Engineering Commons^™

Heat Transfer By Natural Convection In Horizontal Fluid Layers : A Statistical Correlation Of Experimental Data, John Lawrence O'Toole

Theses

The rate of heat transfer due to natural convection in confined, horizontal, fluid layers can be expressed by equations involving the dimensionless parameters Nusselt No., Rayleigh No., and Prandtl No., where Rayleigh No. equals the product of Grashof and Prandtl Nos.

Statistical correlation by stepwise multiple regression of experimental data obtained from four different investigators, on both gases and liquids, yields three separate equations corresponding to three distinct regimes of convection. The total range spanned by the data is from the onset of convection to Rayleigh = 109.

The equations are Regime Ra Range Equation Std. Error of Estimate Initial …

The Effect Of Agitation On The Polymerization Of A Vinyl Chloride-Ethyl Acrylate Latex, Roger Wolf Rubens

Theses

The effect of agitation was studied on a 65-35 vinyl chloride-ethyl acrylate copolymer latex. Polymerizations were carried out in a 2 gallon stainless reactor with automatic control of jacket water temperature. Standard, "power calibrated" flat blade turbine impellers of 2 in., 3 in., and 4 in. diameter were used at speeds which provided an over-all range of impeller power from 0.00007 to 0.09 hp. Work on the technology of agitation, from the literature, used to characterize agitation with respect to the polymerization, was reviewed.

The investigation indicated that conversion, reaction rate, molecular weight and the stability of the emulsion were …

A Generalized Correlation For The Effect Of Pressure On The Difference In Heat Capacities Of Gases, Leon Bleich

Theses

A generalized correlation is presented for the difference in heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume, C_p-C_v, as a function of reduced pressure with parameters of reduced temperature. The correlation covers a pressure range of pr a 0.2 to pr = 15.0 and a temperature range of Tr = 1.0 to Tr = 5.5. The correla- tion was based on values of C_p-C_v calculated from the Benedict - Webb - Rubin Equation of State for five hydrocarbons, namely, methane, ethylene, ethane, propane, and n-butane.

The results show that C_p-C_{v …}

Thermodynamic Properties Of Pentene-1, Byron Millard Cody

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of Pentene-1 have been calculated over a temperature range of 32°F to 600°F and at pressures up to 4000 lb/sq. in. abs. These properties were determined from vapor pressure, heat capacity, and latent heat of vaporization data through the application of generalized thermodymnic relationships based on the theory of corresponding states.

Correlation Of Maximum Air Velocity With Liquid Entrainment Loading For Wire Mesh Mist Eliminators, Edward W. Poppele

Theses

Two styles of Initted 'wire mesh entrainment separators,or demisters were investigated to determine maximun useful air flow rates over a wide range of liquid entrainmant loadings. The demisters studiod were six-inch thickniess and constructed of 0.011 inch diameter stainless steel wire.

The expression widely used to determine allowable design velocity for gas through demisters is:

V=K/((d1, dv)/ dv) (1)

where
V = Maximum Degree gas velocity, feet per second,
K = is a constant for the system,
d= density of entrained liquid phase, pounds per cubic foot,
dv = density of gaseous phase, pounds per cubic foot.

In this work …

Pressure Drop In Packed Beds Of Metal Raschig Rings, Donald William Davis

Theses

Absorption towers packed with split metal Raschig rings have a higher void content than towers packed with ceramic Raschig rings of the same nominal size. This increased void volume is due to the thinner wall of the metal ring. This higher void space should also result in lower pressure drops than would be encountered with ceramic rings. The purpose of this research program was to determine the pressure drop-flow characteristics of this packing, and to develop suitable correlations for design of packed absorption towers.

Split metal Raschig rings of one-half and one inch nominal sizes were tested to determine their …

Ultraviolet Analysis Of Mixtures Of O-, P- And M-Nitrotoluene, John Thomas Dempsey

Theses

This paper presents a spectrophotometric method of analysis of mixtures of the isomers of pure nitrotoluene, which are free of the dinitro-compounds and other impurities. The analysis is made in the ultraviolet region with a Beckman DU Spectrophotometer. Graphical methods are developed for both binary and tertiary mixtures. The graphs, which form the basis of the method, represent the theoretical absorbancies for various mixtures of the isomers. From these graphs the concentrations in an unknown mixture can be read directly if the absorbancies, at specified wavelengths, are known.

This analytical method is based on the fact that the absorbancies of …

Effect Of Substituents In The Reductive Dehalogenation Of Substituted Iodobenzenes, George Burton Freda

Theses

Reaction rates for the reductive dehalogenation of ortho or Para substituted iodobenzenes with zinc and acetic acid relative to the rate for unsubstituted iodobenzene were measured. The order of ease of replacement of the iodine for the para substituents on the benzene ring was found to be: -COON -SO₃K> CH₃ -H > -C₆H₅> -OC₂H₅. For ortho substituents the order was -COOH> -C₆H₅> -OC₂H₅ > -SO₃K -CH₃> -H.

