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Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Investigating The Interaction Effects Of Green Product Development And Countries Green Growth Performance: Economic Complexity Perspective, Seyyedmilad Talebzadehhosseini Jan 2021

Investigating The Interaction Effects Of Green Product Development And Countries Green Growth Performance: Economic Complexity Perspective, Seyyedmilad Talebzadehhosseini

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

For many years, natural resources have been used as the main input of production process in countries around the world, which has caused many problems to our planet such as rapid climate change, loss of biodiversity, drastic environmental events, and social problems. In recent years, pressure on countries to transition to cleaner production processes to mitigate problems arising from using natural resources has increased. As a result, green products have become a point of interest due to their low environmental impact, and green product development has become an important part of green growth policies for many countries. Green product development …


Damping And Ejection Of Sloshing Liquid Drops From Elastic Substrates, Md Erfanul Alam Jan 2021

Damping And Ejection Of Sloshing Liquid Drops From Elastic Substrates, Md Erfanul Alam

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Liquid slosh is a potential source of disturbance of the motion of a moving structure. In this thesis, we probe the damping technique of sessile drop by absorbing a portion of the kinetic energy. The sloshing dynamics are typically represented by a mechanical model of a spring mass damper. However, damping by drop sloshing is dependent on viscosity, surface tension, drop size and drop location. We explore highly-coupled fluid-solid mechanics using singular liquid drop with varying viscosity and surface tension resting on a millimetric cantilever. Cantilevers are displaced 0.6 mm and their free end is allowed to vibrate freely. Cantilever …


Mechanical Properties And Spectral Vibrational Response Of Si-O-C With And Without Graphene Toughening, Anthony Vozza Jan 2021

Mechanical Properties And Spectral Vibrational Response Of Si-O-C With And Without Graphene Toughening, Anthony Vozza

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The mechanical behavior of silicon oxycarbide polymer derived ceramics (SiOC-PDC) without and with a graphene toughening phase was studied under uniaxial compressive load with zero dwell time and with 200 second dwell time step loading in combination with in-situ Raman spectroscopy to determine spectral vibrational response of SiOC under compressive stress. SiOC without and with graphene ceramic samples were produced through the replica templating technique. The compressive strengths of SiOC without and with a graphene toughening phase measured with zero dwell time was determined to be equal to 165.65 (SD 54.21) and 163 (SD 24.2) MPa, respectively, while compressive strengths …


Evaluating Ozone And Granular Activated Carbon Treatment For Control Of Disinfection By-Product Formation For A Central Florida Groundwater Supply, Devon Higgins Jan 2021

Evaluating Ozone And Granular Activated Carbon Treatment For Control Of Disinfection By-Product Formation For A Central Florida Groundwater Supply, Devon Higgins

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

A pilot investigation that compared ozone oxidation with an integrated ozone and granular activated carbon (GAC) process for the control of regulated disinfection by-products at the University of Central Florida's water plant located at the Orlando campus has been completed. Treatment effectiveness was measured by monitoring the parameters pH, temperature, non-purgeable dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorbance at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV254), specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), excitation emission matrices (EEMs) and the associated formation of the DBP chemical groups total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Groundwater that contained an average of 2.5 milligrams per liter (mg/L) DOC …


Long Short-Term Memory With Spin-Based Binary And Non-Binary Neurons, Meghana Reddy Vangala Jan 2021

Long Short-Term Memory With Spin-Based Binary And Non-Binary Neurons, Meghana Reddy Vangala

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Research in the field of neural networks has shown advancement in the device technology and machine learning application platforms of use. Some of the major applications of neural network prominent in recent scenarios include image recognition, machine translation, text classification and object categorization. With these advancements, there is a need for more energy-efficient and low area overhead circuits in the hardware implementations. Previous works have concentrated primarily on CMOS technology-based implementations which can face challenges of high energy consumption, memory wall, and volatility complications for standby modes. We herein developed a low-power and area-efficient hardware implementation for Long Short-Term Memory …


