and eQUEST [13]. The …


Micromachined Devices For In Vitro Biomedical Applications, Uday Shankar Tata Jan 2012

Micromachined Devices For In Vitro Biomedical Applications, Uday Shankar Tata

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of tissues. Any deviation in the process can have serious consequences, such as atherosclerosis and cancer metastasis. During cancer metastasis, chemokines produced at secondary sites form chemical gradients and attract the cancer cells from primary sites. One of the primary limitations for the study of cancer cell migration has been the lack of a suitable cost-effective assay for cell migration with easy translatability to clinical situations. To address these issues, a microfluidic device was designed for assaying of cancer cell migration towards different chemoattractants. The device was created with …


Thermal Effects And Analysis Of High Frequency Devices In Analog Integrated Circuit Design, Ardasheir Sayek Rahman Jan 2012

Thermal Effects And Analysis Of High Frequency Devices In Analog Integrated Circuit Design, Ardasheir Sayek Rahman

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Heterojunction Bipolar Junction Transistors (HBTs) are used in various high frequency applications in modern day technology. These devices produce high trans-conductance which is need for high frequency application. Their gain is significantly larger than complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices which also imply there is high current within the devices. Since HBTs are very compact structure, the thermal heating generated within the devices needs to be characterized. This thesis explores the thermal effects from self heating in the static and time domains of the devices using 3D dimensional simulation and mathematical modeling using heat flow equation. The study concentrates on the thermal …


The Art Of Microchannel Molding In Microscope Glass Slides, Sree Bhupathiraju Jan 2012

The Art Of Microchannel Molding In Microscope Glass Slides, Sree Bhupathiraju

Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering Dissertations - Archive

This research is an effort to develop a new process by combining engineering principles with the history of glass art molding to develop clear micro-level test features in glass, for bio-medical and drug experiments dealing with cells, tissue, and micro-level organisms. Most of the present research in the bio-medical field involving micro-level cell and brain tissue testing is done using expensive glass or developed using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the main material. Disadvantages of PDMS is that, over time the cell or blood tissue reacts with polymers causing a reduction in clarity making it difficult for a research scientist to observe …


Nanomembrane Surface Emitting Light Sources, Santhad Chuwongin Jan 2012

Nanomembrane Surface Emitting Light Sources, Santhad Chuwongin

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Crystalline semiconductor nanomembranes (NM), which are transferable, stackable, bondable and manufacturable, offer unprecedented opportunities for unique electronic and photonic devices for vertically stacked high density photonic/electronic integration, high performance flexible electronics and flexible photonics. High quality single crystalline silicon NMs (Si NM) have been transferred onto various foreign substrates, such as glass and flexiblePolyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics, based on low temperature transfer and stacking processes, developed by various groups. In the last few years, significant progress has been made by Ma's group on record high-speed flexible electronics, and high performance flexible Germanium (Ge) photodetectors, based on transferable Si/SiGe NMs. Many …


Optimization And Reinforcement Learning Techniques In Multi-Agent Graphical Games And Economic Dispatch, Mohammed Abouheaf Jan 2012

Optimization And Reinforcement Learning Techniques In Multi-Agent Graphical Games And Economic Dispatch, Mohammed Abouheaf

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

This work discusses optimization and reinforcement learning techniques in power system Economic Dispatch and Multi-Agent graphical games. Power System Economic Dispatch (ED) is one of the power system energy management tools that is used to allocate required power generation to a number of generating units to meet the active load demand [109]. The operation cost of the power utilities depends on the fuel cost of the generating units. By optimizing the objective functions that depend on the fuel cost, the Economic Dispatch results in fuel cost savings, [25]. The generation cost functions are either smooth or non-smooth based on the …