Investigation Of Liquid Partition Chromatography Of Polyhydric Alcohols, Michael Homiak

Theses

Polyhydric alcohols have previously been separated by tedious chemical procedures and in microgram quantities on columns prepared from silica gel and silica gel - Celite combinations. This study was undertaken to determine whether separation of these alcohols was possible by chromatography on columns of Celite alone, and in quantities considerably greater than those formerly handled. In addition, as a preliminary step to the actual separation, the capacities of the columns for the two polyhydric alcohols were determined. The effect of several variables on the capacities of the columns were investigated. A calculation of the number of theoretical plates in a …

Kinetics Of Hydrolysis Of Some Halonitrobenzenesulfonates, Walter C. Kania

Theses

The object of this thesis was to determine the rela¬tive activity towards hydrolysis of several halogen deriv¬atives of nitrobenzenesulfonate. The halide is Para to a nitro group and ortho to the sulfonic acid group.

The compounds studied were:

(I) sodium 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonate

(II) sodium 2-bromo-5-nitrobenzenesulfonate

The chlorine was found to be more reactive than the bromine.

A dichloride, (III), sodium 2,5-dichloro-3-nitroben-zenesulfonate was also studied. Here one chlorine is activated by both the nitro and sulfonic acid groups. The other chlorine being meta to the nitro and sulfonic acid groups would be adverse to hydrolysis.

Rates of hydrolysis of (I), (II), and …

Heat Transfer Coefficients Of Condensing Vapors, Carl Lennart Palmer, Thomas W. Weber

Theses

The heat transfer coefficients of the condensing vapors of n-butyl, 1-amyl, and tertiary amyl alcohols have been measured for a single horizontal tube. This is the first time that i-amyl and tertiary amyl alcohols have been investigated. The modified Wilson method presented by Chu was used in analysing the data.

Chu pointed out that over a moderate range of temperature, the condensing heat transfer coefficient should vary inversely with the one-third power of the rate of heat transfer. For the alcohols studied in these experiments, the measured powers were between 0.20 and 0.36, which are in good agreement with Chu's …

Purification Of Technical Grade Latic Acid, Edward Francis Wezowicz

Theses

A method to manufacture purified lactic acid from technical grade lactic acid 04%) was investigated. In this method, technical grade lactic acid was reacted with normal butyl alcohol, the water formed during the esterification was azeotropically removed, The ester formed, was separated from the excess butanol by vacuum distillation. Finally, the ester separated by distillation :as hydrolyzed to a purified grade of lactic acid.

In this study, several features are reported, which to the best of knowledge, appear in a publication for the first time. They are:

1. Conditions for the esterification of technical grade lactic acid with butanol, resulting …

Fugacity And Activity Coefficients For Methane-Carbon Dioxide System, Philip John Sievering

Theses

Fugacity and activity coefficients have been calculated by a combination of analytical and graphical methods for the methane-carbon dioxide system at 100° F. for pressures up to 680 atmospheres.

Four mixtures of the two gases, methane and carbon dioxide, and the pure gases themselves were used in the calculations according to the adaptation and interpertation of the Redlich and Kwong equation of state as set forth by H.C. Van Ness (1).

The results of this thesis seem to substantiate H.C. Van Ness's paper as a convenient and accurate method of calculating thermodynamic properties of gases from experimental compressibility-factor data. Since …

Vapor Liquid Equilibria Studies For System 1: Cyclohexane, Neo-Hexane; System 2: Neo-Hexane, Iso-Octane; System 3: Cyclohexane, Iso-Octane; At Atmospheric Pressure, Robert Halper

Theses

Vapor liquid equilibria studies were conducted on three systems at atmospheric pressure. The systems represented were: -

System #1 - Neo-hexane, cyclohexane.

System #2 Neo-hexane, isooctane.

System #3 - Cyclohexane, isooctane.

The object of these studies was: -

1. To obtain reliable experimental data on the above systems that would enable the plot of a series of characteristic curves.

2. To test the experimental data for thermodynamic consistency.

3. To correlate the data with the best of several theoretical equations as represented by Van Lear, Margules, Scatchard-Hamer or Redlich-Kister.

Study Of The Solid-Liquid Quaternary Equilibria : The Manganous Sulfate, Ammonium Sulfate, Sodium Sulfate And Water Phase System, John Kalman Kaufman

Theses

This investigation details the Solid-Liquid Equilibria in the Quaternary phase system at 30° Centigrade of Manganous Sulfate - Ammonium Sulfate - Sodium Sulfate - Water. These three salts, with a common ion and water, are represented by the Janecke projection method and summarized in the tabulation of results.