Representative-Based Big Data Processing In Communications And Machine Learning, Mohsen Joneidi Jan 2021

Representative-Based Big Data Processing In Communications And Machine Learning, Mohsen Joneidi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The present doctoral dissertation focuses on representative-based processing proper for a big set of high-dimensional data. Compression and subset selection are considered as two main effective methods for representing a big set of data by a much smaller set of variables. Compressive sensing, matrix singular value decomposition, and tensor decomposition are employed as powerful mathematical tools to analyze the original data in terms of their representatives. Spectrum sensing is an important application of the developed theoretical analysis. In a cognitive radio network (CRN), primary users (PUs) coexist with secondary users (SUs). However, the secondary network aims to characterize PUs in …


The Roles Of Groundwater Table In Catchment Hydrology, Lili Yao Jan 2021

The Roles Of Groundwater Table In Catchment Hydrology, Lili Yao

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The main goal of this dissertation research is to investigate catchment hydrological processes including infiltration and saturation excess runoff generation with consideration of groundwater table. For the infiltration process, an infiltration Péclet number was proposed to quantify the relative effects of gravity and capillary force on the evolution of infiltration capacity in the special case of the presence of a shallow water table, and a power law functional form of Time Compression Approximation was developed whose exponent was found to vary with the Péclet number. For the saturation excess runoff process, a new probability distribution model based on the SCS …


Ground Movements And Vibrations Caused By Impact Pile Driving Of Prestressed Concrete Piles In Central Florida, Jorge Enrique Orozco Herrera Jan 2021

Ground Movements And Vibrations Caused By Impact Pile Driving Of Prestressed Concrete Piles In Central Florida, Jorge Enrique Orozco Herrera

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The process of pile driving has been a commonly used method for the installation of deep foundations in Central Florida due to the soil conditions that consist mainly of medium-dense silty sands. Pile driving can generate large vibration levels that might potentially trigger ground deformations in the surrounding soils and cause damage on nearby structures. Currently, design and construction standards provide guidance in terms of ground vibration levels expected during pile driving and establish vibration thresholds to avoid damage on important infrastructure. However, little insight has been given into the amount of ground deformations that soils experience due to pile …


The Mechanics And Multiphysics Of Biomimetic Discrete Exoskeleton Substrates, Hessein Ali Jan 2021

The Mechanics And Multiphysics Of Biomimetic Discrete Exoskeleton Substrates, Hessein Ali

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Biological structures have inspired synthetic materials with unparalleled performances such as ultra-lightweight design, tunable elasticity, camouflaging, and antifouling. Among biological structures, exoskeletal scales that cover the exterior surfaces of fishes, fur, and many reptiles. These exoskeletal scales had appeared in the earliest stages of evolution of complex multicellular life and continued their existence in spite of millions of years of evolutionary pressures. This makes them an attractive candidate for biomimicry to produce high performance multifunctional materials with applications to soft robotics, wearables, energy efficient smart skins, antifouling surfaces and on-demand tunable materials. Canonically speaking, biomimetic samples can be fabricated by …


The Effects Of Critical Micelle Concentration And Environmental Factors On Oil Separation In Simulated Bilgewater Emulsions, Kelsey Rodriguez Doran Jan 2021

The Effects Of Critical Micelle Concentration And Environmental Factors On Oil Separation In Simulated Bilgewater Emulsions, Kelsey Rodriguez Doran

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Improved bilgewater treatment is necessary because of technological challenges often faced when meeting existing ocean discharge criteria regulations. Since bilgewater is a waste mixture including hydraulic oils, cleaning agents, and seawater, the success of its management is largely attributed to understanding oil-in-water emulsion characterizations. However, the study of bilgewater emulsions is complex due to the multivariate nature of real-shipboard samples. The objective of this study is to develop the relationship between parameters commonly found in bilgewater and emulsion stability. This work is a continuation of a 3-year research project supported by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). Previous …


Modeling Of Crash Risk For Realistic Artificial Data Generation: Application To Naturalistic Driving Study Data, Lauren Hoover Jan 2021

