Engineering Commons^™

The Role Of Energy Pipelines And Research In The United States, Cheryl J. Trench, Thomas O. Miesner

United States Department of Transportation: Publications

Energy from oil and natural gas is essential, and will continue to be essential, to all facets of our daily lives. It fuels most of our transportation needs, heats our homes, schools, offices and shops, and even generates a share of our electricity. Oil and natural gas together supply approximately two-thirds of the U.S. energy needs.

Crude oil and natural gas are generally produced in regions located far from consumption centers. This means crude oil must be moved to refineries, and refined products and natural gas must be moved from producing regions to consumption centers.

The U.S. pipeline infrastructure is …

Advanced Welding And Joining Technical Workshop: Pipelines

United States Department of Transportation: Publications

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) strongly supports the drive toward safer pipelines, and joined with the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) to advance this goal. NIST in collaboration with PHMSA and several pipeline industry trade organizations, organized and executed the Advanced Welding and Joining Technical Workshop on January 25 and 26, 2006 workshop in Boulder, Colorado.

Assistance in organizing the workshop came from an 18-person steering committee selected to represent the different interests in the pipeline industry. This committee helped to prepare the agenda, identify speakers, organize the working groups, and promote attendance.

The workshop …

Mechanical Damage Workshop & Study Phase 1 Workshop Executive Summary, Michael Baker Jr.

United States Department of Transportation: Publications

Mechanical damage from third party intrusion and latent defects caused during pipeline construction remains a leading cause of major pipeline incidents. Historically, mechanical damage is the single largest cause of failures on pipelines (transporting both natural gas and hazardous liquids).

Significant investments have been made by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), the pipeline industry and stakeholder organizations to increase public awareness of the risks of excavation in pipeline corridors. Likewise, much as been invested in research regarding detection of mechanical damage using in-line inspection (ILI) technologies, evaluating the severity of mechanical damage, and mitigation measures. However, no …

Solution Properties Of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Polymers By Laser Light Scattering And Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, Seok I. Yun, Ken Terao, Kunlun Hong, Yuri B. Melnichenko, George D. Wignall, Jimmy W. Mays, Phillip F. Britt

United States Department of Energy: Publications

1,3-Cyclohexdiene polymers (PCHD) and their derivatives are of interest due to the six-member rings in the main chain, which are expected to impart higher mechanical strength and better thermal and chemical stability, as compared to common vinyl polymers. For example, hydrogenated PCHD has the highest glass transition temperature (t_g ~ 231 °C) of all hydrocarbon polymers, and it also shows good heat, weather, impact, abrasion, and chemical resistance as well as low water absorption. In addition, PCHD has unique photochemical properties, such as excellent transparency, due to the isolated double bonds in the main chain. Also, block copolymers …

Looped Polymer Brushes Formed By Self-Assembly Of Poly(2-Vinylpyridine)-Polystyrene-Poly(2-Vinylpyridine) Triblock Copolymers At The Solid-Fluid Interface. Kinetics Of Preferential Adsorption, Jose Alonzo, Zhenyu Huang, Ming Liu, Jimmy W. Mays, Ryan G. Toomey, Mark D. Dadmun, S. Michael Kilbey, Ii

United States Department of Energy: Publications

The kinetics of assembly of a series of poly(2-vinylpyridine)-polystyrene-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PVP-b-PS-b-PVP) triblock copolymers from the selective solvent toluene onto a silicon surface has been studied using phase-modulated ellipsometry. The adsorbed amount and thickness have been determined independently as functions of time. Even though the adsorbed amount as a function of time follows the traditional two-step process that is typical of the self-assembly of diblock copolymerssthere is an initial fast adsorption followed by a slow buildup of the layer (brush regime) - the thickness shows an “overshoot” that corresponds to the brush regime. We attribute this phenomenon, not …

Microbial Reduction Of Fe(Iii) In The Fithian And Muloorina Illites: Contrasting Extents And Rates Of Bioreduction, Jennifer L. Seabaugh, Hailiang Dong, Ravi K. Kukkadapu, Dennis D. Eberl, John P. Morton, Jinwook Kim

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 reduces Fe(III) within two illites which have different properties: the Fithian bulk fraction and the <0.2 mm fraction of Muloorina. The Fithian illite contained 4.6% (w/w) total Fe, 81% of which was Fe(III). It was dominated by illite with some jarosite (~32% of the total Fe(III)) and goethite (11% of the total Fe(III)). The Muloorina illite was pure and contained 9.2% Fe, 93% of which was Fe(III). Illite suspensions were buffered at pH 7 and were inoculated with CN32 cells with lactate as the electron donor. Select treatments included anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) as an electron shuttle. Bioproduction of Fe(II) was determined by ferrozine analysis. The unreduced and bioreduced solids were characterized by Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The extent of Fe(III) reduction in the bulk Fithian illite was enhanced by the presence of AQDS (73%) with complete reduction of jarosite and goethite and partial reduction of illite. Mossbauer spectroscopy and chemical extraction determined that 21ÿ25% of illite-associated Fe(III) was bioreduced. The extent of bioreduction was less in the absence of AQDS (63%) and only jarosite was completely reduced with partial reduction of goethite and illite. The XRD and TEM data revealed no significant illite dissolution or biogenic minerals, suggesting that illite was reduced in the solid state and biogenic Fe(II) from jarosite and goethite was either released to aqueous solution or adsorbed onto residual solid surfaces. In contrast, only 1% of the structural Fe(III) in Muloorina illite was bioreduced. The difference in the extent and rate of bioreduction between the two illites was probably due to the difference in layer charge and the total structural Fe content between the Fithian illite (0.56 per formula) and Muloorina illite (0.87). There may be other factors contributing to the observed differences, such as expandability, surface area and the arrangements of Fe in the octahedral sheets. The results of this study have important implications for predicting microbe-induced physical and chemical changes of clay minerals in soils and sediments.