Additional data were obtained on the applicable Ternary phase systems which were used in completing the Quaternary phase projection. The systems,

Manganous Sulfate - Ammonium Sulfate – Water

Manganous Sulfate - Sodium Sulfate – Water

Ammonium Sulfate - Sodium Sulfate – Water

are represented by the Roozeboom Equilateral Triangle mode.

This is …

Ion Exchange Technology In The Sodium And Ferric Ion-Dowex 50 Systems, Alfred George Hoerrner

Theses

This investigation was directed toward the extension of data on the kinetics of monovalent - trivalent cation exchange and to establish data on the relationship between temperature and total capacity of an ion exchange resin. In order to compare the present study to a previous investigation by Klosowski (2), the capacity of the resin used for ferric and chromic ions was also measured.

In the kinetic study, the ferric ion-hydrogen ion exchange using Dowex 50 X-8 resin was studied in an agitated vessel. A two-bladed marine type propellor was used and the agitator speed was varied from 400 to 800 …

Evaluation Of Two Generalized Compressibility Correlations, Elbert Dale Hooper

Theses

Lydersen's critica1 compressibility correlation and Pitzer's acentric factor correlation are compared by the accuracy with which they reproduce P-V-T data. Each introduces a new parameter to be employed in conjunction with reduced temperature and reduced pressure to account for the behavior of substances of various types.

It is established here that the correlation proposed by Pitzer and co-workers is the more reliable for compressibility and saturation pressure predictions for most substances over a wider temperature and pressure range. The critica1 compressibility, however, improves compressibility predictions near the critica1 point for polar compounds.

Included are graphs and tables showing the deviations …

Ferro And Ferricyanides In Industrial Waste Water, Frederick Joseph Neff

Theses

The role of the Ferro and ferricyanides in present day waste treatment practice is reviewed. Possible conventional methods for the disposal of the compounds appear inadequate. It is shown experimentally that the cyanide content of Ferrocyanide may be oxidized by hypochlorite in alkaline solution when exposed to ultra-violet light and that no oxidation of the cyanide occurs when reacted with hypochlorite in diffuse laboratory light.

A Study Of A Production Control System In A Job Order Die Casting Plant, Robert Gordon Woodnorth

Theses

This thesis examines the production planning and control system in a job-order die casting plant. After comparing to the criteria for an ideal system the following changes were recommended.

1. Central work storage and dispatching. This would reduce work in process and workload fluctuations through closer planning. It would also provide a perpetual inventory system and a central control point which would be constantly informed of production progress.

2. Operator trucking. By having operators do their own trucking material handling costs and production delays would be reduced.

3. Simplified job cost accounting. The use of standard costs for finishing and …

Activity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, John Robert Armbruster

Theses

The theory of vapor phase activity coefficients for binary mixtures has been developed. The equations, calculation procedures and sample calculations are presented using two recently proposed methods of Joffe. These methods are then compared to the three methods presented by Engleman.

These two methods have been employed to calculate activity coefficients for 236 experimental points. The deviations of calculated values from experimental values were also determined. The systems considered are Argon - Ethylene, hydrogen - Nitrogen, Methane - Ethane, Methane - n - Butane evaluated over wide ranges of pressure, temperature and mol fraction.

From analysis of the time required …

Thermodynamic Properties Of 3-Methylpentane, Raymond Ralph Bernabei

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of 3-Methylpentane have been evaluated at temperatures from 32°F to 550°F and from the saturation pressure to 300 atmospheres based on available experimental data. The generalized thermodynamic correlations of Hougen, Lydersen and Greenkorn were used to evaluate the thermodynamic properties in the superheated range. An equation relating the ideal gas specific heat and temperature has been derived for the range in which no experimental data were available. Values for pressure, specific volume, temperature, enthalpy and entropy have been presented in the form of tables and/or graphs.

The Thermal Conductivity And Other Properties Of Carbonaceous Briquettes, Alfred Seymour Bien, Oliver Phillips

Theses

Anthracite, bituminous coal and petroleum fluid coke were briquetted under pressures of 1000, 2000, 3000, 1000 and 5000 pounds per square inch, using coal tar pitch and petroleum coke bottoms as binding agents.

The individual briquettes were then carbonized. The temperatures of carbonization were 400°, 700°, 1000°, 1300°, 1600° and 1769°F. The effects of carbonization on the specific gravity and weight and volume changes as a function of carbonizing temperature were studied.