Modeling Of Crash Risk For Realistic Artificial Data Generation: Application To Naturalistic Driving Study Data, Lauren Hoover

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Most safety performance analysis employs cross-sectional and time-series datasets, posing an important challenge to safety performance and crash modification analysis. The traditional safety model analysis paradigm relying on observed data only allows relative comparisons between analysis methods and is unable to establish how well the methods mimic the true underlying crash generation process. Assumptions are made about the data, but whether the assumptions truly characterize the safety data generation in the real world remains unknown. To address this issue, this thesis proposes the generation of realistic artificial data (RAD). In developing a prototype RAD generator for crash data, we mimic …


Multi-Functional Fluorescence Microscopy Via Psf Engineering For High-Throughput Super-Resolution Imaging, Jinhan Ren Jan 2021

Multi-Functional Fluorescence Microscopy Via Psf Engineering For High-Throughput Super-Resolution Imaging, Jinhan Ren

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Image-based single cell analysis is essential to study gene expression levels and subcellular functions with preserving the native spatial locations of biomolecules. However, its low throughput has prevented its wide use to fundamental biology and biomedical applications which require large cellular populations in a rapid and efficient fashion. Here, we report a 2.5D microcopy (2.5DM) that significantly improves the image acquisition rate while maintaining high-resolution and single molecule sensitivity. Unlike serial z-scanning in conventional approaches, volumetric information is simultaneously projected onto a 2D image plane in a single shot by engineering the fluorescence light using a novel phase pattern. The …


Combining Multivariate Statistical And Numerical Modeling For Coastal Hazards Analysis, Victor Malagon Santos Jan 2021

Combining Multivariate Statistical And Numerical Modeling For Coastal Hazards Analysis, Victor Malagon Santos

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Increased population density along the world's coastlines is driven by the wide range of services provided by costal systems, such as transportation, fisheries, trade, and tourism. Despite offering fundamental services, coastal systems are exposed to a range of natural hazards such as riverine and/or coastal flooding, and erosion, thus robust risk analyses are needed to protect coastal ecosystems, infrastructure, and people dwelling in proximity to the shoreline. Numerical and multivariate statistical models have become crucial tools in coastal risk management to support robust risk analyses, and their combined use provides many benefits in the analysis of coastal hazards. This dissertation …


Nanoplasmonic Colorimetric Sensors For Detection Of Ammonia From Water And Urine, Zuriel Caribe Jan 2021

Nanoplasmonic Colorimetric Sensors For Detection Of Ammonia From Water And Urine, Zuriel Caribe

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Motivated by the need for inexpensive, simple, and portable devices for aqueous chemical analysis, we developed a nanoplasmonic colorimetric sensor capable of direct detection of wide range of chemicals. This novel sensor exploits the plasmonic resonance of metallic nanostructures with natural light to transduce changes in the chemical environment to changes in color, thus offering a simple route for real-time, in-situ, and low-cost analysis of aqueous chemical species. Due to its environmental and medical relevance, we chose aqueous ammonia to analyze and determine the efficacy and limit of detection of this sensing platform. For the metallic nanostructures we selected aluminium …


Evaluation Of Unconventional Signalized Intersections On Arterial Roads And A Proposition For A Novel Intersection Design, Ma'en Al-Omari Jan 2021

Evaluation Of Unconventional Signalized Intersections On Arterial Roads And A Proposition For A Novel Intersection Design, Ma'en Al-Omari

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Several unconventional intersection designs were proposed and implemented to enhance traffic safety and operation at intersections. The efficiency of these intersection designs was not sufficiently evaluated in the previous research because of the limited implementation of such designs. However, with the growing interest in the implementation of unconventional intersections by municipalities and transport agencies, it has become a need for a comprehensive evaluation of their safety and operational benefits. Therefore, this dissertation aims to evaluate the safety and operational aspects of unconventional intersection designs by employing different research approaches: crash analysis, microscopic simulation, and driving simulation. Firstly, this dissertation evaluated …