Adsorption Of Uranyl On Gibbsite: A Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy Study, Hyun-Shik Chang, Gregory Korshin, Zheming Wang, John M. Zachara

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Uranyl adsorbed on gibbsite at pH 4.0-8.0 and ionic strengths (ISs) 0.001-0.4 M (NaClO₄) in the absence of carbonate was studied using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLIFS) under cryogenic conditions. TRLIFS data showed the presence of several distinct emission components. Their contributions were determined using the evolving factor analysis approach. Four components denoted as species A, B, C, and D were discerned. Each of them was characterized by a characteristic response to pH and IS changes and also by a unique combination of the values of the fundamental transition energyE_0,0, vibronic spacing ∆E, and half-width …

The Dissolution Of Synthetic Na-Boltwoodite In Sodium Carbonate Solutions, Eugene S. Ilton, Chongxuan Liu, Wassana Yantasee, Zheming Wang, Dean A. Moore, Andrew R. Felmy, John M. Zachara

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Uranyl silicates such as uranophane and Na-boltwoodite appear to control the solubility of uranium in certain contaminated sediments at the US Department of Energy Hanford site [Liu, C., Zachara, J.M., Qafoku, O., McKinley, J.P., Heald, S.M., Wang, Z. 2004. Dissolution of uranyl microprecipitates in subsurface sediments at Hanford Site, USA. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68, 4519– 4537.]. Consequently, the solubility of synthetic Na-boltwoodite, Na(UO₂)(SiO₃OH) • 1.5H₂O, was determined over a wide range of bicarbonate concentrations, from circumneutral to alkaline pH, that are representative of porewater and groundwater compositions at the Hanford site and …

C-Type Cytochrome-Dependent Formation Of U(Iv) Nanoparticles By Shewanella Oneidensis, Matthew J. Marshall, Alexander Beliaev, Alice Dohnalkova, David Kennedy, Liang Shi, Zheming Wang, Maxim Boyanov, Barry Lai, Kenneth M. Kemner, Jeffrey Mclean, Samantha Reed, David Culley, Vanessa L. Bailey, Cody Simonson, Daad A. Saffarini, Margaret Romine, John M. Zachara, James K. Fredrickson

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Modern approaches for bioremediation of radionuclide contaminated environments are based on the ability of microorganisms to effectively catalyze changes in the oxidation states of metals that in turn influence their solubility. Although microbial metal reduction has been identified as an effective means for immobilizing highly-soluble uranium(VI) complexes in situ, the biomolecular mechanisms of U(VI) reduction are not well understood. Here, we show that c-type cytochromes of a dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, are essential for the reduction of U(VI) and formation of extracelluar UO₂ nanoparticles. In particular, the outer membrane (OM) decaheme cytochrome MtrC (metal reduction), previously implicated …

Oxygen Exposure Promotes Fuel Diversity For Shewanella Oneidensis Microbial Fuel Cells, Justin C. Biffinger, Jacqueline N. Byrd, Breanna L. Dudley, Bradley R. Ringeisen

United States Navy: Publications

Miniature microbial fuel cells (mini-MFCs) were used to monitor the current generated by Shewanella oneidensis DSP10 under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions when exposed to glucose as a potential electron donor. In addition to glucose, other carbon fuels including fructose, sucrose, acetate, and ascorbic acid were also tested. When the anolyte containing S. oneidensis was grown in the presence of oxygen, power densities of 270±10, 350±20, and 120±10 W/m³ were recorded from the mini-MFC for glucose, fructose, and ascorbic acid electron donors, respectively, while sucrose and acetate produced no response. The power produced from glucose decreased considerably (≤100 W/m …

High Power Density From A Miniature Microbial Fuel Cell Using Shewanella Oneidensis Dsp10, Bradley R. Ringeisen, Emily Henderson, Peter K. Wu, Jeremy Pietron, Ricky Ray, Brenda J. Little, Justin C. Biffinger, Joanne M. Jones-Meehan

United States Navy: Publications

A miniature microbial fuel cell (mini-MFC) is described that demonstrates high output power per device crosssection (2.0 cm²) and volume (1.2 cm³). Shewanella oneidensis DSP10 in growth medium with lactate and buffered ferricyanide solutions were used as the anolyte and catholyte, respectively. Maximum power densities of 24 and 10 mW/m² were measured using the true surface areas of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) and graphite felt (GF) electrodes without the addition of exogenous mediators in the anolyte. Current densities at maximum power were measured as 44 and 20 mA/m² for RVC and GF, while short …