The thermal conductivities of the briquettes were determined in a modified guarded hot plate conductivity cell. The temperature of the determination was such that the hot side temperature …

Heat Transfer Coefficients Of Condensing Vapors, James Joseph Broderick, Harold E. Devaney

Theses

Several experimental methods have been developed for the determination of the rate of heat transfer between a pure condensing organic vapor and a cold surface. The experimental results of the earliest method, the so-called "embedded thermocouple" approach, have not been in good agreement with heat transfer values predicted by the theoretical Nusselt equation, nor has good agreement been found among the individual data, The alternate method was an indirect approach developed by Wilson and was based on the effect of cooling watt r velocity. Wilson's method provided values in close agreement with the values predicted by the Nussalt equation but …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Vincent De Paul Brown

Theses

The thesis was undertaken for the purpose of testing available experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for thermodynamic consistency, with a view to finding an intercorrelation of the activity coefficient-concentration curves, for different groups of systems, as a function of the intercepts. It was hoped that a correlation using molar volumes, parachor volumes, or molecular weights would be developed which could be explained on the basis of hydrogen bonding.

The Redlich and Kister^{1 equations were used to smooth the experimental data and to obtain values for the constants B, C and D. Redlich and Kister state that these constants serve as …}

A Study In Diffusion, Nicholas James Driscoll

Theses

The object of this thesis was to build an experimental apparatus and to study the diffusion of crystal violet in ethanol-water mixtures and diacetone alcohol-water mixtures. In order to validate experimental technique and to check the work of Mouquin Cathcart(1) who postulated compouhd formation in ethanol-water based on diffusion studies, experiments were conducted on the ethanol-water system in the area where compound formation was predicted.

In order to check the proposal of Konrad(2), based on studies of the heats of mixing that compound formation occurs between diacetone alcohol and water, studies were made on the diffusion of crystal violet in …

A Study Of The Mixed Acid Nitration Of 2-Amino-5-Chloropyridine, Harold Edward Ehrenbeck

Theses

The mixed-acid nitration of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine has been studied and improvements in yield and quality made.

2-Nitramino-5-chloropyridine has been prepared in high purity with a yield of 87.5%, an improvement over the results of Stokes, who reported 80.0%, and Harris, who reported 63.0%, as their best yields. The quality of the product, as indicated by melting points, has been increased.

This improvement involves the addition of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine to a pre-mixed nitrating acid. This nitrating acid consists of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The composition is based on an optimum nitric ratio of 1.04, and an optimum D.V.S. of 2.25.

Electrolytic Treatment Of Spent Pickle Liquor, Luisito Giorgio Grenni

Theses

The problem of the recovery of values from waste sulfate pickling solutions by electrolytic methods, using permselective anion exchange membranes, is here considered from both the viewpoint of technical and commercial feasibility.

Three different types of anion exchange membranes, i.e. NALFILM-1, PERMUTIT and AMBERPLEX A-1, were tested in a laboratory cell, using an acid ferrous sulfate solution having a composition as close as possible to that of the average waste pickle liquor from steel mills. Curves giving a relationship between both iron plated out and sulfate anions transported to the anolyte as a function of the amount of current passed …

Kinetics Of Chromium-Hydrogen Ion Exchange, Frank Joseph Klosowski, Alfred John Meinhardt

Theses

In this investigation the rates of trivalent-univalent cation exchange in a stirred batch reactor for the chromic ion-Dovex 50 system have been measured. The progress of the reaction has been followed continuously by measuring the change in hydrogen ion concentration of the bulk solution as a function of time with a Beckman pH Meter having external electrodes immersed in the reaction mixture.

This work has been undertaken to determine the rate-controlling mechanism of the reaction, and the influence of agitator speed, particle size, and solution concentration on the rate of exchange. Agitator speed. studied, as limited by the equipment, are …

The Condensation Of Vapors From Gas - Vapor Mixtures, Lewis George King, Walter Andrew Blumenscheid

Theses

Superheated mixtures of cyclohexane vapor and nitrogen and benzene vapor and nitrogen were passed at various flow rates downward through a vertical double pipe condenser with cooling water flawing counter-currently in an annular space.

The method of Colburn and Hougen for the design of cooler-condensers was used to compare predicted heat transfer area to the experimental heat transfer area. Based on the ay-stems investigated, limits of accuracy of the predicted heat transfer areas were set as a function of inlet and cutlet Reynolds numbers. A suggested modification of the Colburn-Hougen correlation was made to extend the limits of accuracy. It …

The Nitration Of 2, 5-Dichlorobenzenesulfonic Acid, Sanford Monroe Krusch

Theses

The work done in this thesis was undertaken to determine the extent of the isomers which were formed when 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid was nitrated. Nitrations were carried out with various nitrating agents.

The pare toluidine salts of 2,5-dichloro-3-nitro-benzenesulfonic acid and 2-p-chlorobenzoate-3-nitro-5-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid were prepared.

Recrystallizations of the mixtures of the nitration products of 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid were carried out in an attempt to purify the 3-nitro isomer.

Bromination of the phenol of the 3-nitro isomer was carried out in an attempt to separate the other isomers formed.