Investigating The Removal Of Total Trihalomethanes In Tray And Spray Aeration Processes At Two Central Florida Groundwater Treatment Facilities, Zachary Protas Jan 2021

Investigating The Removal Of Total Trihalomethanes In Tray And Spray Aeration Processes At Two Central Florida Groundwater Treatment Facilities, Zachary Protas

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

An investigation has been completed that assessed the efficiency of tray and spray aeration processes on the removal of regulated total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) at two publicly owned potable groundwater treatment facilities located in Polk County, Florida: the Providence and Van Fleet water treatment plants (WTPs). Finished water from each of these facilities was fed to a pilot-plant that could be operated as either a tray, spray, or combined configuration. A series of four pilot aerator configurations were tested at each WTP. Test 1 evaluated the tray aerator operated in a recirculated multiple-pass mode. It was shown that three passes across …


Real-Time Traffic Safety Evaluation In The Context Of Connected Vehicles And Mobile Sensing, Pei Li Jan 2021

Real-Time Traffic Safety Evaluation In The Context Of Connected Vehicles And Mobile Sensing, Pei Li

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Recently, with the development of connected vehicles and mobile sensing technologies, vehicle-based data become much easier to obtain. However, only few studies have investigated the application of this kind of novel data to real-time traffic safety evaluation. This dissertation aims to conduct a series of real-time traffic safety studies by integrating all kinds of available vehicle-based data sources. First, this dissertation developed a deep learning model for identifying vehicle maneuvers using data from smartphone sensors (i.e., accelerometer and gyroscope). The proposed model was robust and suitable for real-time application as it required less processing of smartphone sensor data compared with …


Development Of Quantitative Intensity-Based Single-Molecule Assays, Benjamin Croop Jan 2021

Development Of Quantitative Intensity-Based Single-Molecule Assays, Benjamin Croop

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Fluorescence microscopy has emerged as a popular and powerful tool within biology research, owing to its exceptional signal contrast, specificity, and the versatility of the various microscope designs. Fluorescence microscopy has been used to study samples across orders of magnitude in physical scale ranging from tissues to cells, down to single-molecules, and as such has led to breakthroughs and new knowledge in a wide variety of research areas. In particular, single-molecule techniques are somewhat unique in their ability to study biomolecules in their native state, which enables the visualization of short-lived interactions and rare events which can be highly relevant …


Ground Movements And Nonlinear-Inelastic Response Of Buildings Induced By Excavations In Glacial Clay Deposits, A. Felipe Uribe-Henao Jan 2021

Ground Movements And Nonlinear-Inelastic Response Of Buildings Induced By Excavations In Glacial Clay Deposits, A. Felipe Uribe-Henao

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The analysis of ground movements and nonlinear response of buildings induced by excavations in glacial clay deposits is conducted using finite element models built in PLAXIS2D and OpenSees. PLAXIS2D was used to simulate the performance of an urban cofferdam excavation braced with a concrete bracing system. Measured ground movements were compared with the computed response, and the influence of the temperature, installation, and curing effects on the concrete bracing is evaluated. Concrete time-dependent effects contributed to 32% of the maximum lateral wall movements. The numerical studies are expanded in a second finite element analysis to characterize the coupled fluid-solid response …


On The Interaction Of Creep And High-Cycle Fatigue In Cm 247 Lc, Thomas Bouchenot Jan 2021

On The Interaction Of Creep And High-Cycle Fatigue In Cm 247 Lc, Thomas Bouchenot

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Industrial gas turbines constitute a considerable portion of global power generation, from large engines for centralized grids, to smaller frames for decentralized demand. Power output, efficiency, and reliability are chief criteria regarding the development of next-generation turbines, whose components are expected to operate in ever harsher environments. Turbine blades are subjected to high temperatures, an array of mechanical loads, and dynamic fluid fields, all contained within a non-isothermal profile, making creep and high-cycle fatigue critical aspects of turbine blade design. Current analysis tools and methods have resulted in the development of many successful components; however, improved life prediction models with …


Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics And Organization Modulated By Macromolecular Crowding, Cation Interaction, And Nanomaterials, Jinho Park Jan 2021

Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics And Organization Modulated By Macromolecular Crowding, Cation Interaction, And Nanomaterials, Jinho Park

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The assembly of actin, the essential cytoskeleton protein, into filaments and bundles/networks is important in various cellular processes including cell movement and morphogenesis. Actin bundle formation occurs in crowded intracellular environments with the aid of actin-crosslinking proteins. The role of actin-crosslinking proteins such as fascin and a-actinin in bundle formation has been investigated, however, how intracellular environments affect actin crosslinker-induced bundle formation is unknown. In the first two parts of this dissertation, we explore the effects of macromolecular crowding and cation interactions on the organization and mechanics of actin crosslinker-induced bundles. To determine how changing environmental conditions modulate actin bundling, …


Modulation Of Actin Filament Severing And Mechanics By Gelsolin In Varying Ph Conditions, Claire Toland Jan 2021

Modulation Of Actin Filament Severing And Mechanics By Gelsolin In Varying Ph Conditions, Claire Toland

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Actin is an essential cytoskeletal protein that plays a critical role in cell mechanics, structure and organization with the help of actin binding proteins (ABPs). Gelsolin is a calcium-dependent ABP that severs actin filaments and caps them at their barbed end, regulating cell motility and signaling through dynamic actin cytoskeleton remodeling. A recent study has indicated that low pH stabilizes the active conformations of gelsolin. Additionally, the binding of gelsolin to the barbed end of an actin filament induces a conformational change that propagates along the actin filament. However, it has not been well understood how the complex intracellular environments …


Impact Of Crowder Size On Actin Filament Assembly Kinetics, Bryan Demosthene Jan 2021

Impact Of Crowder Size On Actin Filament Assembly Kinetics, Bryan Demosthene

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Actin is an abundant and essential cytoskeletal protein that plays a central role in eukaryotic cell structure and motility. The intracellular environment where actin assembly occurs is crowded with various organelles, proteins, and macromolecules that limit the accessible volume for biomolecular reactions. Macromolecular crowding induces excluded volume effects influencing the activity of biological molecules as well as the shape and conformation of proteins. Crowding agents, such as polysaccharides or inert polymeric molecules, are used to mimic the conditions present in intracellular spaces and provide a better understanding of interactions inside the cell. Macromolecular crowding has been shown to affect actin …


Development Of Multi-Scale Characterization Techniques For Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Aerospace Alloys, Nicholas Reed Jan 2021

Development Of Multi-Scale Characterization Techniques For Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Aerospace Alloys, Nicholas Reed

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Corrosion presents an inherent challenge in the safe and effective use of metallic aerospace structures for extended periods of time. Progress in the fundamental understanding of corrosion initiation and propagation under stress requires a multi-scale approach that leverages experiments to develop predictive models. Although there exists a large amount of research results tracking the corrosive processes of anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement, the amount of available data and modeling of the micro-scale initiation of corrosion is sparse. This work leverages a suite of characterization techniques to systematically analyze an aerospace grade aluminum alloy AA7075-T6, providing important multi-scale data for correlation …


Energy-Aware Real-Time Scheduling On Heterogeneous And Homogeneous Platforms In The Era Of Parallel Computing, Ashik Ahmed Bhuiyan Jan 2021

Energy-Aware Real-Time Scheduling On Heterogeneous And Homogeneous Platforms In The Era Of Parallel Computing, Ashik Ahmed Bhuiyan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Multi-core processors increasingly appear as an enabling platform for embedded systems, e.g., mobile phones, tablets, computerized numerical controls, etc. The parallel task model, where a task can execute on multiple cores simultaneously, can efficiently exploit the multi-core platform's computational ability. Many computation-intensive systems (e.g., self-driving cars) that demand stringent timing requirements often evolve in the form of parallel tasks. Several real-time embedded system applications demand predictable timing behavior and satisfy other system constraints, such as energy consumption. Motivated by the facts mentioned above, this thesis studies the approach to integrating the dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) policy with real-time …