Evolution Of The Snow Area Index Of The Subarctic Snowpack In Central Alaska Over A Whole Season. Consequences For The Air To Snow Transfer Of Pollutants, A.S. Taillandier, F. Domine, W.R. Simpson, M. Sturm, T.A. Douglas, K Severin

United States Army: Publications

The detailed physical characteristics of the subarctic snowpack must be known to quantify the exchange of adsorbed pollutants between the atmosphere and the snow cover. For the first time, the combined evolutions of specific surface area (SSA), snow stratigraphy, temperature, and density were monitored throughout winter in central Alaska. We define the snow area index (SAI) as the vertically integrated surface area of snow crystals, and this variable is used to quantify pollutants’ adsorption. Intense metamorphism generated by strong temperature gradients formed a thick depth hoar layer with low SSA (90 cm² g^-1) and density (200 kg …

Speciation And Quantitative Mapping Of Metal Species In Microbial Biofilms Using Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy, James J. Dynes, Tolek Tyliszczak, Tohru Araki, John R. Lawrence, George D. W. Swerhone, Gary G. Leppard, Adam P. Hitchcock

United States Department of Energy: Publications

A scanning transmission X-ray microscope illuminated with synchrotron light was used to investigate the speciation and spatial distributions of metals in a microbial biofilm cultivated from river water. Metal 2p absorption edge signals were used to provide metal speciation (through shapes of the absorption spectra) and quantitative spatial distributions of the metal species. This paper presents sample data and describes methods for extracting quantitative maps of metal species from image sequences recorded in the region of the metal 2p edges. Comparisons were made with biochemical characterization of the same region using images recorded at the C 1s and O 1s …

Research Needs In Water Resources And Environment: A Panel Discussion, Otto J. Helweg, Joseph Orlins, Dale Bucks, Regan Murray, David Trueman, Raymond Walton

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

Practicing engineers sometimes criticize researchers for answering questions that no one is asking, or at least for conducting research on questions of personal interest or in areas that funding agencies think are important. Although such research has a place in the overall picture of things, it is instructive to consider the practical issues that engineers in the field face. The fields of water resources and environment are very broad, and only a small number of research users could be included on the panel seated by the Education and Research Council at the 2004 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress. One …

Test 1871: John Deere 5203 Diesel 9-Speed, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA

The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data.

EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES

Purpose

The purpose of …

Test 1870: John Deere 5103 Diesel 9-Speed, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA

The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data.

EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES

Purpose

The purpose of …

Test 1884: John Deere 8130 Diesel 16-Speed, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA

The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data.

EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES

Purpose

The purpose of …

Test 1888: John Deere 8330t Diesel 16-Speed, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA

The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data.

EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES

Purpose

The purpose of …

Test 1887: John Deere 8330 Diesel 16-Speed, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA

The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data.

EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES

Purpose

The purpose of …

Test 1885: John Deere 8230 Diesel 16-Speed, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA

The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data.

EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES

Purpose

The purpose of …

Test 1877: Challenger Mt 655b Diesel, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

No abstract provided.

Self-Oscillating Cmos Class D Amplifier Optimized For Low Output Power, Daniel J. White

Open Access Master's Theses (through 2010)

The continual push for smaller size and decreased power consumption has prompted the adoption of class D amplification for speaker and headphone drivers in portable media devices.With proper design, the power efficiency of this amplifier type can exceed any other topology over the whole output range, even at low output levels.

Simple amplifier topologies are not the norm for these integrated circuit (IC) class D amplifiers.This thesis shows that such complexity is not necessary for good performance.A recently presented simple self-oscillating topology is mapped into a standard CMOS technology and fabricated in a 0.5 micron process. The output stage is …

Test 1882: Mccormick Xtx 215 Diesel, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

No abstract provided.

Test 1876: Challenger Mt 645b Diesel, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

No abstract provided.

Test 1890: John Deere 8530 Ivt, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab, John Deere

Nebraska Tractor Tests

No abstract provided.

Test 1873: John Deere 8430 16 Speed, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

No abstract provided.

Test 1874: John Deere 8430 Ivt, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

No abstract provided.

Test 1872: John Deere 5303 Diesel 9-Speed, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA

The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data.

EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES

Purpose

The purpose of …

Test 1886: John Deere 8230t Diesel 16-Speed, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA

The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data.

EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES

Purpose

The purpose of …

Nebraska Summary 559: Massey Ferguson 5470 Dyna 4 Diesel 16-Speed, Nebraska Tractor Test Lab

Nebraska Tractor Tests

ABOUT THE TEST REPORT AND USE OF THE DATA

The test data contained in this report are a tabulation of the results of a series of tests. Due to the restricted format of these pages, only a limited amount of data and not all of the tractor specifications are included. The full OECD report contains usually about 30 pages of data and specifications. The test data were obtained for each tractor under similar conditions and therefore, provide a means of comparison of performance based on a limited set of reported data.

EXPLANATION OF THE TEST PROCEDURES

Purpose

The purpose of …