Safety And Operations Of Urban Arterials Incorporating The Context Classification System, Nada Mahmoud Jan 2021

Safety And Operations Of Urban Arterials Incorporating The Context Classification System, Nada Mahmoud

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Urban arterials connect multiple areas in the city and encourage non-motorist activities. Hence, the safety and operations on urban arterials is vital as they improve the mobility of daily commuters and road users. This research aims to facilitate traffic operations on urban arterials by proposing multiple mythological approaches to estimate and predict turning movement counts at signalized intersections using traffic data from adjacent intersections. Further, it aims to improve the safety by developing crash prediction models, identifying the hotspots for multiple crash types, and indicating the factors contributing to operating speed as well as non-motorist crashes. The analyses included tuning, …


Laser-Microdrop Interactions In Nanoparticle Deposition On Solid Substrates, Tianyi Li Jan 2021

Laser-Microdrop Interactions In Nanoparticle Deposition On Solid Substrates, Tianyi Li

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Nanoparticle suspensions are utilized for depositing thin films on solid substrates by a process called nano electrospray laser deposition. In this research, three deposition methods, contact liquid line laser printing, nano-electrospray laser sintering and evaporative optical Marangoni convection are investigated experimentally and analytically. Thin silver lines are printed on indium tin oxide-coated silicon substrates by dispensing silver nanoparticle suspension with a micropipe of inner diameter 51µm and subsequently sintering the nanoparticles with a CO2 laser beam of Bessel intensity profile. The deposited silver lines of 65µm width and 1µm height have good resistivity which can be used to manufacture silver …


The Use Of Physically Based Models And Ensemble Forecasting For Storm Surge Risk Assessment In A Changing Climate, Jeane Camelo Jan 2021

The Use Of Physically Based Models And Ensemble Forecasting For Storm Surge Risk Assessment In A Changing Climate, Jeane Camelo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Storm surge has been the deadliest and costliest hurricane induced hazard in the coastal United States. In order to save property and lives, emergency managers must issue advisories guided by numerical models in a timely manner. However, these surge models are highly dependent on weather forecasts which contain uncertainties themselves as hurricanes traverse through the waters before making landfall. This dissertation aims to understand the contribution of uncertainties in hurricane properties, particularly the wind intensity which can contribute to uncertainties in storm surge models. Investigating these properties through numerical modeling is both computationally and time intensive. However by developing a …


Uv-Ozone Oxide Treatments For High-Efficiency Silicon Photovoltaic Devices, Munan Gao Jan 2021

Uv-Ozone Oxide Treatments For High-Efficiency Silicon Photovoltaic Devices, Munan Gao

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Fabrication of solar cells with higher efficiency, simpler processes and lower cost is largely perceived as the ultimate goal for photovoltaic research. To reach such a goal each step needs to be refined and optimized. In this dissertation, a UV-ozone treatment is proposed as a simple and versatile process that can be applied to multiple fabrication steps for improvement. The UV-ozone cleaning method provides comparable surface cleaning quality to more expensive and hazardous industrial standard RCA clean with less chemical used. A good passivation quality was achieved on both n-type and p-type silicon wafer by a silicon oxide/aluminum oxide passivation …


Crash Analysis And Development Of Safety Performance Functions For Florida Roads In The Framework Of The Context Classification System, Ma'en Al-Omari Jan 2021

Crash Analysis And Development Of Safety Performance Functions For Florida Roads In The Framework Of The Context Classification System, Ma'en Al-Omari

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Nowadays, technology is employed in many safety applications and countermeasures that would enhance traffic safety by influencing some crash-related factors. Therefore, crash-related factors must be determined for every roadway element by the development of safety performance functions. Safety performance functions (SPF) are employed to predict crash counts at the different roadway elements. Several SPFs have been developed for the various roadway elements based on different classifications such as functional classification and area type. Since a more detailed classification of roadway elements leads to more accurate crash predictions, multiple states have developed new system to categorize roads based on a comprehensive …